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Hypothesis
This document defines and discusses different types of hypotheses used in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an educated guess formulated to explain observed facts and guide further investigation. The main types discussed are: 1. Research hypotheses, which can be attributive (describing attributes), associative (relationships between variables), or causal (explaining cause and effect). 2. Null hypotheses, which state that no significant difference or relationship exists. 3. Question form hypotheses, used when the relationship between variables is unclear. The document also lists characteristics of a good hypothesis, importance of hypotheses, sources of hypotheses, and difficulties in formulating hypotheses.
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Hypothesis
- 1. M. Vijayalakshmi M.Sc., M.Phil.(Life Sciences), M.Ed., M.Phil. (Education), NET (Education), PGDBI Assistant Professor (Former), Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Education (Autonomous), Coimbatore – 641020.
- 2. Definition of Hypothesis •AHypothesis is a shrewd guess to inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further investigations. CarterV. Good
- 3. Characteristics of aGood Hypothesis • Reasonable • Agreement with observed facts • Verifiable • Unambiguous • Comprehensive • Related to the theory • Simple and to the point • Related to the available technique • Empirically testable • Specific • Conceptually clear
- 4. Importance of Hypothesis •Provides direction • Sensitises the researcher • Focuses research • Helps to design our tools • Places a specific goals before us • Serves as a framework • Provides the platform of known facts • Serves the function of linking together related facts and information
- 5. Source of Hypothesis •Generalculture •Scientific theory •Personal experience •Analogies •Using the review of related literature as the background to formulate hypothesis
- 6. Types of HypothesesHypothesis Research Hypothesis (Directional) Attributive (Descriptive) Associative Correlational Form Difference Form Directional Non- Directional Causal (Explanatory) Null Hypothesis Question Form Hypothesis
- 7. Research Hypothesis • AResearch Hypothesis is usually stated in declarative form postulating the attributes of a phenomenon (Attributive Hypothesis) • The relationship between two variables (Associative Hypothesis) • Explaining the cause and effect relationship among the variables (Causal Hypothesis)
- 8. Attribute Hypothesis orDescriptive Hypothesis • State the existence size, form or distribution of some variables. • Examples • There is no living organism in the moon • There is drop out of students in high schools
- 9. Associative Hypothesis • Hypotheses,that talk about relationship between variables are known as associative hypotheses. • The relationship may be expressed in two forms: • 1. Association or Correlation • Ex: I.Q. and achievement are positively related • 2. Difference Form • Ex: Girls achieve better than boys in verbal ability tests
- 10. Causal Hypothesis (orExplanatory Hypothesis) • These are relational propositions which strongly imply or state the existence of or a change in one variable causes or leads to an effect on another variable. • The first is typically called the independent variable. • The latter is the dependent variable. • Examples • Reducing class size increases student achievement • Silent reading increases reading scores
- 11. Null Hypothesis • Anon-directional hypothesis which states that no significant difference or no relationship exists, is called a null hypothesis • Example • There is no significant relationship between intelligence and academic achievement
- 12. Question Form Hypothesis •Whenever we are not sure of the relationship existing between the variables, we usually resort to frame our hypothesis in the null form. It is more popular hypothesis. • Otherwise pose the hypothesis in the form of a question. • Example • Does intelligence affect academic achievement?
- 13. Difficulties in theformulation of hypotheses • Lack of knowledge and clarity of the theoretical frame work of the area in which the investigator chooses the work • Lack of ability to make use of the theoretical frame work logically • Lack of acquaintance with available research technique resulting in failure to be able to phrase the hypothesis properly • Vagueness of the statement
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