Presentation by Yvane Marblé, Michaela Cosijn and Birgit Boogaard at a training course for extension officers on sustainable management of communal pasture areas, Vilanculos, Mozambique, 8 November 2012.
Soil conservation practices can reduce soil erosion caused by flooding, wind and other agents. As well soil conservation practices restore fertility, fauna and flora and reduce contamination caused by chemicals...
Rangelands are vast natural landscapes consisting of grasslands, shrublands, wetlands, and deserts that are distinguished from pastures by being dominated by native vegetation rather than agriculture. About 60% of Pakistan is comprised of rangelands that partly support over 93 million livestock, with rangelands primarily used for grazing in northern Pakistan and the province of Baluchistan relying heavily on livestock production from rangelands. Key terms defined include trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, and concepts like carrying capacity, grazing capacity, and stocking rate. Rangelands provide goods and services like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, water, minerals, recreation, and natural beauty.
Ecosystem restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. Causes of environmental degradation include climate change, air pollution, unsustainable fishing, shipping impacts, eutrophication, deforestation, and urbanization. The purpose of ecosystem restoration is to reverse losses from climate change and degradation, check the decline in biodiversity, and improve human living conditions. Methods of restoration include replanting native species, eradicating invasive species, and monitoring habitats. One example is the work of Jadav Payeng, who turned 550 hectares of barren land into a forest in Assam, India. Restoration requires developing goals and implementation plans, as well as educating people about environmental issues
This document discusses the importance of agricultural biodiversity. It defines agricultural biodiversity as including all components of biological diversity relevant to food and agriculture. It notes that agricultural biodiversity is the foundation of agriculture as it is the source of genetic material for crops and livestock and provides ecosystem services. The loss of agricultural biodiversity threatens food security, adaptation to climate change, and livelihoods. While modern agriculture has increased food production, it has also damaged biodiversity through land conversion and intensive practices. Conservation of agricultural biodiversity and traditional knowledge, sustainable agriculture policies and practices, and support for farmers are needed to address this challenge.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment that interact. It includes biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, soil, and water. Energy flows through the ecosystem in food chains and webs while matter is recycled through biotic and abiotic interactions. Ecological succession over time leads to the development of climax communities as the environment changes.
This document discusses rangeland management. It defines rangelands as areas of native vegetation suitable for grazing. It describes different types of rangelands around the world including grasslands, steppes, prairies, savannas, and tundra. Rangelands provide benefits like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, recreation and more. The document outlines management techniques for rangelands such as invasive species control using herbicides, replanting overgrazed areas, rotational grazing, and fencing off protected areas. It also discusses pioneers in the field like Arthur Sampson and different grazing methods.
Natural resources include materials from the environment that are valuable to humans such as forests, water, and minerals. Humans use natural resources through either consumptive use, which reduces the available supply, or non-consumptive use, which does not. Overuse and mismanagement of natural resources can harm the environment through deforestation, water depletion, and depletion of mineral resources. Proper management of natural resources involves legislative protections, sustainable practices, and developing alternative resources.
Resources include anything that can satisfy human needs, including natural resources like water, biotic resources, and land resources. It is important to conserve resources for current and future generations by preventing depletion and ensuring continuous long-term availability. Land resources provide agricultural land, water, and mines. Land is used for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation purposes, but degradation through overuse of land and deforestation is a problem. Water resources are sources of water for agriculture, industry, households, and the environment, so water conservation through efficient use and management is important. Biotic resources include animals, plants, forests, and microorganisms, and various measures are taken to conserve species and their habitats.
Soil conservation practices can reduce soil erosion caused by flooding, wind and other agents. As well soil conservation practices restore fertility, fauna and flora and reduce contamination caused by chemicals...
Rangelands are vast natural landscapes consisting of grasslands, shrublands, wetlands, and deserts that are distinguished from pastures by being dominated by native vegetation rather than agriculture. About 60% of Pakistan is comprised of rangelands that partly support over 93 million livestock, with rangelands primarily used for grazing in northern Pakistan and the province of Baluchistan relying heavily on livestock production from rangelands. Key terms defined include trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, and concepts like carrying capacity, grazing capacity, and stocking rate. Rangelands provide goods and services like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, water, minerals, recreation, and natural beauty.
Ecosystem restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. Causes of environmental degradation include climate change, air pollution, unsustainable fishing, shipping impacts, eutrophication, deforestation, and urbanization. The purpose of ecosystem restoration is to reverse losses from climate change and degradation, check the decline in biodiversity, and improve human living conditions. Methods of restoration include replanting native species, eradicating invasive species, and monitoring habitats. One example is the work of Jadav Payeng, who turned 550 hectares of barren land into a forest in Assam, India. Restoration requires developing goals and implementation plans, as well as educating people about environmental issues
This document discusses the importance of agricultural biodiversity. It defines agricultural biodiversity as including all components of biological diversity relevant to food and agriculture. It notes that agricultural biodiversity is the foundation of agriculture as it is the source of genetic material for crops and livestock and provides ecosystem services. The loss of agricultural biodiversity threatens food security, adaptation to climate change, and livelihoods. While modern agriculture has increased food production, it has also damaged biodiversity through land conversion and intensive practices. Conservation of agricultural biodiversity and traditional knowledge, sustainable agriculture policies and practices, and support for farmers are needed to address this challenge.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment that interact. It includes biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, soil, and water. Energy flows through the ecosystem in food chains and webs while matter is recycled through biotic and abiotic interactions. Ecological succession over time leads to the development of climax communities as the environment changes.
This document discusses rangeland management. It defines rangelands as areas of native vegetation suitable for grazing. It describes different types of rangelands around the world including grasslands, steppes, prairies, savannas, and tundra. Rangelands provide benefits like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, recreation and more. The document outlines management techniques for rangelands such as invasive species control using herbicides, replanting overgrazed areas, rotational grazing, and fencing off protected areas. It also discusses pioneers in the field like Arthur Sampson and different grazing methods.
Natural resources include materials from the environment that are valuable to humans such as forests, water, and minerals. Humans use natural resources through either consumptive use, which reduces the available supply, or non-consumptive use, which does not. Overuse and mismanagement of natural resources can harm the environment through deforestation, water depletion, and depletion of mineral resources. Proper management of natural resources involves legislative protections, sustainable practices, and developing alternative resources.
Resources include anything that can satisfy human needs, including natural resources like water, biotic resources, and land resources. It is important to conserve resources for current and future generations by preventing depletion and ensuring continuous long-term availability. Land resources provide agricultural land, water, and mines. Land is used for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation purposes, but degradation through overuse of land and deforestation is a problem. Water resources are sources of water for agriculture, industry, households, and the environment, so water conservation through efficient use and management is important. Biotic resources include animals, plants, forests, and microorganisms, and various measures are taken to conserve species and their habitats.
Population ecology is the science that studies changes in population size and composition, and identifies factors causing these changes. A population consists of all individuals of a species in a given area, and is characterized by its size, density, dispersion, births, deaths, and survivorship over time. Population dynamics examines how and why population size changes, influenced by density-dependent factors like resources and disease, and density-independent factors like weather. Populations typically follow an S-shaped logistic growth curve as they approach the carrying capacity of their environment.
Food chain and Food Web
Food chain and food web in ecosystem
Food chain
Types of food chains
1. Grazing food chain
2. Detritus food chain
Food web
Significance of food chain and food web
Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to your life. Air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a ‘Resource’. The value of each such resource depends on its utility and other factors, e.g. metals are gold, silver, copper or bronze have economic value; i.e. they can be exchanged for money. Mountains, rivers, sea or forests are also resources but they do not have economic value. The given presentation briefly explants about the classification and availability of bio-resources and natural resources( mainly emphasizing on Indian natural and bio-resources) and also describes about bioproducts or green products.
Rangeland management involves the careful use and manipulation of rangeland resources including plants, animals, soil, and water to provide goods and services for society in a sustainable manner. Some key concepts in rangeland management include multiple use of the land, proper stocking rates of grazing animals, distribution of animals, types of animals, and grazing systems. Maintaining healthy rangeland ecosystems provides important services such as clean air and water, biodiversity, food production, and climate stability. Rangelands make up over 70% of the world's land area, making rangeland management critical for addressing challenges of population growth and climate change.
This document discusses the basis and classification of forest types. It begins by outlining seven bases for forest classification: physiognomy, structure, function, floristics, habitat, physiography, and history. It then describes the four major forest categories: tropical forests, subtropical forests, temperate forests, and northern coniferous forests. For each category, it provides details on location, climate characteristics, and examples of forest types. The document concludes by summarizing Champion and Seth's revised 1968 classification of forests in India, which divides forests into five major groups.
Desertification is the process of fertile land transforming into desert due to factors like climate change, overgrazing, deforestation, and overcultivation. It affects one third of the world's land and millions of people. It degrades soil quality, reduces vegetation and biodiversity, and causes problems like drought, famine and poor water quality. Solutions include sustainable agriculture, controlled grazing, crop rotation, land management practices, and tree planting to reduce erosion and manage dry land resources.
- Agroecology is an approach that can increase agricultural productivity and sustainability by optimizing the use of local resources through diversification and minimizing external inputs.
- Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and focusing on interactions across the entire agricultural system.
- Agroecological practices maintain biodiversity through various techniques like crop rotation, cover crops, and agroforestry systems, which improve pest regulation, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem functions to increase yields over the long term in a sustainable way.
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological pyramid
Types of pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of energy
The use of Ecological Pyramid was first described by Charles Elton in 1927.
Ecological Pyramids are graphical representation of the number of individual present or amount of biomass synthesized or amount of energy stored at successive trophic levels in an ecosystem.
This document provides information about range management, including definitions of key terms like rangeland, forage, and browsing. It describes the major types of rangelands around the world, such as prairies, grasslands, steppes, and deserts. Examples are given of each type along with their characteristic vegetation. The document also discusses goods and services provided by rangelands, such as habitat for wildlife and plants, water, recreation, and grazing land for livestock industries.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
Drought is defined as a period with a water deficit, either on the surface or underground, and can last from months to years. Drought is caused by a lack of moisture in the atmosphere from high pressure systems, and can be exacerbated by deforestation. There are three types of drought: meteorological, occurring when rainfall is below average; hydrological, a depletion of surface water; and agricultural, a lack of soil moisture impacting crop yields. Drought has short and long term economic, environmental, and social consequences. India has a long history of drought policies aimed at relief, development of information systems, and improving rural resources, but more sustainable long term strategies are still needed.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
This document provides an overview of watershed management in India. It defines a watershed as a geo-hydrological unit that drains to a common point. Watershed management is needed due to declining water availability, as sustainable development requires managing watersheds. Watershed management methods discussed include soil and moisture conservation techniques like terracing and bunding, as well as rainwater harvesting activities like check dams. The benefits of watershed management include increased crop yields, reduced soil erosion, increased availability of surface and groundwater, and improved socio-economic conditions and livelihoods for farmers.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic plant and animal species that have experienced significant habitat loss. 35 hotspots have been identified that contain over 50% of the world's endemic plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates, despite representing only 2.3% of the Earth's land. Some key hotspots mentioned include the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Mediterranean Basin, Horn of Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands, Forests of Australia, Caucasus, and Mesoamerica. Each hotspot contains a high number of endemic species and has experienced extensive habitat
Ecological succession is the process by which the species composition of an ecosystem changes over time. It occurs through a predictable sequence of species replacements as the environment changes. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available habitats like volcanic landscapes, and secondary succession, which reestablishes ecosystems after a disturbance like a forest fire. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to intermediate to climax communities as species alter environmental conditions and facilitate the establishment of other species. Ecological succession is driven by both biotic changes from organisms as well as abiotic changes in the physical environment and is an ongoing, endless process as conditions continually change over geological timescales.
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
This document provides an overview of physical forestry resources. It begins by defining what a forest is as a community of trees, shrubs, herbs and other plants that cover a considerable area. It then discusses the different types of forests found around the world, including tropical evergreen forests and mangrove forests. The document outlines the structure and importance of forests, noting they regulate temperature, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for wildlife. It also discusses threats to forests like deforestation and provides suggestions for forest conservation and ways individuals can help protect forests.
Forestry involves the cultivation, management, and conservation of forests. It is important for economic, environmental, and social reasons. Forestry provides timber, fuelwood, and helps improve water quality and the environment. It also generates employment. The major branches of forestry include forest management, forest utilization, agroforestry, social forestry, and silviculture. Forestry uses scientific principles and involves measuring forests, understanding tree diseases, and sustainably managing both natural and urban forests.
Social forestry aims to achieve environmental benefits and rural development through afforestation on barren lands. It involves managing and developing forests to meet the basic needs of rural populations like fuel, fodder, and manure. The objectives of social forestry in India are to increase forest area, restore ecological balance, meet rural needs, ensure better land use, generate employment, and check pollution. The components of social forestry include farm forestry, extension forestry, rural forestry, community forestry, and agroforestry.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert due to drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. It can be controlled by stopping deforestation, planting new trees and using irrigation. Desertification affects plants and animals by depriving them of water and food. It can be prevented by conservation efforts like reforestation and establishing protected areas.
Population ecology is the science that studies changes in population size and composition, and identifies factors causing these changes. A population consists of all individuals of a species in a given area, and is characterized by its size, density, dispersion, births, deaths, and survivorship over time. Population dynamics examines how and why population size changes, influenced by density-dependent factors like resources and disease, and density-independent factors like weather. Populations typically follow an S-shaped logistic growth curve as they approach the carrying capacity of their environment.
Food chain and Food Web
Food chain and food web in ecosystem
Food chain
Types of food chains
1. Grazing food chain
2. Detritus food chain
Food web
Significance of food chain and food web
Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to your life. Air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a ‘Resource’. The value of each such resource depends on its utility and other factors, e.g. metals are gold, silver, copper or bronze have economic value; i.e. they can be exchanged for money. Mountains, rivers, sea or forests are also resources but they do not have economic value. The given presentation briefly explants about the classification and availability of bio-resources and natural resources( mainly emphasizing on Indian natural and bio-resources) and also describes about bioproducts or green products.
Rangeland management involves the careful use and manipulation of rangeland resources including plants, animals, soil, and water to provide goods and services for society in a sustainable manner. Some key concepts in rangeland management include multiple use of the land, proper stocking rates of grazing animals, distribution of animals, types of animals, and grazing systems. Maintaining healthy rangeland ecosystems provides important services such as clean air and water, biodiversity, food production, and climate stability. Rangelands make up over 70% of the world's land area, making rangeland management critical for addressing challenges of population growth and climate change.
This document discusses the basis and classification of forest types. It begins by outlining seven bases for forest classification: physiognomy, structure, function, floristics, habitat, physiography, and history. It then describes the four major forest categories: tropical forests, subtropical forests, temperate forests, and northern coniferous forests. For each category, it provides details on location, climate characteristics, and examples of forest types. The document concludes by summarizing Champion and Seth's revised 1968 classification of forests in India, which divides forests into five major groups.
Desertification is the process of fertile land transforming into desert due to factors like climate change, overgrazing, deforestation, and overcultivation. It affects one third of the world's land and millions of people. It degrades soil quality, reduces vegetation and biodiversity, and causes problems like drought, famine and poor water quality. Solutions include sustainable agriculture, controlled grazing, crop rotation, land management practices, and tree planting to reduce erosion and manage dry land resources.
- Agroecology is an approach that can increase agricultural productivity and sustainability by optimizing the use of local resources through diversification and minimizing external inputs.
- Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and focusing on interactions across the entire agricultural system.
- Agroecological practices maintain biodiversity through various techniques like crop rotation, cover crops, and agroforestry systems, which improve pest regulation, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem functions to increase yields over the long term in a sustainable way.
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological pyramid
Types of pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of energy
The use of Ecological Pyramid was first described by Charles Elton in 1927.
Ecological Pyramids are graphical representation of the number of individual present or amount of biomass synthesized or amount of energy stored at successive trophic levels in an ecosystem.
This document provides information about range management, including definitions of key terms like rangeland, forage, and browsing. It describes the major types of rangelands around the world, such as prairies, grasslands, steppes, and deserts. Examples are given of each type along with their characteristic vegetation. The document also discusses goods and services provided by rangelands, such as habitat for wildlife and plants, water, recreation, and grazing land for livestock industries.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
Drought is defined as a period with a water deficit, either on the surface or underground, and can last from months to years. Drought is caused by a lack of moisture in the atmosphere from high pressure systems, and can be exacerbated by deforestation. There are three types of drought: meteorological, occurring when rainfall is below average; hydrological, a depletion of surface water; and agricultural, a lack of soil moisture impacting crop yields. Drought has short and long term economic, environmental, and social consequences. India has a long history of drought policies aimed at relief, development of information systems, and improving rural resources, but more sustainable long term strategies are still needed.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
This document provides an overview of watershed management in India. It defines a watershed as a geo-hydrological unit that drains to a common point. Watershed management is needed due to declining water availability, as sustainable development requires managing watersheds. Watershed management methods discussed include soil and moisture conservation techniques like terracing and bunding, as well as rainwater harvesting activities like check dams. The benefits of watershed management include increased crop yields, reduced soil erosion, increased availability of surface and groundwater, and improved socio-economic conditions and livelihoods for farmers.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic plant and animal species that have experienced significant habitat loss. 35 hotspots have been identified that contain over 50% of the world's endemic plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates, despite representing only 2.3% of the Earth's land. Some key hotspots mentioned include the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Mediterranean Basin, Horn of Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands, Forests of Australia, Caucasus, and Mesoamerica. Each hotspot contains a high number of endemic species and has experienced extensive habitat
Ecological succession is the process by which the species composition of an ecosystem changes over time. It occurs through a predictable sequence of species replacements as the environment changes. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available habitats like volcanic landscapes, and secondary succession, which reestablishes ecosystems after a disturbance like a forest fire. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to intermediate to climax communities as species alter environmental conditions and facilitate the establishment of other species. Ecological succession is driven by both biotic changes from organisms as well as abiotic changes in the physical environment and is an ongoing, endless process as conditions continually change over geological timescales.
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
This document provides an overview of physical forestry resources. It begins by defining what a forest is as a community of trees, shrubs, herbs and other plants that cover a considerable area. It then discusses the different types of forests found around the world, including tropical evergreen forests and mangrove forests. The document outlines the structure and importance of forests, noting they regulate temperature, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for wildlife. It also discusses threats to forests like deforestation and provides suggestions for forest conservation and ways individuals can help protect forests.
Forestry involves the cultivation, management, and conservation of forests. It is important for economic, environmental, and social reasons. Forestry provides timber, fuelwood, and helps improve water quality and the environment. It also generates employment. The major branches of forestry include forest management, forest utilization, agroforestry, social forestry, and silviculture. Forestry uses scientific principles and involves measuring forests, understanding tree diseases, and sustainably managing both natural and urban forests.
Social forestry aims to achieve environmental benefits and rural development through afforestation on barren lands. It involves managing and developing forests to meet the basic needs of rural populations like fuel, fodder, and manure. The objectives of social forestry in India are to increase forest area, restore ecological balance, meet rural needs, ensure better land use, generate employment, and check pollution. The components of social forestry include farm forestry, extension forestry, rural forestry, community forestry, and agroforestry.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert due to drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. It can be controlled by stopping deforestation, planting new trees and using irrigation. Desertification affects plants and animals by depriving them of water and food. It can be prevented by conservation efforts like reforestation and establishing protected areas.
CA potential effects on soil erosion for rainfed crops in the Lake Alaotra re...Joanna Hicks
This document summarizes a study on the potential effects of conservation agriculture on soil erosion for rainfed crops in the Lake Alaotra region of Madagascar. The researchers found that conservation agriculture systems with cover crops and mulch significantly reduced soil losses compared to traditional ploughed systems, with differences increasing on steeper slopes. Specifically, conservation agriculture systems saved an estimated 2 kg of nitrogen, 13 kg of phosphorus, and 0.7 kg of potassium per hectare annually compared to ploughed systems. The researchers used the RUSLE model to estimate long-term effects of conservation agriculture rotations in reducing soil erosion over multiple years.
This document discusses the causes of food price inflation in India. It identifies several major reasons for the rising food prices, including a 45% wastage of food due to lack of infrastructure, population growth reducing per capita availability of some foods, low agricultural productivity compared to other countries, and hoarding of goods driving up retail prices. While commodity futures are often blamed, the document argues that food price increases predate futures trading for some crops. It concludes that fragmented agricultural markets and price volatility in local markets, rather than futures trading, are the real culprits behind high food inflation in India.
The document discusses several ways that human activities negatively impact land systems, including overgrazing, deforestation, feedlot agriculture, and unsustainable fishing practices. Overgrazing can degrade rangelands by removing too much plant cover, leading to erosion. Deforestation removes forests that stabilize soils and regulate water flows. Feedlot agriculture produces large amounts of waste and relies on chemical inputs. Unsustainable fishing has depleted fish populations in many areas. Better management is needed for rangelands and fisheries to restore soils and biodiversity.
This document discusses desertification, which is the process of fertile land turning into desert. Approximately one-third of India's land is dry or arid and increasing annually, with 90% of land in Kutch and Saurashtra affected by desertification. Desertification is caused by factors like semi-arid land influencing human habitation and animal grazing, which reduces land fertility; salty water sweeping onto fertile coastal land; continuous farming without fertilizer or manure use; and soil erosion by wind and streams. Methods to minimize desertification discussed include water conservation through check dams, irrigation, collecting rainwater, and dry land farming of cactus species that require little water.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
This document discusses methods for quantifying biodiversity, including species richness, species evenness, and Simpson's Index. Species richness is a count of the total number of species in an area, while species evenness measures how similar the abundances of each species are. Simpson's Index incorporates both richness and evenness to calculate a single value representing biodiversity, with lower values indicating higher diversity as it takes into account the number of species and how evenly abundant each species is. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate and apply Simpson's Index using data on species abundances in different communities.
Grazing in the Sahel and Soil degradation Nigel Gardner
The document discusses the Sahel region of North Africa, which experiences periods of drought roughly every 1000 years. It describes how the region experienced above average rainfall from the 1950s to the early 1970s, followed by a drought lasting 30 years. It also notes that the population in the region is doubling every 20 years, exceeding the growth in food production and leading to widespread poverty. Overgrazing of livestock and removal of trees for firewood due to the increasing population has damaged soils, leaving them exposed and prone to erosion during drought periods.
This document discusses various methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, evenness, disparity, and genetic variability. It notes that biodiversity cannot be reduced to a single number due to the complexities of various taxonomic concepts and differences in ecosystems. While higher productivity generally correlates with greater biodiversity, preserving biodiversity poses challenges for policymakers given difficulties in comparing biodiversity across environments.
Desertification is land degradation in dryland areas caused by climatic variations and human activities. The main causes are deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and population pressures. Deforestation removes trees that anchor soil and regulate rainfall. Soil erosion degrades and depletes soils, reducing their ability to support life. Construction activities and population growth increase pressure on limited resources. Desertification has environmental, economic and social impacts like reduced biodiversity, famine, and climate change. Combating desertification requires awareness, sustainable land management like tree planting, and community involvement. The document provides examples of desertification in regions like Africa, China, and the Mediterranean island of Malta.
Simpson's Diversity Index is a simple way to estimate species diversity in an ecosystem. The formula calculates the probability that any two randomly selected individuals in an ecosystem will be of the same species or of different species. An example compares the biodiversity of two ecosystems using Simpson's Index based on the number of individuals of each species present. Ecosystem 1 had a more even distribution of species and individuals, resulting in a higher Simpson's Index number and greater diversity.
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The key causes are heavy rainfall, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. This strips away topsoil, especially on steep slopes. Regions highly impacted include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan foothills. To control erosion, methods such as terracing, contour plowing, afforestation, and constructing dams have been used. Preventing further environmental degradation and switching to sustainable farming techniques are important to reduce soil loss.
This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and are causing global temperatures to rise at the fastest rate in recorded history. The 10 hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990. If emissions are not curbed, average US temperatures could increase by 3 to 9 degrees by 2100. Observable changes include rising sea and air temperatures, melting ice and snow, and rising sea levels. Various ecosystems and species are already being negatively impacted by the climate changes. To mitigate these effects, emissions of greenhouse gases must be reduced and alternative energies developed.
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1. Communal Pasture Areas
Overgrazing and Sustainability
Yvane Marblé, Michaela Cosijn & Birgit Boogaard
8 November 2012
Vilanculos, Mozambique
2. What causes overgrazing?
Is it managing number of animals in an area?
YES
BUT there are other factors which affect this:
• type of vegetation – % grass vs shrubs vs trees
• length of time animals graze
• season they graze
• variability in rainfall
• type of animals grazing
• type of management practices (next session)
3. Impacts of overgrazing
• Degradation and loss of vegetation
• Hotter soils
• Erosion due to increased rate of runoff
• Rivers / lakes dry up
• Also flash flooding
• Changes in rainfall (changes in evapo-transpiration and
albedo)
RESULT → DESERTIFICATION & BIODIVERSITY LOSS
4. Impact on livestock
• Decline in health of animals (thinning, disease, diarrhoea)
• Potential death of cattle and goats as declining food and water
6. What is sustainability of pasture areas?
Need to looking at following factors:
• Vegetation type and mixture
• Rainfall seasons and variability
• Number of animals
• Management of herds
IT NEEDS TO BE PRO-ACTIVE AND FLEXIBLE
7. Sustainable pasture area - Question
Which of the two pasture areas below is the best
pasture area for goats (with cattle)?
Pasture 1 Pasture 2
Why?
The pasture 1 brings nutritious grasses in high quantities, but only for a short term and
can be fast overgrazed. Moreover, in the dry-late dry season, there will be no feed
anymore, compared to the pasture 2 which has a lot of bush/tree feed opportunities.
8. Natural Resource Management
Effects of practices on pasture areas
Land pressure of the practices Time period of the effect
• Low pressure on the land • Short-term impact
• High pressure on the land • Long-term impact
Low land pressure High land pressure
Short term impact Good Bad
Long term impact Good Very bad
9. Maximum Number of Animals – Carry Capacity
Why?
• One of the most critical factors for sustainable pasture area
• Consequences of overgrazing due to goat overpopulation in one pasture
are known as a major environmental issue (e.g. desertification)
• Maximum numbers differ per areas depending on the vegetation
• if this criterion is not included to some organisational chart, the number of
animals could increase on the long-term to a point of overpopulation that
can not be undone!
10. Maximum number of animals based on grasses
Project No of goats per ha Current grazing Possible number of
communities in capacities goats for the whole
Inhassoro district community
Chichangue 4.3 21654 – 25984 1350
(2 areas)
Cachane 3.8 2031 2550
Vulanjane 3.2 (varying from 5033 2600
(3 samples) 1.6 to 5.7)
Nhapele 6.6 (varying from 9255 1050
(3 samples) 4.6 to 8.8)
Mabime 1.5 (varying 1 to 2) 379 4500
(2 samples)
Rubatstatsa 3.3 10536 1500
Source: Marblé 2012
11. References
Marblé, Y., 2012. ‘Creation of communal grazing areas for goats
in southern Mozambique: future perspectives’ Master thesis,
Wageningen University.
12. Better lives through livestock
ilri.org
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.