The document discusses several ways that human activities negatively impact land systems, including overgrazing, deforestation, feedlot agriculture, and unsustainable fishing practices. Overgrazing can degrade rangelands by removing too much plant cover, leading to erosion. Deforestation removes forests that stabilize soils and regulate water flows. Feedlot agriculture produces large amounts of waste and relies on chemical inputs. Unsustainable fishing has depleted fish populations in many areas. Better management is needed for rangelands and fisheries to restore soils and biodiversity.
Communal pasture areas: Overgrazing and sustainabilityILRI
Presentation by Yvane Marblé, Michaela Cosijn and Birgit Boogaard at a training course for extension officers on sustainable management of communal pasture areas, Vilanculos, Mozambique, 8 November 2012.
Communal pasture areas: Overgrazing and sustainabilityILRI
Presentation by Yvane Marblé, Michaela Cosijn and Birgit Boogaard at a training course for extension officers on sustainable management of communal pasture areas, Vilanculos, Mozambique, 8 November 2012.
Colin Seis: Regenerative Land Management at WinonaCarbon Coalition
Colin Seis is the name most often associated with "Pasture Cropping". This technique is revolutionising cropping and grazing operations, This presentation was given at the Carbon Farming Expo & Conference Orange 18-19 November, 2008. Orange is in new South Wales, Australia.
This presentation focuses on the role of intensive livestock farming and monoculture expansion for the environment. It also addresses the issue of land grabbing and grasslands as a carbon sink.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural Development: The scientific support for a new paradigm
A presentation by Prof. Johan Rockström from Stockholm Resilience Centre
Water Land Ecosystem
High level dialogue
New Delhi
3rd May 2013
Intensive silvopastoral systems ISS: sustainable cattle ranching and environm...FAO
Presentation from Enrique Murgueitio from the Fundación CIPAV (Colombia), describing the unsustainability of conventionally-managed pasture land, and the restoration of degraded soils through Agroecology. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Benefits and importance of Agroforestry in Agriculture. Agroforestry is a combination of traditional and modern land use where it is complete
management of trees and plants and animal production.
Grazing for Soil Health: Considerations for Grass Finishing SWGLA
Patrick O'Neill has worked for a decade a crop and soil adviser with diverse cropping and livestock operations. In this presentation he details several considerations farmers and ranchers should take when finishing livestock on grass.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
Colin Seis: Regenerative Land Management at WinonaCarbon Coalition
Colin Seis is the name most often associated with "Pasture Cropping". This technique is revolutionising cropping and grazing operations, This presentation was given at the Carbon Farming Expo & Conference Orange 18-19 November, 2008. Orange is in new South Wales, Australia.
This presentation focuses on the role of intensive livestock farming and monoculture expansion for the environment. It also addresses the issue of land grabbing and grasslands as a carbon sink.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural Development: The scientific support for a new paradigm
A presentation by Prof. Johan Rockström from Stockholm Resilience Centre
Water Land Ecosystem
High level dialogue
New Delhi
3rd May 2013
Intensive silvopastoral systems ISS: sustainable cattle ranching and environm...FAO
Presentation from Enrique Murgueitio from the Fundación CIPAV (Colombia), describing the unsustainability of conventionally-managed pasture land, and the restoration of degraded soils through Agroecology. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Benefits and importance of Agroforestry in Agriculture. Agroforestry is a combination of traditional and modern land use where it is complete
management of trees and plants and animal production.
Grazing for Soil Health: Considerations for Grass Finishing SWGLA
Patrick O'Neill has worked for a decade a crop and soil adviser with diverse cropping and livestock operations. In this presentation he details several considerations farmers and ranchers should take when finishing livestock on grass.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
Aquaculture has many hazards that are expected when agriculture in an aquatic environment is performed. Avoiding injury maintains aquaculturists’ health and quality of life as well as their economic security. Injury can be costly due to lost work hours, medical expenses and possible lawsuits, so maintaining safe working conditions on fish farms has multiple benefits.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Engineering methods to control soil erosionSantosh pathak
Engineering methods deal with the physical structures that stops or try to prevent the happening of soil erosion.
Bioengineering is different terms than the civil engineering. Bioengineering uses the plants or trees to prevent the soil erosion whereas civil engineering deals about the construction of dams, walls,terrace etc.
Plant Power vs Power Plant by Sena Crutchley (PAVE)VegFund
The Piedmont Area Vegan Educators (PAVE) have developed an informative presentation titled “Plant Power vs Power Plant: What We Consume and the Environment,” which they’ve used as the basis for talks with local environmental organizations. The presentation clearly and concisely lays out the facts and issues of our food and lifestyle choices and their relationship to the environment. PAVE graciously agreed to share it with the VegFund community as a valuable resource for all vegan advocates.
Climate Smart Agriculture in Ghana and Beyond Africabrioppong1
Conservation agriculture (CA) can be defined by a statement given by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as "Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a farming system that can prevent losses of arable land while regenerating degraded lands.It promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e. no-till farming), maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. It enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production."[1]
Agriculture according to the New Standard Encyclopedia is "one of the most important sectors in the economies of most nations" (New Standard 1992). At the same time conservation is the use of resources in a manner that safely maintains a resource that can be used by humans. Conservation has become critical because the global population has increased over the years and more food needs to be produced every year (New Standard 1992). Sometimes referred to as "agricultural environmental management", conservation agriculture may be sanctioned and funded through conservation programs promulgated through agricultural legislation, such as the U.S. Farm Bill.
The first key principle in CA is practicing minimum soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals within the soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. In the past agriculture has looked at soil tillage as a main process in the introduction of new crops to an area. It was believed that tilling the soil would increase fertility within the soil through mineralization that takes place in the soil. Also tilling of soil can cause severe erosion and crusting which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. Today tillage is seen as destroying organic matter that can be found within the soil cover. No-till farming has caught on as a process that can save soil organic levels for a longer period and still allow the soil to be productive for longer periods (FAO 2007). Additionally, the process of tilling can increase time and labor for producing that crop. Minimum soil disturbance also reduce destruction of soil micro and macro-organism habitats that is common in conventional ploughing practices.[2]
When no-till practices are followed, the producer sees a reduction in production cost for a certain crop. Tillage of the ground requires more money in order to fuel tractors or to provide feed for the animals pulling the plough. The producer sees a reduction in labor because he or she does not have to be in the fields as long as a conventional farmer.
Key principles of CA
The second key principle in CA is much like the first in dealing with protecting the soil. The principle of managing the top soil to create a permanent organic soil cover can allow for growth of organisms within the soil structure. This growth will break down the mulch that is left on the soil surface.
Agrarian change in tropical forests: A change for the better?CIFOR-ICRAF
A presentation by Terry Sunderland and team on 3 December 2016 at the second annual meeting of the FLARE (Forests and Livelihoods: Assessment, Research, and Engagement) network, Edinburgh.
I am pleased to present an outstanding Sample ESS IA that secured an impressive 28 out of 30 marks, resulting in a remarkable 7-point score. This exemplar serves as a valuable reference and resource for your ESS class, offering comprehensive insights and invaluable guidance for both students and educators alike.
Key Points:
Exceptional Achievement: The IA achieved a remarkable 28 out of 30 marks, showcasing excellence in content, research, and presentation.
7-Point Performance: Scoring a perfect 7 points in the IA demonstrates a deep understanding of Environmental Systems and Societies.
Educational Resource: This exemplary IA serves as an educational resource, providing a model for structuring, researching, and presenting ESS projects.
Invaluable Insights: Reviewing this IA will offer invaluable insights into what constitutes a high-scoring ESS IA, helping students aim for excellence.
Guidance for Students: Students can utilize this IA as a reference to enhance their own IA projects, aiming for similarly outstanding results.
Educator's Tool: Educators can use this IA to exemplify quality work to their students, facilitating better understanding of assessment expectations.
We encourage you to make the most of this exemplary ESS IA as a guiding light in your pursuit of excellence in Environmental Systems and Societies studies.
Very interesting - Can you guess what is common between all these prominent temples.
If your answer is, they all are Shiva temples, you are only partially correct.
It is actually the longitude in which these temples are located.
They all are located in 79° longitudes. What is surprising and awesome is that how the architects of these temples many hundreds of kilometers apart came up with these precise locations without GPS
K.Guru Charan Kumar, IB ESS Teacher at Pathways World School, Aravali discusses the importance of taking his IB students on field trips that enhance the learning they do in the classroom. Over the past year, K. Guru has shared numerous adventures with the IB community and we asked him to reflect on why field experience is central to his teaching.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
As part of the IB philosophy, one must understand that not everything can be taught within the classroom. Thus, field trips provide the perfect opportunity to apply ourselves fruitfully. Laden with their luggage, and appetite for knowledge, the group of ESS and Geography students readied themselves for the learning expedition to Sundarbans, West Bengal.
The most engaging component of ESS & Geo IBDP is the coursework/fieldwork which culminates in an Analytical report based on Primary Data which the students gather and work upon. In this context we are all set to embark on our journey to Sundarbans Delta (UNESCO World Heritage site) which is located in Kolkata. This year 41 IBDP students with 4 teachers ventured for the very first time in the country to visit the Sundarbans(Kolkata) for the field trip.
The IBDP ESS & Geography students studied “Ecological Footprints of Eco tourism & Environmental Sustainability, Quality and Patterns of Resource Consumption” with special reference to Mangrove forest of Sundarbans, West Bengal.
Farmers from Maldevta Village, who work in the lowest sector of the economy, have minimal land and resources to help them grow crops. This obligates them to enter the hills with their cattle to allow grazing. Farmers also clear some forest areas, to increase their farm land for more income, thus reducing the biodiversity. As a result of the reduced in forest area and resources, wild animals invade villages and destroy farmlands. In some cases, because of minimal knowledge of the chemical Pesticides, it’s overuse affects not only the farmland, but also nearby water resources as it leads to eutrophication. This relates to my RQ because after surveying the villagers and collecting the raw data from the Simpson’s Diversity index it allowed me to evaluate the effect of human intervention on the natural environment and thus evaluating the effect of Ecological Footprint.
This IA talks about research is to compare Simpson Diversity of four areas of Mahendrapur village based on the amount of sunlight received and the amount of nutrients found near the place where they are located (near the water body or away from the water body).
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
5. other ways we screw with agriculture! (good)
1. Other ways we MESS with the Land!
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2. 1. Overgrazing
• When livestock eat too much plant cover on
rangelands, impeding plant regrowth
• The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land
on either side of a fenceline can be striking.
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Figure 8.22
4. Overgrazing
• Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive
feedback loops.
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Figure 8.21
5. Overgrazing
• Livestock graze on grasslands and cleared forest
slopes
– 65% of drylands are grasslands
• Land is often overgrazed
– Barren land is eroded and degraded
• In the 1800s American buffalo (bison) were
slaughtered
– Rangelands stocked with cattle were overgrazed
– Leading to erosion and growth of unpalatable plants
• U.S. western rangelands produce less than 50% of the
forage they produced before commercial grazing
– Yet 20% of rangelands remain overstocked
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6. Degraded rangelands
• The National Public Lands Grazing Campaign
documents harmful effects of livestock grazing
– Competition of livestock with native animals for food
– One-third of endangered species are in danger due to cattleraising practices (predator control, fire suppression)
– Wooded zones along streams are trampled and polluted
– Polluted streams make fish species the fastest-disappearing
wildlife group
• Desertification impacts 85% of North America’s
drylands
– The most widespread cause is livestock grazing
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7. Public lands
• Overgrazing occurs because rangelands are public
lands
– Tragedy of the commons: the incentive is for all to keep
grazing, even though the range is being overgrazed
• The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and
Forest Service leases grazing rights on 2 million km2
of land
– Federal land is owned by taxpayers
– Animal unit = one cow-calf pair or five sheep
– The grazing fee ($1.35/animal unit/month) is 10% what
would be paid on private land
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8. Why are rangelands overgrazed?
• The 1934 Taylor Grazing Act prohibits reducing
grazing levels or keeps grazing fees below market
level
– The U.S. government lost $115 million in 2004
– $500 million more was lost in ecological costs (to
watersheds, streams, wildlife, endangered species)
• When Congress and the BLM try to raise fees,
western congressmen threaten to cut the BLM
budget
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9. Solutions to overgrazing
• Better management could restore rangelands
– Benefiting wildlife and cattle production
• Conservation Stewardship Program (NRCS)
– Provides information and support to land-owning ranchers
to burn woody plants, reseed land, rotate cattle
• The government could buy up some of the 26,000
permits
– Retire rangelands
– Generously pay ranchers for their permits
– Use the land for wildlife, recreation, watershed
protection
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10. 2. Deforestation
• Porous, humus-rich forest soil efficiently holds
and recycles nutrients
– Also absorbs and holds water
• Converting a forested hillside to grassland
doubles the amount of runoff and increases
nutrient leaching
• When forests are cut and soils are left exposed
– Topsoil becomes saturated with water and slides
off the slope
– Subsoil continues to erode
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11. Forests are cut at alarming rates
• 13 million hectares (32 million acres) are cut per year
– Mostly in developing countries
• Cutting tropical rain forests causes acute problems
– Heavy rains have leached soils of minerals
– Parent material is already maximally weathered
– So tropical soils (oxisols) lack nutrients
• Clearing rain forests washes away the thin layer of
humus
– Leaving only the nutrient-poor subsoil
– Very poor for agriculture
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12. Animal agriculture: Livestock and
poultry
•Consumption of meat has risen faster than population
over the past several decades.
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Figure 9.15
13. 3. Feedlot agriculture
•Increased meat consumption has led to animals being raised
in feedlots (factory farms), huge pens that deliver energyrich food to animals housed at extremely high densities.
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Figure 9.16
14. Feedlot agriculture: Environmental
impacts
•Immense amount of waste produced, polluting
air and water nearby
•Intense usage of chemicals (antibiotics,
steroids, hormones), some of which persist in
environment
•However, if all these animals were grazing on
rangeland, how much more natural land would
be converted for agriculture?
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15. Food choices = energy choices
•Energy is lost at each trophic level.
•When we eat meat from a cow fed on grain, most
of the grain’s energy has already been spent on the
cow’s metabolism.
•Eating meat is therefore very energy inefficient.
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16. Grain feed input for animal output
•Some animal food
products can be
produced with less
input of grain feed
than others.
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Figure 9.17
17. Land and water input for animal output
•Some animal food
products can be
produced with less
input of land and
water than others.
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Figure 9.18
18. 4. Aquaculture
•The raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled
environments
•Provides 1/3 of world’s fish for consumption
•220 species being farmed
•The fastest growing type of food production
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19. Aquaculture
•Fish make up half of
aquacultural production.
Molluscs and plants each
make up nearly 1/4.
•Global aquaculture has
been doubling about
every 7 years.
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Figure 9.19
20. Benefits of aquaculture
•Provides reliable protein source for people, increases
food security
•Can be small-scale, local, and sustainable
•Reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks, and
eliminates bycatch
•Uses fewer fossil fuels than fishing
•Can be very energy efficient
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21. Environmental impacts of aquaculture
•Density of animals leads to disease, antibiotic use, risks to
food security.
•It can generate large amounts of waste.
•Often animals are fed grain, which is not energy efficient.
•Sometimes animals are fed fish meal from wild-caught fish.
•Farmed animals may escape into the wild and interbreed
with, compete with, or spread disease to wild animals.
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22. Environmental impacts of aquaculture
•Transgenic salmon (top) can compete with or spread
disease to wild salmon (bottom) when they escape from
fish farms.
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Figure 9.20
23. Trade-Offs
Aquaculture
Advantages
Disadvantages
Highly efficient
Large inputs of land, feed,
And water needed
High yield in small
volume of water
Produces large and
concentrated outputs of
waste
Increased yields
through crossbreeding and genetic
engineering
Destroys mangrove forests
Increased grain production
needed to feed some
species
Can reduce overharvesting of
conventional fisheries
Fish can be killed by
pesticide runoff from
nearby cropland
Little use of fuel
Profit not tied to price
of oil
Dense populations
vulnerable to disease
High profits
Tanks too contaminated to
use after about 5 years
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25. Spotter airplane
Trawler
fishing
Fish farming
in cage
Purse-seine
fishing
trawl flap
trawl
lines
sonar
fish school
trawl bag
fish caught
by gills
Drift-net fishing
float buoy
Long line fishing
lines with
hooks
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26. 100
Catch
(millions of metric tons)
80
60
40
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
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World Fish Catch
SYSTEM
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27. 25
Per capita catch
(kilograms per person)
20
15
10
5
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
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World Fish Catch Per
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29. Problems and consequences
• Problem
• Consequence
– Overgrazing
– Desertification, erosion nutrient
loss
– Water Pollution
– Groundwater contamination,
^BOD, Eutrophication, etc
• Slaughter
• Wastes
• Riparian grazing
– Land use
– Habitat loss & fragmentation,
decreased biodiversity
• Fencing, deforestation
– Uses more water
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– Water shortages / depletion
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