1. The document discusses different types of codes used to represent digital data including weighted, non-weighted, alphanumeric, error detection, error correction, and binary codes.
2. It describes various binary codes like BCD, Gray, EBCDIC, and ASCII codes explaining how they represent numeric and alphanumeric data.
3. Specific codes discussed in detail include BCD, excess-3, Gray, and ASCII codes explaining their binary representations of decimal numbers and characters.
Chapter 2.1 introduction to number systemISMT College
Binary Number System, Decimal Number System, Octal Number System, Hexadecimal Number System, Conversion, Binary Arithmetic, Signed Binary Number Representation, 1's complement, 2's complement, 9's complement, 10's complement
Chapter 2.1 introduction to number systemISMT College
Binary Number System, Decimal Number System, Octal Number System, Hexadecimal Number System, Conversion, Binary Arithmetic, Signed Binary Number Representation, 1's complement, 2's complement, 9's complement, 10's complement
It's part of Computer Organization And Architecture .Data representation is how to data represented in computer by using complements of number , float point ,fix point, so it's
slide is useful
This is the second lesson of Computer and Network Technology subject of BCS HEQ Certificate Level exam.
Subject: Computer and Network Technology (CNT)
Chapter: Fundamentals
Lesson: Data Representation in Computers
This lesson discuss about how integers, floating point numbers and characters are handled by modern computers.
For more lessons please visit https://www.bcsonlinelectures.com website.
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, hexadecimal number system.
Code conversion, Conversion from one number system to another, floating point numbers
BCS Certificate Level Examination. Computer and Network Technology (CNT) subject. Fundamentals of Computer Science. Data Representation in Computers. Learn about decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems and conversion between systems. Learn about binary addition and subtraction. For a complete subject coverage including Information Systems and Software Developments subjects, please visit to https://www.bcsonlinelectures.com/
Digital computers represent data by means of an easily identified symbol called a digit. The data may
contain digits, alphabets or special character, which are converted to bits, understandable by the computer.
In Digital Computer, data and instructions are stored in computer memory using binary code (or
machine code) represented by Binary digIT’s 1 and 0 called BIT’s.
The number system uses well-defined symbols called digits.
Number systems are classified into two types:
o Non-positional number system
o Positional number system
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter I Number System and Binary Arithm...Arti Parab Academics
Number System:
Analog System, digital system, numbering system, binary number
system, octal number system, hexadecimal number system, conversion
from one number system to another, floating point numbers, weighted
codes binary coded decimal, non-weighted codes Excess – 3 code, Gray
code, Alphanumeric codes – ASCII Code, EBCDIC, ISCII Code,
Hollerith Code, Morse Code, Teletypewriter (TTY), Error detection
and correction, Universal Product Code, Code conversion.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
It's part of Computer Organization And Architecture .Data representation is how to data represented in computer by using complements of number , float point ,fix point, so it's
slide is useful
This is the second lesson of Computer and Network Technology subject of BCS HEQ Certificate Level exam.
Subject: Computer and Network Technology (CNT)
Chapter: Fundamentals
Lesson: Data Representation in Computers
This lesson discuss about how integers, floating point numbers and characters are handled by modern computers.
For more lessons please visit https://www.bcsonlinelectures.com website.
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, hexadecimal number system.
Code conversion, Conversion from one number system to another, floating point numbers
BCS Certificate Level Examination. Computer and Network Technology (CNT) subject. Fundamentals of Computer Science. Data Representation in Computers. Learn about decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems and conversion between systems. Learn about binary addition and subtraction. For a complete subject coverage including Information Systems and Software Developments subjects, please visit to https://www.bcsonlinelectures.com/
Digital computers represent data by means of an easily identified symbol called a digit. The data may
contain digits, alphabets or special character, which are converted to bits, understandable by the computer.
In Digital Computer, data and instructions are stored in computer memory using binary code (or
machine code) represented by Binary digIT’s 1 and 0 called BIT’s.
The number system uses well-defined symbols called digits.
Number systems are classified into two types:
o Non-positional number system
o Positional number system
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter I Number System and Binary Arithm...Arti Parab Academics
Number System:
Analog System, digital system, numbering system, binary number
system, octal number system, hexadecimal number system, conversion
from one number system to another, floating point numbers, weighted
codes binary coded decimal, non-weighted codes Excess – 3 code, Gray
code, Alphanumeric codes – ASCII Code, EBCDIC, ISCII Code,
Hollerith Code, Morse Code, Teletypewriter (TTY), Error detection
and correction, Universal Product Code, Code conversion.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
power point presentation regarding the number system conversions, representation of negative numbers and various codes of representations and error detection and correction codes.
A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are only a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Classification of Codes
The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of bits. This group
of bits is also called as binary code.
1.Weighted& Non-weightedCode
2. Alphanumeric codes
3. Errordetection & ErrorcorrectionCodes
1. WeightedCodes
The main characteristic of weighted code is that each binary digit is assigned a specific
weight. The common example of weighted code is BCDcode or 8421 code in which the
weights of different bits are 1, 2, 4 & 8.
Eg; 1011 = 1x23 + 0x22 +1x21 + 1x20
Non-WeightedCode
Thesedon’t follow the principle of positional weighting system i.e. eachposition within the
number doesn’t follow or have any fixed weight. Foreg-Excess-3, Graycode.
3. • Cycliccodes:Cyclic codes are those in which each successive
code word differs from the preceding one in only one bit
position.
• Theyare also called unit distancecodes
• Example: graycode
MirrororReflectiveCode:
Example: Graycode.
00
01
10
11
4. AlphanumericCodes
• Apart from numericdata, a computersystemmayprocess
somealphanumericdata justlike the employees’names,
addressaswell assomespecialcharacters.AnAlphanumeric
data generallyconsistof sequenceof characterswhere a
characterisanyoneof the following:-
• Lettersor alphabets
• Digits0-9
• Specialcharacters(+,-,π)
• In the computersystem,eachcharacterisstored in some
codeform dependinguponthe codingscheme.The
charactermaytake 6, 7, or 8 bits. Thereare numberof codes
whichare usedfor somespecificapplicationi.e. ASCIICode,
EBCDICCode,UNITCode,etc.
5. Binarycodes:-BCD,GRAY,EBCDIC,ASCII
• It is the symbolic representation of discrete information which
may be represented in the form of numeric, alphabets &
special characters.
• In Digital Electronics, the binary digits 0 & 1 are used to
represent these symbols & are arranged according to the
rules of specific code.
• Infect, a binary code is a group of n-bits that can represent
distinct symbols.
• The interpretation of the binary information is possible only if
the code in which this information is available isknown.
6. Binarycodes:-BCD,GRAY,EBCDIC,ASCII
(A) Straight BinaryCode
Usedto represent numbers using natural (or straight) binary form.
1.Natural BCDCode
In this code, decimal 0 through 9 are represented by their natural binary
equivalents using four bits and each decimal digit is represented by this four bit
code individually. This code is also known as 8-4-2-1 code where 8, 4, 2, & 1 are
the weights of the four bits of the binary code of each decimal digit to the
straight binarysystem.
5 = 0101 , 8 = 1000, 9 =1001, 21 -0010 0001, 56 – 0101 0110
2.EXCESS-3Codes
This is another form of BCD code, in which each decimal is coded into a 4-bit binary code.
The code for each decimal digit is obtained by adding decimal 3 to the natural BCDcode of
the digit. For ex- decimal 2 is coded as0010+0011=0101 in Excess-3code.
0 = 0000 (BCD) + 0011 = 0011(Excess -3 code)
1=0001+0011= 0100 (excess – 3 code) , 8 = 1000+0011 =1011, 14 =0001 0100
0011 0011
01 0 0 01 1 1
7. Binarycodes:-BCD,GRAY,EBCDIC,ASCII
3. GrayCode
It is a very useful code in which a decimal number is represented in binary form in such a
way so that each gray code number differs from preceding & the succeeding number by a
single bit.
For ex- the gray code for decimal number 5 is 0111 & for 6 is 0101.
These two codes differ by only one bit position (third from left).
This code is used extensively for the shaft encoders because of this property.
9. Importance of Codes
1. Thecode refers to encryption system.
2.Computer and other digital circuits process datain
binary format.
3.Various binary codesare used to represent data.
4.Theinterpretation of data is only possible if the
code in which the information is available isknown.
10. 10
Binary CodedDecimal (BCD)
• Would it be easyfor you if you canreplacea
decimal number with an individual binary
code?
– Suchas0001 1001 = 1910
• The8421 code is atype of BCDto dothat.
• BCDcode provides an excellent interface to
binary systems:
– Keypadinputs
– Digital readouts
13. 13
BCDAddition
• BCDis anumerical code and canbe used in
arithmetic operations. Here is how to add two BCD
numbers:
– Add the two BCDnumbers, using the rules forbasic binary
addition.
– If a4-bit sum is equal toor less than 9, it is avalid BCD
number.
– If a4-bit sum >9, or if acarry out of the 4 -bit group is
generated it is an invalid result.Add 6 (0110) to a4-bit sum
in order to skip the six invalid statesand return the code to
8421. If acarry results when 6 is added, simply add the
carry to the next 4-bit group.
15. 15
BCDSubtraction
• Here is how to subtract two BCDnumbers:
– Subtract the two BCDnumbers, using the rules forbasic
binary subtraction.
– If there is no borrow from the next higher group, no
correction isrequired.
– If there is borrow from the next group, then (0110) is
subtracted from the difference term of this group.
– Example38 – 15
38 0011 1000
15 0001 0101
(38 in BCD)
(15 in BCD)
–
– 0010 0011 (No borrow,
0010 1001 from 1011 0010
1101 0110 – 1’s of sub
1011 0010 - minuend +
11000 1000
1
1000 1001 st - 1
0000 1010
1000 0011 st-2
17. 17
TheGray Code
• TheGraycode is unweighted and is not an
arithmetic code.
– There are no specific weights assigned to thebit
positions.
• Important: the Graycode exhibits only asingle
bit change from one code word to the next in
sequence.
– Thisproperty is important in manyapplications,
suchasshaft position encoders.
18. TheGray Code
• Binary-to-Gray code conversion
– TheMSBin the Graycode is the sameas
corresponding MSBin the binary number.
– Going from left to right, add each adjacent pairof
binary code bits to get the next Graycode bit.
Discard carries.
ex: convert 101102 to Gray code
1 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 binary
1 1 1 0 1 Gray
18
19. TheGray Code
• Gray-to-Binary Conversion
– TheMSBin the binary code is the sameasthe
corresponding bit in theGraycode.
– Add each binary code bit generated tothe Graycode bit in
the next adjacent position. Discard carries.
ex:convert the Graycode word 11011 to binary
Gray Binary
1 1 0 1 1 - gray code
+ +
19
+ +
1 0 0 1 0
21. Excess 3 Code
21
•A BCD Code formed by adding 3 (0011)
to its true four bit binary value.
•Excess 3 is a self complementing code. If
the bits of the Excess-3 digit are inverted,
they yield the 9’s complement of the
decimal equivalent.
•Excess-3 code is useful for performing
decimal arithmetic digitally.
22. Excess 3
22
Examples
• 3 = 0011 + 0011 = 0110 = 6 in E-3.
• 1 = 0001 + 0011 = 0100 = 4 in E-3
•If we complement 1’s = 1011 in E-3 this
is the code for an 8.
•9s Complement of 1(0100) = (9 - 1) = 8
Self Complement
• 6 = 0110+0011 = 1001
• 12 = 1100 + 0011 = 1111
23. 23
Alphanumeric Codes
• Representnumbers and alphabetic characters.
– Also represent other characters such as symbols
and various instructions necessary for conveying
information.
• The ASCIIis the most common alphanumeric
code.
– ASCII=American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
24. 24
ASCII
• ASCIIhas128 characters and symbols
represented by a7-bit binary code.
– It canbe considered an 8-bit code with theMSB
always 0. (00h-7Fh) (00h – 0Fh) =16
• 00h-1Fh (the first 32) – control characters
• 20h-7Fh – graphics symbols (can be printedor
displayed)
26. 26
Extended ASCII
• There are an additional 128 characters that
were adopted by IBM for usein their PCs.It’s
popular and is used in applications other than
PCs unofficial standard.
– TheextendedASCIIcharacters are represented by
an 8-bit code series from 80h-FFh