Number System:
Analog System, digital system, numbering system, binary number
system, octal number system, hexadecimal number system, conversion
from one number system to another, floating point numbers, weighted
codes binary coded decimal, non-weighted codes Excess – 3 code, Gray
code, Alphanumeric codes – ASCII Code, EBCDIC, ISCII Code,
Hollerith Code, Morse Code, Teletypewriter (TTY), Error detection
and correction, Universal Product Code, Code conversion.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit II Chapter I Boolean Algebra and Logic GatesArti Parab Academics
Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates:
Introduction, Logic (AND OR NOT), Boolean theorems, Boolean
Laws, De Morgan’s Theorem, Perfect Induction, Reduction of Logic
expression using Boolean Algebra, Deriving Boolean expression from
given circuit, exclusive OR and Exclusive NOR gates, Universal Logic
gates, Implementation of other gates using universal gates, Input
bubbled logic, Assertion level.
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation, Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal, hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3 arithmetic
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit II Chapter II Minterm, Maxterm and Karnaugh...Arti Parab Academics
Minterm, Maxterm and Karnaugh Maps:
Introduction, minterms and sum of minterm form, maxterm and Product
of maxterm form, Reduction technique using Karnaugh maps –
2/3/4/5/6 variable K-maps, Grouping of variables in K-maps, K-maps
for product of sum form, minimize Boolean expression using K-map
and obtain K-map from Boolean expression, Quine Mc Cluskey
Method.
The document discusses different number systems used in computing like binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains that computers use the binary number system and each system has a base and set of digits. Decimal uses base 10 with 0-9 digits. Binary uses base 2 with 0-1 digits. Octal uses base 8 with 0-7 digits. Hexadecimal uses base 16 with 0-9 and A-F digits. It also provides examples of how to convert between decimal and these other number systems.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It involves adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing binary numbers using basic rules. Signed binary numbers represent positive and negative values using sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement methods. Arithmetic operations on signed binary numbers follow rules for handling the sign bit and complement representations.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit II Chapter I Boolean Algebra and Logic GatesArti Parab Academics
Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates:
Introduction, Logic (AND OR NOT), Boolean theorems, Boolean
Laws, De Morgan’s Theorem, Perfect Induction, Reduction of Logic
expression using Boolean Algebra, Deriving Boolean expression from
given circuit, exclusive OR and Exclusive NOR gates, Universal Logic
gates, Implementation of other gates using universal gates, Input
bubbled logic, Assertion level.
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation, Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal, hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3 arithmetic
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit II Chapter II Minterm, Maxterm and Karnaugh...Arti Parab Academics
Minterm, Maxterm and Karnaugh Maps:
Introduction, minterms and sum of minterm form, maxterm and Product
of maxterm form, Reduction technique using Karnaugh maps –
2/3/4/5/6 variable K-maps, Grouping of variables in K-maps, K-maps
for product of sum form, minimize Boolean expression using K-map
and obtain K-map from Boolean expression, Quine Mc Cluskey
Method.
The document discusses different number systems used in computing like binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains that computers use the binary number system and each system has a base and set of digits. Decimal uses base 10 with 0-9 digits. Binary uses base 2 with 0-1 digits. Octal uses base 8 with 0-7 digits. Hexadecimal uses base 16 with 0-9 and A-F digits. It also provides examples of how to convert between decimal and these other number systems.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It involves adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing binary numbers using basic rules. Signed binary numbers represent positive and negative values using sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement methods. Arithmetic operations on signed binary numbers follow rules for handling the sign bit and complement representations.
Digital logic design deals with digital circuits and how to design digital hardware using logic gates. It involves working with binary and other number systems. Binary represents information using two states (0 and 1) which can be represented electrically using voltage levels. Converting between number systems like binary, decimal, and octal allows digital components to interface. Basic logic operations like addition, subtraction and multiplication can then be performed on binary numbers.
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra and logic gates. It begins with reviewing binary number systems, binary arithmetic, and binary codes. It then covers Boolean algebra, truth tables, canonical and standard forms. It also discusses logic operations and logic gates like Karnaugh maps up to 6 variables including don't care conditions. Finally, it discusses sum of products and products of sum representations.
This document discusses number systems and includes the following key points:
1. It introduces the four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary is widely used in digital systems.
2. It describes the different number bases and how they determine the digits used. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16.
3. It provides examples of converting between number systems, such as binary to decimal, octal to decimal, and hexadecimal to decimal. Addition and subtraction in binary systems is also demonstrated.
An encoder is a device, circuit, or program that converts information from one format to another. It accepts one or more inputs and generates a multibit output code. The purposes of encoders include standardization, speed, secrecy, security, and reducing size. There are different types of encoders such as simple encoders, priority encoders, and decimal to binary code encoders. Decoders perform the reverse function of converting a code back into a recognizable number or character.
This document discusses the basics of computer systems programming in C, including:
- An introduction to digital computers, basic computer operations, components, and classifications of computers.
- Operating systems like DOS, Windows, Linux, and Android - their purpose, functions, services, and types.
- Number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal and their conversions.
- Binary arithmetic and the basics of programming including problem solving approaches, algorithms, and flowcharts.
- Computer language types including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages as well as concepts like assemblers, compilers, loaders, and linkers.
This presentation summarizes Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying Boolean expressions. Karnaugh maps arrange the terms of a truth table in a two-dimensional grid, making common factors between terms visible. They can be used for functions with up to five variables. Examples show how to identify groupings of terms and simplify expressions using Karnaugh maps for two, three, and four variables. The presentation concludes with an example of a five variable Karnaugh map.
The document discusses various number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It covers how to convert between these number systems using techniques like dividing by the base, tracking remainders, and grouping bits. Examples are provided for converting between the different systems. Common number prefixes like kilo, mega and giga are also explained in the context of computing.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
The document discusses the binary number system. It begins by defining number systems and the decimal system. It then introduces the binary number system which has a base of 2 and uses only the digits 0 and 1. It shows how to write binary numbers and provides a table to demonstrate counting and place values in the binary system. The document explains two methods for converting between decimal and binary numbers - the division method to convert decimals to binary, and the expansion method to convert binary to decimal. It includes examples and practice problems for students to convert numbers between the two number systems.
This document discusses various coding schemes including:
- Binary coded decimal (BCD) which assigns a weight to each digit position to represent decimal numbers. Other positively weighted codes and negatively weighted codes are also discussed.
- Gray code which minimizes the number of bit changes between adjacent values represented. This is useful for applications like thumbwheels.
- Character encoding standards like ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which can represent larger character sets with more bits per character.
- Floating point number representation with sign, exponent and mantissa fields.
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, hexadecimal number system.
Code conversion, Conversion from one number system to another, floating point numbers
This document provides an overview of different number systems, including positional and non-positional systems. It describes the binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems, explaining their bases and symbols. Methods are presented for converting between these systems, such as using binary as an intermediary. Conversions include changing number values, as well as fractional representations. The objective is to understand number systems and perform conversions between binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal formats.
1) Binary codes represent numbers, letters, and other data using groups of bits or symbols. Weighted binary codes follow a positional weighting principle where each bit position represents a specific weight.
2) Non-weighted codes like excess-3 code and Gray code do not assign positional weights. Gray code is used in shaft position encoders to prevent multiple bit changes that can cause problems.
3) BCD (binary coded decimal) represents each decimal digit with a 4-bit binary number, allowing representation of numbers from 0-9. BCD addition can result in numbers outside the valid 0-9 range, requiring carries between digits.
Fixed-point and floating-point numbers can be represented in computers using binary numbers. Floating-point numbers represent numbers in scientific notation with a sign, mantissa, and exponent. In 8-bit floating point, numbers use 1 bit for sign, 3 bits for exponent, and 4 bits for mantissa, such as 0.001 x 21 = 2.25. Larger precision formats such as 32-bit and 64-bit floating point according to the IEEE standard use more bits for exponent and mantissa.
This document discusses different types of codes used to encode information for transmission and storage. It begins by explaining that encoding is required to send information unambiguously over long distances and that decoding is needed to retrieve the original information. It then provides reasons for using coding, such as increasing transmission efficiency and enabling error correction. The document proceeds to describe binary coding and how increasing the number of bits allows more items to be uniquely represented. It also discusses properties of good codes like ease of use and error detection. Specific code types are then outlined, including binary coded decimal codes, unit distance codes, error detection codes, and alphanumeric codes. Gray code and excess-3 code are explained as examples.
- Decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal are different number systems used to represent numeric values.
- Decimal uses 10 digits (0-9), binary uses two digits (0-1), octal uses 8 digits (0-7), and hexadecimal uses 16 digits (0-9 and A-F).
- Each system has a base or radix - the number of unique digits used. Decimal is base 10, binary base 2, octal base 8, and hexadecimal base 16.
- Numbers can be converted between these systems using division and multiplication operations that take into account the place value of each digit based on the system's base.
In which i describe all the features of decoder. All the functionalities describe with the circuits and truth tables. So download and learn more about decoder. Decoder Full Presentation.
This document discusses various topics related to digital representation of data including:
1. The differences between FAT32 and NTFS file systems and their advantages and limitations.
2. How data is represented digitally using coding schemes like ASCII and converted between binary and other number systems.
3. An overview of different numbering systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal; and how to convert between them.
Digital logic design deals with digital circuits and how to design digital hardware using logic gates. It involves working with binary and other number systems. Binary represents information using two states (0 and 1) which can be represented electrically using voltage levels. Converting between number systems like binary, decimal, and octal allows digital components to interface. Basic logic operations like addition, subtraction and multiplication can then be performed on binary numbers.
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra and logic gates. It begins with reviewing binary number systems, binary arithmetic, and binary codes. It then covers Boolean algebra, truth tables, canonical and standard forms. It also discusses logic operations and logic gates like Karnaugh maps up to 6 variables including don't care conditions. Finally, it discusses sum of products and products of sum representations.
This document discusses number systems and includes the following key points:
1. It introduces the four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary is widely used in digital systems.
2. It describes the different number bases and how they determine the digits used. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16.
3. It provides examples of converting between number systems, such as binary to decimal, octal to decimal, and hexadecimal to decimal. Addition and subtraction in binary systems is also demonstrated.
An encoder is a device, circuit, or program that converts information from one format to another. It accepts one or more inputs and generates a multibit output code. The purposes of encoders include standardization, speed, secrecy, security, and reducing size. There are different types of encoders such as simple encoders, priority encoders, and decimal to binary code encoders. Decoders perform the reverse function of converting a code back into a recognizable number or character.
This document discusses the basics of computer systems programming in C, including:
- An introduction to digital computers, basic computer operations, components, and classifications of computers.
- Operating systems like DOS, Windows, Linux, and Android - their purpose, functions, services, and types.
- Number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal and their conversions.
- Binary arithmetic and the basics of programming including problem solving approaches, algorithms, and flowcharts.
- Computer language types including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages as well as concepts like assemblers, compilers, loaders, and linkers.
This presentation summarizes Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying Boolean expressions. Karnaugh maps arrange the terms of a truth table in a two-dimensional grid, making common factors between terms visible. They can be used for functions with up to five variables. Examples show how to identify groupings of terms and simplify expressions using Karnaugh maps for two, three, and four variables. The presentation concludes with an example of a five variable Karnaugh map.
The document discusses various number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It covers how to convert between these number systems using techniques like dividing by the base, tracking remainders, and grouping bits. Examples are provided for converting between the different systems. Common number prefixes like kilo, mega and giga are also explained in the context of computing.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
The document discusses the binary number system. It begins by defining number systems and the decimal system. It then introduces the binary number system which has a base of 2 and uses only the digits 0 and 1. It shows how to write binary numbers and provides a table to demonstrate counting and place values in the binary system. The document explains two methods for converting between decimal and binary numbers - the division method to convert decimals to binary, and the expansion method to convert binary to decimal. It includes examples and practice problems for students to convert numbers between the two number systems.
This document discusses various coding schemes including:
- Binary coded decimal (BCD) which assigns a weight to each digit position to represent decimal numbers. Other positively weighted codes and negatively weighted codes are also discussed.
- Gray code which minimizes the number of bit changes between adjacent values represented. This is useful for applications like thumbwheels.
- Character encoding standards like ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which can represent larger character sets with more bits per character.
- Floating point number representation with sign, exponent and mantissa fields.
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, hexadecimal number system.
Code conversion, Conversion from one number system to another, floating point numbers
This document provides an overview of different number systems, including positional and non-positional systems. It describes the binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems, explaining their bases and symbols. Methods are presented for converting between these systems, such as using binary as an intermediary. Conversions include changing number values, as well as fractional representations. The objective is to understand number systems and perform conversions between binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal formats.
1) Binary codes represent numbers, letters, and other data using groups of bits or symbols. Weighted binary codes follow a positional weighting principle where each bit position represents a specific weight.
2) Non-weighted codes like excess-3 code and Gray code do not assign positional weights. Gray code is used in shaft position encoders to prevent multiple bit changes that can cause problems.
3) BCD (binary coded decimal) represents each decimal digit with a 4-bit binary number, allowing representation of numbers from 0-9. BCD addition can result in numbers outside the valid 0-9 range, requiring carries between digits.
Fixed-point and floating-point numbers can be represented in computers using binary numbers. Floating-point numbers represent numbers in scientific notation with a sign, mantissa, and exponent. In 8-bit floating point, numbers use 1 bit for sign, 3 bits for exponent, and 4 bits for mantissa, such as 0.001 x 21 = 2.25. Larger precision formats such as 32-bit and 64-bit floating point according to the IEEE standard use more bits for exponent and mantissa.
This document discusses different types of codes used to encode information for transmission and storage. It begins by explaining that encoding is required to send information unambiguously over long distances and that decoding is needed to retrieve the original information. It then provides reasons for using coding, such as increasing transmission efficiency and enabling error correction. The document proceeds to describe binary coding and how increasing the number of bits allows more items to be uniquely represented. It also discusses properties of good codes like ease of use and error detection. Specific code types are then outlined, including binary coded decimal codes, unit distance codes, error detection codes, and alphanumeric codes. Gray code and excess-3 code are explained as examples.
- Decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal are different number systems used to represent numeric values.
- Decimal uses 10 digits (0-9), binary uses two digits (0-1), octal uses 8 digits (0-7), and hexadecimal uses 16 digits (0-9 and A-F).
- Each system has a base or radix - the number of unique digits used. Decimal is base 10, binary base 2, octal base 8, and hexadecimal base 16.
- Numbers can be converted between these systems using division and multiplication operations that take into account the place value of each digit based on the system's base.
In which i describe all the features of decoder. All the functionalities describe with the circuits and truth tables. So download and learn more about decoder. Decoder Full Presentation.
This document discusses various topics related to digital representation of data including:
1. The differences between FAT32 and NTFS file systems and their advantages and limitations.
2. How data is represented digitally using coding schemes like ASCII and converted between binary and other number systems.
3. An overview of different numbering systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal; and how to convert between them.
The document provides information about different number systems used in computers, including binary, octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. It explains the characteristics of each system such as the base and digits used. Methods for converting between number systems like binary to decimal and vice versa are presented. Shortcut methods for direct conversions between binary, octal, and hexadecimal are also described. Binary arithmetic and binary-coded decimal number representation are discussed.
This document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It provides examples of converting between these number systems. The key points are:
- Computers use the binary number system and understand numbers as sequences of 0s and 1s.
- Other common number systems include decimal, octal and hexadecimal, which use different bases.
- Methods for converting between number systems include dividing the number by the new base or using shortcuts that group digits in specific ways.
The document discusses different number systems including binary, octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. It provides examples and steps for converting between these number systems. Specifically, it explains that a number system defines a set of values to represent quantities using digits. The main types covered are the binary, octal, hexadecimal, and decimal systems. Conversion between these systems involves dividing the number by the base and recording the remainders to get the digits in the target system.
Number systems - Efficiency of number system, Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimalconversion
from one to another- Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
representation of signed numbers, addition and subtraction using 2’s complement and I’s
complement.
Binary codes - BCD code, Excess 3 code, Gray code, Alphanumeric code, Error detection
codes, Error correcting code.Deepak john,SJCET-Pala
we have made this like computer application course material which is so functionable and any one can use it to develop your technological concept skill.
We Belete And Tadelech
The document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It provides examples and techniques for converting between these number systems. The key number systems covered are binary, which uses two digits (0 and 1), and is used in computers, decimal which uses 10 digits and is used in everyday life, octal which uses 8 digits, and hexadecimal which uses 16 digits and letters A-F. The document also discusses techniques for converting fractions between decimal and binary.
The document discusses different numeral systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains how each system uses a different base and symbol set. Binary uses base-2 with symbols 0-1. Decimal is base-10 with 0-9. Octal is base-8 with 0-7. Hexadecimal is base-16 with 0-9 and A-F. The document also provides examples and methods for converting between these different numeral systems that are commonly used for representing numbers, instructions and other data in computers.
In digital computers, data is stored and represented using binary digits (bits) of 1s and 0s. There are different number systems that can represent numeric values, including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Each system has a base or radix, with binary having a base of 2, decimal 10, octal 8 and hexadecimal 16. Numbers can be converted between these systems using division and multiplication by the radix at each place value.
Number System is a method of representing Numbers on the Number Line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules. These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Number System is used to perform mathematical computations ranging from great scientific calculations to calculations like counting the number of Toys for a Kid or Number chocolates remaining in the box. Number Systems comprise of multiple types based on the base value for its digits.
What is the Number Line?
A Number line is a representation of Numbers with a fixed interval in between on a straight line. A Number line contains all the types of numbers like natural numbers, rationals, Integers, etc. Numbers on the number line increase while moving Left to Right and decrease while moving from right to left. Ends of a number line are not defined i.e., numbers on a number line range from infinity on the left side of the zero to infinity on the right side of the zero.
Positive Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the right side of the zero are termed as Positive Numbers. The value of these numbers increases on moving towards the right. Positive numbers are used for Addition between numbers. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, …
Negative Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the left side of the zero are termed as Negative Numbers. The value of these numbers decreases on moving towards the left. Negative numbers are used for Subtraction between numbers. Example: -1, -2, -3, -4, …
Number and Its Types
A number is a value created by the combination of digits with the help of certain rules. These numbers are used to represent arithmetical quantities. A digit is a symbol from a set 10 symbols ranging from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Any combination of digits represents a Number. The size of a Number depends on the count of digits that are used for its creation.
For Example: 123, 124, 0.345, -16, 73, 9, etc.
Types of Numbers
Numbers are of various types depending upon the patterns of digits that are used for their creation. Various symbols and rules are also applied on Numbers which classifies them into a variety of different types:
Number and Its Types
1. Natural Numbers: Natural Numbers are the most basic type of Numbers that range from 1 to infinity. These numbers are also called Positive Numbers or Counting Numbers. Natural Numbers are represented by the symbol N.
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on.
2. Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers are basically the Natural Numbers, but they also include ‘zero’. Whole numbers are represented by the symbol W.
Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
3. Integers: Integers are the collection of Whole Numbers plus the negative values of the Natural Numbers. Integers do not include fraction numbers i.e. they can’t be written in a/b form. The range of Integers is from the Infinity at the Negative end and Infinity at the Positive end, including zero. Integers are represented by the symbol Z.
Example: ...,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...
The document discusses different number systems used in digital computers including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It describes the characteristics of each system such as the base and digits used. Methods for converting between these different number systems are presented, including using division or grouping bits. The representation of signed integers as binary numbers is also covered, comparing sign-magnitude, one's complement, and two's complement representations. Binary addition is demonstrated with examples.
The document outlines a lesson plan covering number systems. It includes converting between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. The key concepts covered are the different number systems used in computing, including binary, octal, hexadecimal, and their bases. Conversion between these systems involves multiplying digits by place values to get the value in another base. The skills practiced are computational thinking and step-wise thinking. Values reinforced include awareness of computer technology development and patience.
The document discusses number systems. It defines a number system as a system for writing and representing numbers using digits or symbols in a consistent manner. It allows for arithmetic operations and provides a unique representation for every number. The four most common number systems are decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary uses only two digits, 0 and 1, and is used to represent electrical signals in computers. Decimal uses base 10 with digits 0-9 in place values. [END SUMMARY]
This document discusses different number systems used in digital computers and their conversions. It begins with an introduction to digital number systems and then describes the decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. It explains how to represent integers and real numbers in binary. The document also covers number conversions between these systems using different methods like repeated division. Finally, it discusses various ways of representing integers in binary like sign-magnitude, one's complement and two's complement representations.
Digital computers represent data by means of an easily identified symbol called a digit. The data may
contain digits, alphabets or special character, which are converted to bits, understandable by the computer.
In Digital Computer, data and instructions are stored in computer memory using binary code (or
machine code) represented by Binary digIT’s 1 and 0 called BIT’s.
The number system uses well-defined symbols called digits.
Number systems are classified into two types:
o Non-positional number system
o Positional number system
Similar to FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter I Number System and Binary Arithmetic (20)
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. UNIT I: CONTENTS
Number System:
Analog System, digital system,
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, hexadecimal number system, conversion from one number
system to another, floating point numbers,
Weighted codes binary coded decimal, non-weighted codes Excess – 3 code, Gray code,
Alphanumeric codes – ASCII Code, EBCDIC, ISCII Code, Hollerith Code, Morse Code,Teletypewriter (TTY), Error
detection and correction, Universal Product Code,
Code conversion.
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction,
Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary multiplication and division,Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system,
BCD and Excess – 3 arithmetic.
C
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3. ANALOG AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information (such as any audio or video), usually through electric
signals. In digital technology, translation of information is into binary format (either 0 or 1) and information is
translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude in analog technology.
Analogue signal Analogue meter display
Digital (logic) signal
Digital meter display
4. NUMBER SYSTEMS
A computer can understand the positional
number system where there are only a few
symbols called digits and these symbols
represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number.
The value of each digit in a number can be
determined using :
The digit
The position of the digit in the number
The base of the number system (where the base is
defined as the total number of digits available in
the number system)
5. NUMBER SYSTEMS: DECIMAL
The number system that we use in our day-to-
day life is the decimal number system.
Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses
10 digits from 0 to 9.
In decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and
so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the
base (10).
For example,
The decimal number 1234 consists of the digit
4 in the units position,
3 in the tens position,
2 in the hundreds position, and
1 in the thousands position.
Its value can be written as
(1 x 1000)+ (2 x 100)+ (3 x 10)+ (4 x l)
(1 x 103)+ (2 x 102)+ (3 x 101)+ (4 x l00)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 4
1234
6. NUMBER SYSTEMS: BINARY
Characteristics of the binary number system are
as follows :
Uses two digits, 0 and 1
Also called as base 2 number system
Each position in a binary number represents
a 0 power of the base (2).
Example 20
Last position in a binary number represents a
x power of the base (2).
Example 2x where x represents the last
position - 1.
For example,
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent :
Step Binary
Number
Decimal Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x
21) + (1 x 20))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110
Note − 101012 is normally written as 10101.
7. NUMBER SYSTEMS: OCTAL
Characteristics of the octal number system are
as follows :
Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Also called as base 8 number system
Each position in an octal number represents a
0 power of the base (8).
Example 80
Last position in an octal number represents a
x power of the base (8).
Example 8x where x represents the last
position - 1
For example,
Octal Number: 125708
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step Binary
Number
Decimal Number
Step 1 125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x
81) + (0 x 80))10
Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10
Step 3 125708 549610
Note − 125708 is normally written as 12570.
8. NUMBER SYSTEMS: HEXADECIMAL
Characteristics of hexadecimal number system
are as follows:
Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F
Letters represent the numbers starting from 10.A
= 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15
Also called as base 16 number system
Each position in a hexadecimal number represents
a 0 power of the base (16). Example, 160
Last position in a hexadecimal number represents
a x power of the base (16).
Example 16x where x represents the last position
- 1
For example,
Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step Binary
Number
Decimal Number
Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) +
(D x 161) + (E x 160))10
Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) +
(13 x 161) + (14 x 160))10
Step 3 19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 +
14)10
Step 4 19FDE16 10646210
Note − 19FDE16 is normally written as 19FDE.
9. CONVERSION FROM ONE NUMBER SYSTEMTO ANOTHER
Decimal to Binary System
Decimal to Octal System
Decimal to Hexadecimal System
Binary to Decimal System
Octal to Decimal System
Hexadecimal to Decimal System
Binary to Octal System
Octal to Binary System
Binary to Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal to Binary System
Octal to Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal to Octal System
10. DECIMAL TO OTHER BASE SYSTEM
Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the new base
number.
Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.
The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new base number.
11. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY SYSTEM
Example: Decimal Number: 2910
Calculating Binary Equivalent :
Step Operation Result Remainder
Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
Step 2 14 / 2 7 0
Step 3 7 / 2 3 1
Step 4 3 / 2 1 1
Step 5 1 / 2 0 1
Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so that the first remainder
becomes the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
Decimal Number : 2910 = Binary Number : 111012.
12. DECIMAL TO BINARY TABLE: 4-BIT BINARY REPRESENTATION
When a number is stored in an electronic system, it is
stored in a memory location having a fixed number of
binary bits.
Some of these memory locations are used for general
storage whilst others, having some special function, are
called registers.
Wherever a number is stored, it will be held in some form
of binary, and must always have a set number of bits.
13. CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO BINARY EXAMPLES
Conversion of Decimal to Binary method can easily be
understood by considering an example which is
explained below.
For example – Consider the conversion of the decimal
number 25 into its equivalent binary.
Divide by 2 Result Remainder BinaryValue
294 ÷ 2 147 0 0 (LSB)
147 ÷ 2 73 1 1
73 ÷ 2 36 1 1
36 ÷ 2 18 0 0
18 ÷ 2 9 0 0
9 ÷ 2 4 1 1
4 ÷ 2 2 0 0
2 ÷ 2 1 0 0
1 ÷ 2 0 1 1 (MSB)
Convert the decimal number 294 into a binary number.
Therefore, the binary equivalent for the given decimal number 29410 is 1001001102
14. CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO BINARY FOR FRACTION NUMBER
For fractional decimal numbers, multiply it by 2 and record the carry in the integral position.The carries when read
down produces the equivalent binary fraction as explained by the example given.
Thus the fractional binary number is .01011, i.e., 0.01011.
The process of multiplication by 2 will continue till the
desired accuracy is achieved.
Here is another example of such conversion using the
fraction 0.375.
Now, let’s just write out the resulting integer part at each
step — 0.011.
So, 0.375 in decimal system is represented as 0.011 in
binary.
Consider the fractional binary number 0.35
15. CONVERSION OF BINARY FRACTION TO DECIMAL NUMBER
Divide each digit from right side of radix point till the end by 21, 22, 23, … respectively.
Add all the result coming from step 1.
Equivalent fractional decimal number would be the result obtained in step 2.
Step 2: Conversion of .101 to decimal
0.1012 = (1*1/2) + (0*1/22) + (1*1/23)
0.1012 = 1*0.5 + 0*0.25 + 1*0.125
0.1012 = 0.625
So equivalent decimal of binary fractional is 0.625
Number
Base
as Power
102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2 10-3
Equivalent 100 10 1 . 1/10 1/100 1/1000
Decimal Fractions
Binary Fractions
Number Base
as Power
24 23 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3
Equivalent 16 8 4 2 1 . 1/2 1/4 1/8
16. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO OCTAL SYSTEM
Write the given decimal number
If the given decimal number is less than 8 the
octal number is the same.
If the decimal number is greater than 7 then
divide the number by 8.
Note the remainder we get after division
Repeat step 3 and 4 with the quotient till it is
less than 8
Now, write the remainders in reverse
order(bottom to top)
The resultant is the equivalent octal number to
the given decimal number.
For example: Convert 1792 into octal number.
Decimal
Number
Operation
Quotient Remainder
Octal
Number
1792 ÷ 8 224 0 0
224 ÷ 8 28 0 00
28 ÷ 8 3 4 400
3 ÷ 8 0 3 3400
Decimal to Octal Examples
Example 1: Convert (127)10 to Octal.
Example 2: Convert 5210 to octal.
Example 3: Convert 10010 to octal.
17. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO OCTAL SYSTEM
Example 1: Convert (127)10 to Octal.
Solution: Divide 127 by 8
127 ÷ 8= 15(Quotient) and
(7)Remainder
Divide 15 by 8 again.
15 ÷ 8 = 1(Quotient) and (7) Remainder
Divide 1 by 8, we get;
1 ÷ 8 = 0(Quotient) and (1) Remainder
Since the quotient is zero now, no more
division can be done. So by taking the
remainders in reverse order, we get the
equivalent octal number.
Hence, (127)10 = (177)8
Example 2: Convert 5210
to octal.
Solution: Divide 52 by 8
52 ÷ 8 = 6(Quotient) and
(4)Remainder
Divide 6 by 8 again.
6 ÷ 8 = 0(Quotient) and (6)
Remainder
Since the quotient is zero now,
no more division can be done.
So by taking the remainders in
reverse order, we get the
equivalent octal number.
Hence, (52)10 = (64)8
Example 3: Convert 10010 to
octal.
Solution: Divide 100 by 8
100 ÷ 8= 12(Quotient) and
(4)Remainder
Divide 12 by 8 again.
12 ÷ 8 = 1(Quotient) and (4)
Remainder
Divide 1 by 8, we get;
1 ÷ 8 = 0(Quotient) and (1)
Remainder
Since the quotient is zero now, no
more division can be done. So by
taking the remainders in reverse
order, we get the equivalent octal
number.
Hence, (100)10 = (144)8
18. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL FRACTION TO OCTAL SYSTEM
Take decimal number as multiplicand.
Multiple this number by 8 (8 is base of octal so multiplier here).
Store the value of integer part of result in an array (it will be: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 because of multiplier 8).
Repeat the above two steps until the number became zero
Example − Convert decimal fractional number 0.140869140625 into octal number.
Multiplication Resultant integer part
0.140869140625 x 8=0.12695313 1
0.12695313 x 8=0.01562504 1
0.01562504 x 8=0.12500032 0
0.12500032 x 8=0.00000256 1
0.00000256 x 8=0.000020544 0
and so on ....
Now, write these resultant integer
part, this will be approximate 0.11010
which is equivalent octal fractional
number of decimal fractional
0.140869140625.
19. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
Take decimal number as dividend.
Divide this number by 16 (16 is base of
hexadecimal so divisor here).
Store the remainder in an array (it will be: 0
to 15 because of divisor 16, replace 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15 by A, B, C, D, E, F respectively).
Repeat the above two steps until the
number is greater than zero.
Print the array in reverse order (which will
be equivalent hexadecimal number of given
decimal number).
Example − Convert decimal number 540 into hexadecimal
number.
Division Remainder (R)
540 / 16 = 33 12 = C
33 / 16 = 2 1
2 / 16 = 0 2
0 / 16 = 0 0
20. CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL FRACTION TO HEXADECIMAL
Take decimal number as multiplicand.
Multiple this number by 16 (16 is base of
hexadecimal so multiplier here).
Store the value of integer part of result in an
array (it will be: 0 to 15, because of
multiplier 16, replace 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 by
A, B, C, D, E, F respectively).
Repeat the above two steps until the
number became zero.
Print the array (which will be equivalent
fractional hexadecimal number of given
decimal fractional number).
Example − Convert decimal fractional number 0.06640625
into hexadecimal number.
Multiplication Resultant integer part
0.06640625 x 16=1.0625 1
0.0625 x 16 =1.0 1
0 x 16=0.0 0
21. CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO DECIMAL SYSTEM
Converting from binary to decimal involves multiplying
the value of each digit (i.e. 1 or 0) by the value of the
placeholder in the number
Write down the number.
Starting with the LSB, multiply the digit by the value
of the place holder.
Continue doing this until you reach the MSB.
Add the results together.
Placeholder Value in the Decimal Numbering System
Placeholder Value in the Binary Numbering System
Most Significant Bit (MSB) and Least Significant Bit (LSB)
22. STEPS TO CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL
For example,
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent :
Step Binary
Number
Decimal Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x
21) + (1 x 20))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110
23. CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO DECIMAL SYSTEM
Converting octal to decimal can be done as
following:
Write the powers of 8 (1, 8, 64, 512, 4096, and
so on) beside the octal digits from bottom to
top.
Multiply each digit by it's power.
Add up the answers.This is the solution.
For example if the given octal number is 50173:
Digit Power Multiplication
5 4096 20480
0 512 0
1 64 64
7 8 56
3 1 3
Then the decimal solution (20480 + 64 + 56 + 3) is: 20603
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7.
It has the advantage of not requiring any extra symbols as digits.
It is also used for digital displays.
24. CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL SYSTEM
Follow these steps to convert a hexadecimal number into
decimal form:
Write the powers of 16 (1, 16, 256, 4096, 65536, and
so on) beside the hex digits from bottom to top.
Convert any letters (A to F) to their corresponding
numerical form.
Multiply each digit by it's power.
Add up the answers.This is the solution.
For example if the given hexadecimal
number is 6FC7:
Digit Power Multiplication
6 4096 24576
F (15) 256 3840
C (12) 16 192
7 1 7
Then the decimal solution (24576 + 3840 +
192 + 7) is: 28615
Hexadecimal is a positional system that represents numbers using a base of 16.
Unlike the common way of representing numbers with ten symbols, it uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the
symbols "0"-"9" to represent values zero to nine, and "A"-"F" to represent values ten to fifteen.
Hexadecimal numerals are widely used by computer system designers and programmers, as they provide a human-
friendly representation of binary-coded values.
25. CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO OCTAL SYSTEM
Follow these steps to convert a binary
number into octal form:
Start from the right side of the
binary number and divide it up into
groups of 3 digits.Add extra zeros
to the front of the first number if it
is not three digits.
Convert each group of 3 binary
digits to its equivalent octal value
from the conversion table below.
Concatenate the results together.
This is the solution.
Conversion table:
Binary Octal
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7
For example if the given binary number is
10110111010001:
Binary (0)10 110 111 010 001
Octal 2 6 7 2 1
Then the octal solution is: 26721
26. CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO BINARY SYSTEM
Follow these steps to convert a
octal number into binary form:
Write down the octal number
and represent each digit by its
binary equivalent from the
conversion table below.
Concatenate the results
together. Discard any leading
zeros at the left of the binary
number.This is the solution.
Conversion table:
Octal Binary
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
For example if the given octal number is 21073:
Octal 2 1 0 7 3
Binary 010 001 000 111 011
Then the binary solution is: (0)10001000111011
27. CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
Follow these steps to convert a
binary number into hexadecimal
form:
Start from the right side of the binary
number and divide it up into groups of
4 digits.Add extra zeros to the front
of the first number if it is not four
digits.
Convert each group of 4 binary digits
to its equivalent hex value from the
conversion table below.
Concatenate the results together.This
is the solution.
Conversion table:
Binary Hexadecimal
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
For example if the given binary
number is 11011010100111:
Binary (00)11 0110 1010 0111
Hexad
ecimal
3 6 A 7
Then the hexadecimal solution is:
36A7
28. CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY SYSTEM
Follow these steps to convert a
hexadecimal number into binary
form:
Write down the hex number
and represent each digit by its
binary equivalent from the
conversion table below.
Concatenate the results
together. Discard any leading
zeros at the left of the binary
number.This is the solution.
Conversion table:
Hexadecimal Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
For example if the given hexadecimal
number is 3CF8:
Hexadecimal 3 C F 8
Binary 0011 1100 1111 1000
Then the binary solution is:
(00)11110011111000
29. CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
While converting from octal to
hexadecimal unit, it is a usual practice
to convert the octal to hexadecimal by
converting the octal number into
binary digit and then further to from
binary to hexadecimal.
For example to convert the number 536 from
octal to hexadecimal.
Convert 536(octal) into its binary equivalent we get
(536)8 = (101) (011) (110)
=(101011110)2
Now forming the group of 4 binary bits to obtain its hexadecimal
equivalent,
(101011110)2= (0001) (0101) (1110)
= (15E)16
So the hexadecimal number of 536 is 15E.
30. CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL SYSTEM
Method to Convert Hex to Octal
For each given hexadecimal number digit,
write the equivalent binary number. If any
of the binary equivalents are less than 4
digits, add 0’s to the left side.
Combine and make the groups of binary
digits from right to left, each containing 3
digits.Add 0’s to the left if there are less
than 3 digits in the last group.
Find the octal equivalent of each binary
group.
Example: Convert 1BC16 into an octal number.
Solution:
Given, 1BC16 is a hexadecimal number.
1 → 0001, B → 1011, C →1100
Now group them from right to left, each having 3 digits.
000, 110, 111, 100
000→0, 110 →6, 111→7, 100→4
Hence, 1BC16 = 6748
31. EXERCISES (NUMBER SYSTEMS CONVERSION)
1.Convert the following decimal numbers into binary and hexadecimal
numbers:
1.108
2.4848
3.9000
2.Convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal and decimal
numbers:
1.1000011000
2.10000000
3.101010101010
3.Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary and decimal
numbers:
1. ABCDE
2.1234
3. 80F
4.Convert the following decimal numbers into binary equivalent:
1.19.25D
2.123.456D
1.1101100B, 1001011110000B, 10001100101000B, 6CH,
12F0H, 2328H.
2.218H, 80H, AAAH, 536D, 128D, 2730D.
3.10101011110011011110B, 1001000110100B,
100000001111B, 703710D, 4660D, 2063D.
4.?? (You work it out!)
32. FLOATING POINT NUMBERS
As the name implies, floating point
numbers are numbers that contain floating
decimal points.
For example, the numbers 5.5, 0.001, and -
2,345.6789 are floating point numbers.
Numbers that do not have decimal places
are called integers.
Older computers used to have a separate
floating point unit (FPU) that handled
these calculations, but now the FPU is
typically built into the computer's CPU.
A floating-point number (or real number) can
represent a very large (1.23×10^88) or a very small
(1.23×10^-88) value.
It could also represent
very large negative number (-1.23×10^88) and
very small negative number (-1.23×10^88),
as well as zero, as illustrated as follows:
33. FLOATING POINT NUMBERS
According to the IEEE standard, 32-bit floating
point numbers are represented as shown:
In 32-bit single-precision floating-point
representation:
The most significant bit is the sign bit (S), with
0 for positive numbers and 1 for negative
numbers.
The following 8 bits represent exponent (E).
The remaining 23 bits represents fraction (F)/
Mantissa (M).
Representation of floating point number is not
unique. For example,
The number 55.66 can be represented as 5.566×10^1,
0.5566×10^2,0.05566×10^3, and so on.
The most significant bit indicates sign of the number, where
0 indicates positive and 1 indicates negative.
The 8-bit exponent shows the power of the number.
The mantissa is 23 bits wide.
Mantissa (M) /
34. WEIGHTED & NON-WEIGHTED CODES
Weighted Codes: The weighted codes are those that
obey the position weighting principle, which states that the
position of each number represent a specific weight. In
these codes each decimal digit is represented by a group of
four bits.
In weighted codes, each digit is assigned a specific weight
according to its position. For example, in 8421/BCD code,
1001 the weights of 1, 1, 0, 1 (from left to right) are 8, 4, 2
and 1 respectively.
Non-weighted codes: The non-weighted codes are not
positionally weighted . In other words codes that are not
assigned with any weight to each digit position.
35. WEIGHTED CODE: BINARY CODED DECIMALS (BCD)
The BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) is a straight
assignment of the binary equivalent. It is possible to
assign weights to the binary bits according to their
positions.The weights in the BCD code are 8,4,2,1.
Example: The bit assignment 1001, can be seen by
its weights to represent the decimal 9 because:
1x8+0x4+0x2+1x1 = 9
36. BINARY CODED DECIMALS (BCD)
Conversion from Decimal to BCD Conversion from BCD to Decimal
37. NON-WEIGHTED CODE: EXCESS – 3 CODE
Excess-3 is a non weighted code used to express decimal numbers.The code derives its name from
the fact that each binary code is the corresponding 8421 code plus 0011(3).
An Excess-3 equivalent of a given binary binary number is obtained using the following steps:
Find the decimal equivalent of the given binary number.
Add +3 to each digit of decimal number.
Convert the newly obtained decimal number back to binary number to get required excess-3 equivalent.
You can add 0011 to each four-bit group in binary coded decimal number (BCD) to get desired
excess-3 equivalent.
Example: 1000 of 8421 = 1011 in Excess-3
39. NON-WEIGHTED CODE: EXCESS – 3 CODE
Example-1: Convert decimal number 23 to
Excess-3 code.
So, according to excess-3 code we need to add 3
to both digit in the decimal number then
convert into 4-bit binary number for result of
each digit.Therefore,
= 23+33=56 =0101 0110 which is required
excess-3 code for given decimal number 23.
Example-2: Convert decimal number 15.46 into
Excess-3 code.
According to excess-3 code we need to add 3 to
both digit in the decimal number then convert into
4-bit binary number for result of each digit.
Therefore,
= 15.46+33.33=48.79 =0100 1000.0111 1001 which
is required excess-3 code for given decimal number
15.46.
40. XS-3 CONVERTING INTO BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD) CODES
One should note that to given Excess-3 code, the equivalent decimal number can be determined by splitting
number into 4-bit group starting from least significant for integer part and from leftmost digit for fractional part.
Then subtract 0011 (=3) from each four-bit group that will be binary decimal digit (BCD) form of that number.
Now you can also convert this BCD code into decimal number by converting each 4-bit group into decimal digit.
Example: Convert Excess-3 code 1001001 into BCD and decimal number.
So, grouping 4-bit for each group, i.e., 0100 1001 and subtract 0011 0011 from given number.
Therefore,
= 0100 1001 -0011 0011 =0001 0110
So, binary coded decimal number is 0001 0110 and decimal number will be 16.
41. NON-WEIGHTED CODE: GRAY CODE
The gray code belongs to a class of codes called
minimum change codes, in which only one bit in the
code changes when moving from one code to the
next.
The Gray code is non-weighted code, as the position
of bit does not contain any weight.
The gray code is a reflective digital code which has
the special property that any two subsequent
numbers codes differ by only one bit.
This is also called a unit-distance code. In digital Gray
code has got a special place.
For example, decimal numbers 13 and 14 are
represented by gray code numbers 1011 and 1001,
these numbers differ only in single position that is the
second position from the right.
Decimal Number Binary Code Gray Code
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0011
3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
15 1111 1000
43. GENERATING GRAY CODE
Note that the Gray code sequence, only varies
by one bit as we go down the list, or bottom to
top up the list.
Adjacent cells vary by only one bit because a
Gray code sequence varies by only one bit.
This property of Gray code is often useful for
digital electronics in general. In particular, it is
applicable to Karnaugh maps.
44. ALPHANUMERIC CODES
The alphanumeric codes are the codes that represent numbers and alphabetic characters.
An alphanumeric code should at least represent 10 digits and 26 letters of alphabet i.e. total 36 items.
Alphanumeric codes are sometimes called character codes due to their certain properties.
These codes are basically binary codes.
We can write alphanumeric data, including data, letters of the alphabet, numbers, mathematical symbols and
punctuation marks by this code which can be easily understandable and can be processed by the computers.
ASCII Code,
EBCDIC,
ISCII Code,
Hollerith Code,
Morse Code,
Teletypewriter (TTY)
45. ASCII CODE
The full form of ASCII code is American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ASCII is originally a 7-bit code. It has been extended to 8-bit to better utilize the 8-bit computer memory organization.
In 1967 this code was first published and since then it is being modified and updated.ASCII code has 128 characters some
of which are enlisted below to get familiar with the code.
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2 SP ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
46. EBCDIC CODE
The EBCDIC stands for
Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code.
IBM invented this code to
extend the Binary Coded
Decimal which existed at that
time.
All the IBM computers and
peripherals use this code.
It is an 8 bit code and therefore
can accommodate 256
characters. Below is given some
characters of EBCDIC code to
get familiar with it.
Char EBCDIC HEX Char EBCDIC HEX Char EBCDIC HEX
A 1100 0001 C1 P 1101 0111 D7 4 1111 0100 F4
B 1100 0010 C2 Q 1101 1000 D8 5 1111 0101 F5
C 1100 0011 C3 R 1101 1001 D9 6 1111 0110 F6
D 1100 0100 C4 S 1110 0010 E2 7 1111 0111 F7
E 1100 0101 C5 T 1110 0011 E3 8 1111 1000 F8
F 1100 0110 C6 U 1110 0100 E4 9 1111 1001 F9
G 1100 0111 C7 V 1110 0101 E5 blank … …
H 1100 1000 C8 W 1110 0110 E6 . … …
I 1100 1001 C9 X 1110 0111 E7 ( … …
J 1101 0001 D1 Y 1110 1000 E8 + … …
K 1101 0010 D2 Z 1110 1001 E9 $ … …
L 1101 0011 D3 0 1111 0000 F0 * … …
M 1101 0100 D4 1 1111 0001 F1 ) … …
N 1101 0101 D5 2 1111 0010 F2 – … …
O 1101 0110 D6 3 1111 0011 F3 /
47. UNICODE
Unicode is the newest concept in digital coding.
In Unicode every number has a unique character. Leading technological giants have adopted this code for its
uniqueness.
Before Unicode, no single character encoding scheme could represent characters in all languages.
For example, western European uses several encoding schemes (in the ISO-8859-x family). Even a single language like Chinese has a
few encoding schemes (GB2312/GBK, BIG5). Many encoding schemes are in conflict of each other, i.e., the same code number is
assigned to different characters.
Unicode aims to provide a standard character encoding scheme, which is universal, efficient, uniform and
unambiguous.
Unicode standard is maintained by a non-profit organization called the Unicode Consortium (@
www.unicode.org). Unicode is an ISO/IEC standard 10646.
Unicode originally uses 16 bits (called UCS-2 or Unicode Character Set - 2 byte), which can represent up to 65,536
characters. It has since been expanded to more than 16 bits, currently stands at 21 bits.
The range of the legal codes in ISO/IEC 10646 is now from U+0000H to U+10FFFFH (21 bits or about 2 million characters),
covering all current and ancient historical scripts.
49. HOLLERITH CODE
In 1896, Herman Hollerith formed a company called the Tabulating Machine Company.This company developed a
line of machines that used punched cards for tabulation.
After a number of mergers, this company was formed into the IBM, Inc.We often refer to the punched-cards used
in computer systems as Hollerith cards and the 12-bit code used on a punched-card is called the Hollerith code.
A Hollerith string is a sequence of l2-bit characters; they are encoded as two ASCII characters, containing 6 bits
each.
The first character contains punches 12,0,2,4,6,8 and the second character contains punches 11, 1,3,5, 7, 9.
Interleaving the two characters gives the original 12 bits.
To make the characters printable on ASCII terminals, bit 7 is always set to 0 and bit 6 is said to the complement
of bit 5.These two bits are ignored when reading Hollerith cards.
50. MORSE CODE
The Morse code, invented in 1837 by Samuel F.B. Morse, was the first alphanumeric code used in telecommunication.
It uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent letters, numerals and special characters of a
given message.
The short and long elements can be formed by sounds, marks, pulses, on off keying and are commonly known as dots
and dashes. For example :
The letter 'A' is formed by a dot followed by a dash.The digit 5 is formed by 5 dots in succession.
The International Morse code treats a dash equal to three dots.
Due to variable length of Morse code characters, the Morse code could not adapt to automated circuits. In most
electronic communication, ASCII code are used.
Morse code has limited applications. It is used in communication using telegraph lines, radio circuits. Pilots and air traffic
controllers also use them to transmit their identity and other information.
51. TELETYPEWRITER (TTY)
A teletypewriter (TTY) is an input device that allows alphanumeric character to be typed in and sent, usually one
at a time as they are typed, to a computer or a printer.
The Teletype Corporation developed the teletypewriter, which was an early interface to computers.
Teletype mode is the capability of a keyboard, computer, application, printer, display, or modem to handle
teletypewriter input and output.
Basically, this is a one-character-at-a-time mode of sending, receiving, or handling data, although it is often modified
to handle a line of characters at a time.
Since this mode requires little programming logic, it is often used where memory is limited.
The Basic Input/Output Operating System ( BIOS ) sends messages to a PC display using teletype mode. Most
printers offer a teletype mode.
The simplest video display output format is text in teletype mode. Many modems today continue to include
support for aTTY interface.
52. ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION CODES
Error is a condition when the output information
does not match with the input information. During
transmission, digital signals suffer from noise that
can introduce errors in the binary bits travelling
from one system to other.That means a 0 bit may
change to 1 or a 1 bit may change to 0.
Error-Detecting codes
Whenever a message is transmitted, it may get scrambled by
noise or data may get corrupted.To avoid this, we use error-
detecting codes which are additional data added to a given
digital message to help us detect if an error occurred during
transmission of the message.A simple example of error-
detecting code is parity check.
Error-Correcting codes
Along with error-detecting code, we can also pass some data
to figure out the original message from the corrupt message
that we received.This type of code is called an error-
correcting code. Error-correcting codes also deploy the
same strategy as error-detecting codes but additionally, such
codes also detect the exact location of the corrupt bit.
53. EXAMPLE: PARITY CHECKING OF ERROR DETECTION
It is the simplest technique for detecting and correcting
errors.
The MSB of an 8-bits word is used as the parity bit and
the remaining 7 bits are used as data or message bits.
The parity of 8-bits transmitted word can be either even
parity or odd parity.
Even parity -- Even parity means the number of 1's in the
given word including the parity bit should be even (2,4,6,....).
Odd parity -- Odd parity means the number of 1's in the
given word including the parity bit should be odd (1,3,5,....).
54. EXAMPLE: PARITY CHECKING HOW DOES ERROR DETECTIONTAKE PLACE?
Parity checking at the receiver can detect the presence of an
error if the parity of the receiver signal is different from the
expected parity.
That means, if it is known that the parity of the transmitted
signal is always going to be "even" and if the received signal has
an odd parity, then the receiver can conclude that the received
signal is not correct.
If an error is detected, then the receiver will ignore the
received byte and request for retransmission of the same byte
to the transmitter.
55. UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
A UPC, is a type of code printed on retail product packaging to aid in identifying a particular item.
It consists of two parts –
the machine-readable barcode, which is a series of unique black bars, and
the unique 12-digit number beneath it.
The purpose of UPCs is to make it easy to identify product features, such as the brand name, item, size,
and color, when an item is scanned at checkout.
In fact, that’s why they were created in the first place – to speed up the checkout process at grocery stores.
UPCs are also helpful in tracking inventory within a store or warehouse.
To obtain a UPC for use on a product a company has to first apply to become part of the system.
The Global Standards Organization, formerly known as the Uniform Code Council, manages the assigning of UPCs
within the US.
56. CODE CONVERSIONS
There are many methods or techniques which can be used to convert code from one
format to another as following:
Binary to BCD Conversion
BCD to Binary Conversion
BCD to Excess-3
Excess-3 to BCD
BCD/Binary to Gray
Gray to Binary
57. CODE CONVERSIONS: BINARY TO BCD CONVERSION
Step 1 -- Convert the binary number to decimal.
Step 2 -- Convert decimal number to BCD.
Example − convert (11101)2 to BCD.
Step 1 − Convert to Decimal
Binary Number −: 111012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −:
Step Binary
Number
Decimal Number
Step 1 111012 ((1 × 2
4
) + (1 × 2
3
) + (1 × 2
2
) +
(0 × 2
1
) + (1 × 2
0
))10
Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 111012 2910
Binary Number −: 111012 = Decimal Number −: 2910
Step 2 − Convert to BCD
Decimal Number −: 2910
Calculating BCD Equivalent. Convert each digit into
groups of four binary digits equivalent.
Step Decimal Number Conversion
Step 1 2910 00102 10012
Step 2 2910 00101001BCD
Result
(11101)2 = (00101001)BCD
58. CODE CONVERSIONS: BCD TO BINARY CONVERSION
Step 1 -- Convert the BCD number to decimal.
Step 2 -- Convert decimal to binary.
Example − convert (00101001)BCD to Binary.
Step 1 - Convert to BCD
BCD Number − (00101001)BCD
Calculating Decimal Equivalent. Convert each
four digit into a group and get decimal equivalent
for each group.
Step BCD Number Conversion
Step 1 (00101001)BCD 00102 10012
Step 2 (00101001)BCD 210 910
Step 3 (00101001)BCD 2910
BCD Number −: (00101001)BCD = Decimal Number −: 2910
Step 2 - Convert to Binary
Used long division method for decimal to binary
conversion.
Decimal Number −: 2910 Calculating Binary Equivalent −
Step Operation Result Remainder
Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
Step 2 14 / 2 7 0
Step 3 7 / 2 3 1
Step 4 3 / 2 1 1
Step 5 1 / 2 0 1
Result
(00101001)BCD = (11101)2
59. CODE CONVERSIONS: BCD TO EXCESS-3 & EXCESS-3 TO BCD CONVERSION
Step 1 -- Convert BCD to decimal.
Step 2 -- Add (3)10 to this decimal number.
Step 3 -- Convert into binary to get excess-3 code.
Example − convert (0110)BCD to Excess-3.
Step 1 − Convert to decimal
(0110)BCD = 610
Step 2 − Add 3 to decimal
(6)10 + (3)10 = (9)10
Step 3 − Convert to Excess-3
(9)10 = (1001)2
(0110)BCD = (1001)XS-3Result
Step 1 -- Subtract (0011)2 from each 4 bit of excess-3
digit to obtain the corresponding BCD code.
Example − convert (10011010)XS-3 to BCD.
Given XS-3 number = 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Subtract (0011)2 = 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
--------------------
BCD = 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
(10011010)XS-3 = (01100111)BCDResult
60. CODE CONVERSIONS: BCD/BINARY TO GREY CODE
The MSB is kept the same.As the MSB of the binary is 0, the
MSB of the gray code will be 0 as well (first gray bit)
Next, take the XOR of the first and the second binary bit.The
first bit is 0, and the second bit is 1.The bits are different so the
resultant gray bit will be 1 (second gray bit)
Next, take the XOR of the second and third binary bit.The
second bit is 1, and the third bit is 0.These bits are again
different so the resultant gray bit will be 1 (third gray bit)
Next, take the XOR of third and fourth binary bit.The third bit
is 0, and the fourth bit is 0.As these are the same, the resultant
gray bit will be 0 (fourth gray bit)
Lastly, take the XOR of the fourth and fifth binary bit.The fourth
bit is 0, and the fifth bit is 1.These bits are different so the
resultant gray bit will be 1 (fifth gray bit)
Hence the result of binary to gray code conversion of 01001 is
complete, and the equivalent gray code is 01101.
61. CODE CONVERSIONS: GRAY CODE TO BINARY CONVERSION
The MSB of the binary number will be equal to the MSB of the given gray code.
Now if the second gray bit is 0, then the second binary bit will be the same as the previous or the first bit. If the
gray bit is 1 the second binary bit will alter. If it was 1 it will be 0 and if it was 0 it will be 1.
This step is continued for all the bits to do Gray code to binary conversion.