This document provides an overview of coarctation of the aorta, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It defines coarctation of the aorta as a narrowing of the aorta that most commonly occurs just below the origin of the left subclavian artery. The pathophysiology involves increased blood pressure in vessels proximal to the narrowing and decreased blood pressure distal to it. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like blood pressure discrepancies and imaging like echocardiography and MRI. Treatment is typically surgical repair of the narrowed segment. Complications can include rebound hypertension after surgery. Prognosis is generally good if repaired, but risks include recoarctation and aneurysm
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.
Doctors use a physical exam and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They often find severe defects during pregnancy or soon after birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns include
Rapid breathing
Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails
Fatigue
Poor blood circulation
Many congenital heart defects cause few or no signs and symptoms. They are often not diagnosed until children are older.
Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type of the defect, how severe it is, and a child's age, size, and general health.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.
Doctors use a physical exam and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They often find severe defects during pregnancy or soon after birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns include
Rapid breathing
Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails
Fatigue
Poor blood circulation
Many congenital heart defects cause few or no signs and symptoms. They are often not diagnosed until children are older.
Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type of the defect, how severe it is, and a child's age, size, and general health.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
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1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. OVERVIEW
Definition
Pathophysiology
Classification.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Post coartectomy syndrome
Prognosis.
Coarctation with VSD
Coarctation with other cong; heart diseases.
4. Definition.
Coarctation of the aorta describes the narrowing of the
aorta.
Can occur at any point from the transverse arch to the
iliac bifurcation.
98% occur just below the origin of the left subclavian
artery at the origin of the ductus arteriosus (juxtaductal
coarctation).
5.
6. Pathophysiology
Can occur as a discrete juxtaductal
obstruction or as tubular hypoplasia of the
transverse aorta, or due to both.
Alternatively, coarctation may be caused by
abnormal extension of contractile ductal
tissue into the aortic wall.
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
In the 1st few days of life, the PDA may serve to widen the
juxtaductal area of the aorta and provide temporary relief
from the obstruction.
With more-severe juxtaductal coarctation or in the presence
of transvers arch hypoplasia, right ventricular blood is
ejected through the ductus to supply the descending aorta
Unless operated on in infancy, coarctation of the aorta
usually results in the development of an extensive collateral
circulation
9.
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Perfusion of the lower
part of the body is then
dependent on right
ventricular output. In
this situation, the
femoral pulses are
palpable, and
differential blood
pressures may not be
helpful in making the
diagnosis
Ductal R-L shunt
manifested in the form
of differential cyanosis
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Infantile type: Coarctation associated with arch
hypoplasia, recognized early in infancy.
Adult type: isolated juxtaductal coarctation, which, if
mild, was not usually recognized until later childhood
B.P is elevated in the vessels that arise proximal to the
coarctation; BP as well as pulse pressure is lower below
the constriction.
12. CLINICAL FEATURES.
Asymptomatic if recognized after infancy.
Weakness, leg pain after exercise in older children
Disparity in pulsation and blood pressure in the arms
and legs
The femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis
pedis pulses are weak (or absent in up to 40% of
patients), in contrast to the bounding pulses of the arms
and carotid vessels.
Palpate radial and femoral pulses simultaneously for
the presence of a radial-femoral delay
13. Clinical features
In coarctation of the aorta, blood pressure in
the legs is lower than that in the arms
14. Early presentation
Young patients may present in the first few weeks of life
with;
Poor feeding
Tachypnea
Lethargy
Progression to overt CHF
Shock.
These patients may have appeared well prior to hospital
discharge, and deterioration coincides with closure of the
patent ductus arteriosus.
15. Physical findings in early
presentation
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
increased work of breathing
Shock
Blood pressue discrepancies between the upper and lower
extremities
reduced or absent lower extremity pulses to palpation
However, when the infant is in severe heart failure, all pulses are diminished.
Upon treatment for heart failure, prominent brachial pulses with weak or nonpalpable
femoral arterial pulses may be discerned.
16. Murmur
The murmur associated with coarctation of the aorta may
be nonspecific initially and is usually a systolic murmur in
the left infraclavicular area and under the left scapula.
Additional murmurs that result from the presence of
associated abnormalities, such as VSD or aortic valve
stenosis, may also be detected.
An ejection click may signify the presence of a bicuspid
aortic valve, whereas a gallop rhythm may indicate
ventricular dysfunction.
17. Late presentation
Patients often present after the neonatal period
with hypertension or a murmur.
These patients often have not developed overt
CHF because of the presence of arterial collateral
vessels.
Diagnosis is often made after hypertension is
noted as an incidental finding during evaluation of
other problems.
18. Other presenting symptoms may include;
Headaches
chest pain
Fatigue
life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage.
True claudication is rare, although an occasional child
may experience pain or weakness in the legs.
Palpation of femoral pulses and measurement of blood
pressure during routine examination is necessary to
avoid a delay in the diagnosis.
19. Laboratory investigations
Laboratory studies in neonatal patients who present in shock
include the following:
Septic workup includes blood, urine
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cultures.
Electrolyte levels, BUN, creatinine, and glucose concentration.
Measure arterial blood gases and serum lactate levels.
Laboratory studies in older patients who present with hypertension
include urinalysis, electrolyte levels, BUN, creatinine, and glucose
concentrations.
20. Imaging studies
Chest radiography in patients with early onset of
coarctation of the aorta may reveal cardiomegaly,
pulmonary edema, and other signs of congestive heart
failure.
Radiography in patients with late onset of coarctation of
the aorta may reveal cardiomegaly.
An inverted "3" sign of the barium-filled esophagus or a
"3" sign on a highly penetrated chest radiograph (frontal
view) may be visualized. Rib notching secondary to
collateral vessels may also be seen.
25. INVESTIGATIONS:
Echocardiography delineates intracardiac anatomy and
allows assessment of associated significant intracardiac
anomalies
MRI and CT:
Useful in older or postoperative patients to assess
residual arch obstruction, arch hypoplasia, or formation
of aneurysms
26. Investigation:
Cardiac catheterization with selective left
ventriculography and aortography is useful in
occasional patients with additional anomalies and as a
means of visualizing collateral blood flow.
In cases that are well defined by echocardiography, CT,
or MRI, diagnostic catheterization is not usually
required before surgery.
27. Treatment of early presentation
Treatment in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) includes the
use of diuretics and inotropic drugs.
Prostaglandin E1 (0.05-0.15 mcg/kg/min) is infused intravenously to
open the ductus arteriosus.
Ventilatory assistance is provided to patients with markedly increased
work of breathing.
After confirming the diagnosis and stabilizing the patient surgical
repair ASAP.
28. Treatment
Older children with significant coarctation of the aorta
should be treated relatively soon after diagnosis.
Delay is unwarranted, especially after the 2nd decade
of life, when the operation may be less successful
because of decreased left ventricular function and
degenerative changes in the aortic wall.
Nevertheless, if cardiac reserve is sufficient,
satisfactory repair is possible well into mid-adult life.
29. Treatment cont:
Surgical repair:
Excision and primary anastomosis
Subclavian flap procedure: which involves division of
the left subclavian artery and incorporation of it into
the wall of the repaired coarctation has grown out of
favor because of a higher degree of residual stenosis
Patch aortoplasty
Primary stent placement: Newer method.
30. Post Op complication:
Rebound hypertension
Spinal cord injury from aortic cross-
clamping if the collaterals are poorly
developed,
Chylothorax,
Diaphragm injury, and
Laryngeal nerve injury
31. POST COARTECTOMY
SNDROME
Acute post period: acute hypertension, abdominal pain
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, leukocytosis, intestinal
hemorrhage, bowel necrosis, and small bowel
obstruction
Antihypertensive drugs (nitroprusside, esmolol,
captopril) and intestinal decompression; surgical
exploration is rarely required for bowel obstruction or
infarction.
32. Prognosis:
Restenosis is rare, children operated before one year
of age require repeted surgery
All patients should be monitored for recoarctation and
aneurysm formation
Ballon angioplasty for recoarctation
Repair after 2nd decade: Risk of premature CAD
Severe neurologic disease, SAH, Intracerebral bleed
due to cong aneurysm.
Untreated adult patient succumb between age 20-40
due to HTN encephalopathy, stroke, infective
endocarditis, endartritis,
33. Caorctation with VSD
Patients with this combination of defects will be
recognized either at birth or in the 1st mo of life and
often have intractable cardiac failure.
Presenting ill infant with tachypnea, failure to thrive,
and typical findings of heart failure. Often, limb B.P
discrepancy is not very marked because of low cardiac
output
Medical management for stabilization of patient;
surgery should not be delayed.
34. Coarctation with VSD
Many centers repair VSD and Coarctation
and at the same time via midline sternotomy.
Some centers do left lateral thoracotomy
with repair of coarctation and pulmonary
artery banding in case of complicated VSD.
35. COARCTATION WITH OTHER CARDIAC
ANOMALIES AND INTURREPTED AORTIC
ARCH
HLHS, TGA, Severe mitral or aortic valve disease, and
variation of double outlet or single ventricle.
Coarctation with aortic or mitral valve disease will be
treated in context of HLHS.
DiGeorge syndrome (cardiac defects, abnormal facies,
thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia).
deletion of a segment of chromosome 22q11