This document provides information about a third semester botany course on the diversity of vertebrates, specifically reptiles. It discusses the four orders of living reptiles: Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles), Squamata (snakes and lizards), and Rhynchocephalia (tuatara). Key details are provided on the characteristics of each order, such as their skin, limbs, teeth, and examples of common species.

1. CLASS BS BOTANY
SEMESTER 3rd FINAL TERM
COURSE TITLE DIVERSITY OF
ANIMALS.(VERTEBRATE)
COURSE CODE. ZOOL-604
TEACHER’S NAME MS SHAHIDA AZIZ

2. Herpetology; study of
REPTILES
( Creeping ANIMALS) Known
Species .. 6500

3. REPTILES The FIRST AMNIOTES
EVOLUTIONARY PRESPECTIVE
Vertebrates have four different extraembryonic
membranes:
• the chorion,
• the amnion.
• the allantois,
• the yolk sac,
In vertebrates that lay eggs, the chorion is the
outermost membrane and lines the inside of the
egg shell. The allantois is a sac-like
extraembryonic membrane that removes waste
from the embryo.

4. CLASS REPTILIAN
Familiar Living Reptiles Are Classified Into Four Orders:
• Oder Chelonia , Testudines (having a shell)
• Oder Crocodilia (Crocodiles)
• Oder Squamata (scaly) Snakes, Lizards
• Oder Rhynchocephalia Sphenodon punctatum
(Tuatara)

5. ORDER – CROCODILIA
• Aquatic reptiles
• Snout is elongated.Nostrils are at the tip of snout.
• Skin thick with bony plates and scutes
• Limbs are clawed and webbed
• Males have one intromittent organ
• Teeths are latearlly compresed.homodont.
• Heart completely 4 chambered
• Examples-gharial, alligator and crocodile

6. • TESTUDINES mean having a shell
• Body enclosed in a dorsal carapace and ventral plastron made of
dermal bony plates
• Size ranges from 8cm to 200cm (over 6 feet)
• Teeth absent jaws with horny beaks
• Single nasal opening
• Limbs of aquatic forms modified into paddles
• Short tail
• Sternum is absent
• Cloacal respiration
• Longest lifespan
• Marine turties, fresh-water terrapins and terrestrial tortoises
ORDER TESTO
UDINES OR CHELONIA

7. ORDER-RHYNCHOCEPHALIA
• Single species sphenodon punctatus (tuatara) of New
Zealand
• Skin with scales and mid dorsal row of spine
• Vestigial pineal eye present in parietal foramen
• Teeth acrodont(two rows of teeth,upper and lower jaw
• Eggs hatches in 13 months
• Living fossils

8. • Lizards and snakes chameleon,geckos included
• Suborder sauria – lizards
• Suborder ophidia / serpentine – snakes
• Size from 10 cm to 10m long like python and anaconda.
• Most lizards and snakes are carnivores.
• More than 200 vertebrae and with pairs of ribs
• Jacobson organ (gustatory and olfactory organ) present
in the roof of mouth
• Horny epidermal scales
• Teeth acrodont or pleurodont
• Male with double copulatory organ (hemipenes)
ORDER – SQUAMATA(scaly)