This document summarizes different orders of reptiles, including their defining characteristics and examples. It discusses turtles, tuatara, crocodiles, and lizards. Turtles have a bony shell and live over 14 years. Tuatara are only found in New Zealand and share nests with sea birds. Crocodiles have elongated snouts and tails used for swimming and hunting. Lizards have two pairs of legs and come in many sizes, from a few centimeters to 3 meters long. Examples given are geckos, iguanas, and chameleons.

1. REPTILES
Presented by : M. Zeeshan ullah
Rollno : 23725
Presented to: Mam Hifza Batool
Subject : Invertebrates

2. Classification Of Reptiles
1 Order Testudines :
( Turtles )
2. Order Rhyncocphelia :
Tuatra ( Sphenodon Punctalus )
3. Order Crocodilea :
( Crocodiles , Gariales , Aligators , Caimans )
4. Order Squamata ;
{ Lizards , Snakes , Warm Lizards ( Legless )}

3. 1. Order Testudines ( Turtles )
All kinds of turtles belong to order Testudines.
 Turtles have 225 species, They have a
bony shell.
 Exoskeleton ( Outside of the body )
 Limbs articulated internally with ribs.
 Teeth are absent, They have Keratinized
beak.
 They have short , broad body.
 Their shell consists of a dorsal carapace
and ventral Plastron.

4. Cervical vertebrea :
S-Shaped and 8 numbers of Cervical vertebrea.
Life span :
Commonly more than 14 Years.
Sexual Maturity after seven or eight years.
Reproduction :
All are Oviparous. Females make nest by hindlimbs, and there they lay the eggs.
Their clutches contain (5 - 100 eggs). They cover eggs with soil.
No parental care of offspring.
Hatching Duration :
4 weeks , No parental care.
Why Turtles conservation programs started ?
Slow rate of growth.
Long juvinile period ( Immature period )
Hunting / Predations.

5. 2. Order Rhyncocephalia :( Tuatra )
Only one surviving species called Tuatra (
Sphnodon punctalus ).
Morphology: Lizard like animals. Especially
unchanged from extinct relatives.
Found during Mesozoic era ( 65 to 225
million years ), nearly 200 million years ago.
Two rows of teeth in upper jaw. They bite the birds with these teeth.
Decipitation :
 Breaking of neck of small bird with these two rows of teeth.

6. Geographical Distribution :
It was widely distributed in New Zealand. It is protected by
New Zealand law.
Reproductive Behaviour :
It is oviparous and it shares nest with sea birds.
Tuataras come out of their burrows at dusk and dawn.
Feeding :
Feed on insects or sometimes on small vertebrates.

7. 3. Order Crocodilia
( Crocodles, Allidators, Gavials, Caimans )
• The order Crocodilia has 21 species.
• Dinosours and Crocodilians are derived
from the archosaurs group.
They have triangular eye orbits.
They have literally compressed teeth.
Crocodilians not changed over 170
millions years of history.

8.  Snout :
Their snout is elongated, used for food capturing.
 Nostrils :
The nostrils are at the tips of the snout. Thus animal
can breathe when it is mostly submerged ( ‫ڈوبا‬
‫ھوا‬ )
 Air Passage way:
Air passage way open into rear of the mouth and throat. There is a flap of tissue near
the back of the tongue forms a water tight seal, which allow breathing without water
inhaling.
 Secondary Plate : Separate nasal and mouth in Archosaurs.
 Tail : Muscular , Elongated laterally compressed tail. Used for swimming, Offensive
and defensive on the pray.
 Teeth : Seizing prey , Prey swallowed as whole, But large
prey hold with its limbs. It rotate and tears it into small pieces.
 Reproductive Behaviour :
All are oviparous .
Parental care for hatchings like birds.

9. 4. Order Squamata
The Order squamata is divided into three suborders.
 Suborder Sauria :
( Lizards )
 Suborder Serpentes :
( Snakes )
 Suborder Amphisbaenia :
( Worm lizards )

10. a). Suborder Suaria : ( Liards )
• 3,300 species of lizards.
• Two pairs of legs.
• Their upper and lower jaws are united anteriorly.
• Few lizards are legless. But they remnants ( ‫بچا‬
‫ھوا‬
‫حصہ‬ ) of
pectoral girdle and sternum.
• Size: few cm to 3m in length.
• Habitat: Rocks, Burrowers, Tree Dwellers.
• Lizards are Oviparous, Oviviparous, Oviviparous. Deposit eggs
under Rocks or logs, in barrows, litters etc.

11. Examples :
Geckos:
Common lizard, wall of human home, Noucternal
( ‫جو‬
‫رات‬
‫کو‬
‫باھر‬
‫نکلتی‬ ) ,Pupils contract during
day time, and relax at night time. Have a
adhesive disks.
Iguanas:
Robust ( ‫)سخت‬ body, Short neck, Distinct
( ‫بڑا‬
،
‫نمایا‬ ) head. Mostly exist in Island ,
and South Asia.
Chameelons:
It is found in Africa and India.