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Kingdoms and classification
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- 2. BIODIVERSITY • The variabilityamong living organisms from all types of ecosystem (e.g. terrestrial, marine) • This includes diversity – within species – between species – of ecosystems
- 3. TAXONOMY – classification •All living organisms are classified into different groups. • This allows a kind of ‘filing system’ so that any new discoveries are easily incorporated into a group and relationships between groups of similar organisms can be studied. • It also makes international communication easier and more efficient. That is because all new discoveries will have recognised names which are the same in all countries, and they will all belong to a universally accepted groups.
- 4. Kingdoms • In thesystem we use, all living organisms are split into 5 kingdoms. • Viruses do not fit into this classification – they are not regarded as living organisms The 5 kingdoms are called: 1. Prokaryota (bacteria) 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia
- 5. The way akingdom is split into smaller groups is as follows: This is a hierarchical system – in which large groups are split into smaller groups based upon their similarities and differences. • each kingdom is divided into phyla • each phylum is divided into classes • each class is divided into orders • each order is divided up into families • each family is divided up into genera • each genus is divided up into species
- 6. The Animalia Kingdom Usefultip: Use the following sentence to prompt you for the first letter for each level: Keen Pupils Choose Our Fantastic Groovy School Each of these levels is called a TAXON (plural: taxa) Kingdom e.g. Animalia Phylum e.g. Chordata Class e.g. Mammalia Order e.g. Primates Family e.g. Hominidae Genus e.g. Homo Species e.g. sapiens
- 7. TAXA • In ataxon, members all share one or more common features (or homologies) • It is generally presumed that they have a common evolutionary ancestor • In evolutionary terms, members of a taxon are more closely related than to any other organisms outside that taxon.
- 8. Here is atable which shows the features of each of the 5 kingdoms: BACTERIUM AMOEBA MOULD YEAST TOADSTOOL Prokaryota: Protoctista: Fungi: Cell type Prokaryotic Very small Typically <10µm across Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Organisation Unicellular No distinct nucleus A single circular chromosome No membrane- bound organelles Multicellular or unicellular Simple basic body structure Multicellular Most are made up a network of thread-like strands called hyphae Cell walls made of chitin Nutrition Miscellaneous Either photosynthesi se or feed on organic matter Heterotrophic - mostly saprobiontic (decay) - no photosyn Reproduction Mostly asexual Asexual and/or sexual Most have sexual and asexual Examples Bacteria / Cyanobacteri a (blue-green bacteria) Algae / Protozoa e.g. Amoeba and Paramecium Mould / Yeast / Mushrooms
- 9. Plantae: Animalia: Celltype Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Organisation Multicellular Differentiated cells organised into specialised organs Cellulose cell walls Chloroplasts and large vacuoles Multicellular Differentiated cells organised into specialised organs No cells walls, chloroplasts or large vacuoles Most can move from place to place Have a nervous system Nutrition Photosynthetic autotrophs - make organic compounds Heterotrophs Reproduction Sexual and asexual Mostly sexual with haploid gametes Examples Mosses / Liverworts / Ferns / Conifers / Flowering plants Jellyfish / Sponges / Flatworms / Arthropods Fish / Roundworms / Birds / Mammals
- 10. BINOMIAL NAMES • Eachspecies has its own unique two- part Latin binomial name, made up of the genus and species names • This was first introduced by Carl Linnaeus.
- 11. Species • The speciesis the lowest level of classification within each Kingdom. • All members of a species: – have a similar morphology (body features), physiology (how organs and body systems function), and behaviour – are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring – are reproductively isolated (in time, place or behaviour) from other species.
- 12. Genus • A genusis a group of similar or closely related species • For example: Ranunculus = genus name for buttercups. • The Ranuculus genus includes: Ranunculus aquatalis = water crowfoot Ranunculus repens = creeping buttercup • A genus could include just one species in some examples, but more often it includes several species.
- 13. Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup) •The GENUS name starts with a capital letter • The SPECIES name starts with a lower case letter • When the binomial name is typed, it is typed in italics • When the binomial name is hand-written, it is underlined
- 14. USING KEYS TOIDENTIFY ORGANISMS • Dichotomous keys have 2 alternatives to choose from at each stage of the key • These are artificial classifications based upon easily visible features When using a key: • Always read both choices, even if the first seems to be the logical one at first. • Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. Do not guess. • When measurements are given, use a calibrated scale. Do not guess. • Since living things are always somewhat variable, do not base your conclusion on a single observation. Study several specimens to be sure your specimen is typical. • If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try both divisions. If you end up with two possible answers, read descriptions of the two choices to help you decide. • Having arrived at an answer in a key, do not accept this as absolutely reliable. Check a description of the organism to see if it agrees with the unknown specimen.