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Plant reproduction explained
- 1. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Plant Reproduction Click to Enter
- 2. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Instructions • Ensure that you complete all activities and worksheets when instructed to do so. The pad icon will indicate when you should fill in your worksheet. • Work your way through the presentation by clicking on the background to move to the next page or to activate an animation. The mouse icon will indicate that a click will activate an animation or require buttons to be pressed in the quizzes. • You can navigate around the presentation by using the arrow links that appear when you place your cursor on the lower left hand part of the screen. • Some slides have embedded movies which will start when you click on the image. The video camera symbol tells you when a movie is available. There is sound so you may want to wear headphones if people are working near you. • You can return to the home page by clicking on the clickbiology icon. • At the end of the module there is a test that will provide a results page which you will print off and hand in to your teacher. • The speaker symbol means that there are some audio explanation available for the slide CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy
- 3. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Plant Reproduction Home Page Flower structure Pollination Fruit development Seed dispersal Germination Test 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 4. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 5. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Click image to view a video on plant reproduction If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037 Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 6. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flower structure stigma style ovary ovule carpel anther filament stamen petal sepal receptacle peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 7. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Structure and function of the flower stigma style ovary ovule carpel anther filament stamen petal sepal receptacle peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 8. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flower Structure Quiz • What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram? carpel sepal stamen peduncle X Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 9. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flower Structure Quiz • Where is pollen made? stigma sepal anther ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 10. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flower Structure Quiz • Where is the ovule found in a flower? petals style nectary ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 11. X = style, Y = stigma CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flower Structure Quiz • Which parts of the flower are labelled below: X = filament, Y = anther X Y X = stigma, Y = style X = anther, Y = filament Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 12. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Pollination The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete) Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 13. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy • This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 14. Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy or by wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 15. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects to them to enable transfer of pollen Sticky stigma to collect pollen Brightly coloured petals nectar and a scent present Pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 16. Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be exposed to the wind. Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can easily be blown away CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract insects Stigma are feathery to catch pollen carried on wind Pollen grains are very small and light. They occur in very large numbers No scent or nectary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 17. Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy anther onto the stigma of the same flower • Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 18. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either having stigma above stamen or… Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 19. …by having stamen and stigma mature at different CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy times. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 20. If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0 CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Click on the icons below to view the summary videos on pollination Pollination (9 minutes) Insect pollination (1 minute) Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 21. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Pollination Quiz • Pollination is the transfer from….? the stigma to anther style to stamen ovule to filament anther to stigma Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 22. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Pollination Quiz • The two mechanisms for pollination are? Wind and water Insect and wind Insect and water Wind and birds Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 23. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Pollination Quiz • Cross-pollination… Increases variation Decreases variation Is only performed by insects Is only performed by wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 24. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Pollination Quiz • Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by… Having bright petals and a scent Having a nectary Having feathery stigmas Having sticky stigmas Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 25. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Fertilisation and Fruit Development Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 26. Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule stigma style ovary ovule carpel Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 27. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete fuses with the ovule (the female gamete) Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 28. Watch this short introductory video to review CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy fertilisation (1 minute) If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE
- 29. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed Dispersal Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 30. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Watch the video on seed dispersal (lasts just under 10 minutes) If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
- 31. After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off. The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside develops into an embryo plant. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Testa: tough seed coat Micropyle: Hole made by pollen tube Embryo plant Cotyledon: Food store Plumule: Embryo shoot Radicle: Embryo root Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 32. Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop. The ovary develops to become a fruit. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy seed Fleshy wall of the ovary (yes, you are eating an adapted ovary when you crunch into an apple! Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 33. Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant in order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and water. • Seeds can be dispersed by: • Wind • Water • Mechanical • Animals CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy
- 34. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed dispersal quiz • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water mechanical wind animal Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 35. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed dispersal quiz • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture mechanical animal water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 36. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed dispersal quiz • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water wind animal mechanical Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 37. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed dispersal quiz • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture animal mechanical water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 38. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Germination Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 39. The seed contains the embryo plant and cotyledons (starch stores) Water enters the seed through the micropyle and activates enzymes. The water also softens the testa to allow it to split. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Plumule Testa (embryo shoot) Radicle (embryo root) Micropyle Cotyledon Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 40. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Enzymes are used in seed germination starch embryo plant amylase secreted maltose absorbed The enzymes break starch down into maltose and then glucose. The glucose is used in respiration to provide energy for growth Plumule Radicle This is the first part to grow out of the seed as it needs to absorb more water Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 41. Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon to provide energy for growth CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy The seedling can now photosynthesise and make its own food Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test light soil germination Plant growth and development
- 42. Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed: Weight increases as the seedling can photosynthesise and plant grows CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stores in the cotyledons as the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet Days Dry mass/g Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 43. CClliicckkBBiioollooggyy Conditions required for germination moist dry moist moist moist 4oC A Warm B Warm C Warm D Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test Warm E Oxygen present Oxygen present Oxygen present Oxygen present No oxygen No light Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)