The slides is about lesson characteristic and classification of living organism . Course IGCSE O level Biology 0610 By Tilawat khan microbiology Email:tk.microbiologist@gmail.com

1. In the name of Allah, Most Gracious,
Most Merciful

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3. KINGDOMS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
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Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryotes

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ANIMALS
 General characteristics
 Multicellular = Their bodies contain many
cells
Cell have nucleus
No cell wall around the cell
Cell have no chloroplast
Feed by organic substances made by other
organisms

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6.  Animals that maintain constant body temperature. Body temperature does
not change with change in environment
 Warm blooded animals are also called Homeotherms or endothermic
 Group of Animals
 Vertebrates with hair on the body
 Young feed on milk from mammary gland.
 Endothermic/Warm blooded
 Heart has four chamber
 Have different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolar and
molar) Examples: Human, 6
WARMBLOODEDANIMALS
 Class Mammals
 Class
Birds
 Examples of warm blooded animals
 Class Mammals
 General characteristics

7.  Vertebrates with feathers
Two types of feathers
1. Small feathers = Which act as insulator because of waxy coating
2. Big feather = Use for flight
 Limbs
1. Forelimb= Forelimb modified into wings
2. Hind limb= use for walking and catching prey
 Lay egg with waterproof hard shell
 Endothermic
 Have a beak
 Heart have four chambers
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 General characteristics
 Class Birds

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COLDBLOODEDANIMALS
 Animals that cannot maintain constant body temperature but Body
temperature change with change in environment.
 Cold blooded animals are also called poikilotherms or ectotherm.
 Examples of cold blooded animals
 Class Reptiles
 Class Amphibian
 Class Fishes

9.  Reptiles live and lay egg on land
Vertebrates with scaly skin
Lay eggs with waterproof rubbery shell
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 Class Reptiles
 General characteristics
 Examples of Reptiles
 Snake
 Lizards
 Crocodiles

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 Class Amphibian
 General characteristics
Vertebrates with moist, Scale less skin
Skin richly supplied with capillaries
They have four limbs( two short and two long)
Hind limb with web digit
Egg laid in water, Larva(Tadpole) live in water
Adult often live on land
Larva has gill while adult have lungs
External fertilization
External ear
 Examples of Amphiibian
 Frog
 Salamenders
Feature Function
Protruding eye See in water
Hind limb with web
digit
To swim in water
Skin richly
supplied with
capiliries
For breathing
during hibernation

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 Class Fishes
Vertebrates with scaly skin live in water
Have gills
Have fins
External fertilization
Features Function
gill Breathing
Fins Swimming
Tail fin /Caudal fin Changing direction
Lateral lines Sensation
Scales Protection
Stream lined body Minimize resistance during
swimming

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PLANTS
 General characteristics
 Multicellular = Their bodies contain many
cells
Cell have nucleus
cell wall present around the cell
Cell wall made of cellulose
Cell have chloroplast
Feed by photosynthesis
Mostly plants have root, Stem and leaves

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 Class Ferns
TWO IMPORTANT CLASSES OF PLANTS
 Flowering Plants

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CLASS FERNS
 General characteristics
Small Land plants
Root,stem and leaves present
Stem develop to grow under growth and
Form a structure called Rhizome.
Roots develop from rhizome called
adventitious root.
Vascular bundle present for conduction of
water and food
These plants produce zygote but no seed

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Zygote produce fern plant that give rise to
Sporangia
Sporangia is a structure in which spores
develop
Spore fall down on ground then develop to
other plant

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FLOWERING PLANTS
These plants develop flowers
These plants reproduce from seeds
Flowering plants are divided into Two sub
classes:  Monocotyledons
(Monocots)
 Dicotyedons (Dicots)

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INVERTEBRATES ANIMALS
Those animals having no backbone
Examples:
Phylum Arthropods
The animals of phylum arthropods are invertebrates
and having jointed legs. This phylum includes the
following groups of animals.
1. Insects
2. Crustaceans
3. Arachnids
4. Myriapods

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Insects
Characteristics of Insects
Animals in this group having exoskeleton that
prevent them from evaporation from the body.
These animals found in dry places (land living)
Having three pairs of legs
Having jointed legs
Two pair of wings
Breath through tracheae
Body divided into Head, Thorax and
 Abdomen
Antenna present use for sensation
Example :Moth

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Crustaceans
Characteristics of
Crustaceans
Animals in this group are Arthropods
Live in wet places
Having jointed legs= More then Four pairs
Pair of antenna present
No wings present
Breathe through gills
Compound eyes present
Examples :
Crabs , Wood lice,lobsters

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Arachnids
Characteristics of Archanids
Animals in this group are Arthropods
Live on land
Having 4 pair of jointed legs
Breathe through gills called Book lung
Antenna absent
Pedipalp present
Examples :
Spider , Tick , Scorpion

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Myriapods
Characteristics of Myriapods
These animals are centipedes and millipedes
Body consist of many segments
Each segment has jointed legs

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PROKARYOTES
Characteristics of
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms(One
cell)
Have No Nucleus
 cell wall present made from Murein, Not
from cellulose
Have No Mitochondria
Types of Prokaryotes on
the Basis of Mode of
Nutrition
1. Parasites:
Those organism that
obtain their Food from
living organisms
2. Saprophytes:
Those organism that
obtain their Food from
dead decay.
3. Photosynthetic :
Those organism that
prepare their own food
from sun light

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Example of Prokaryotes:
Bacteria
Importance of Bacteria:
Several Bacteria are harmful to us andcause
diseases . For Example: T.B, Cholera
Some bacteria increase fertility by nitrogen
fixation
Bacteria also use in sewage water treatment
as bacteria decompose the waste organic
material from water
Bacteria can also use in Biotechnology for
production of insulin

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PROTOCTISTA
 Animals in this kingdom are mixture as some having chloroplast and cell wall s
similarities with Plants while some have animals like features .
Characteristics of Protoctista
Unicellular or Multicellular
Cell have Nucleus
Some member have cell wall while some
have no cell wall
Some member are photosynthetic
Some member feed on organic substance
made by other organism.
Example of Protoctista
1.Paramecium
2.Chlamydomonas

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FUNGI
Characteristics of Fungi
Organisms in this kingdom having the
following characteristics:
1.Usually multicellular (Many celled)
2.Have nucleus
3.Have cell wall but not made from cellelose
4.Donot have chlorophyl
5.Some fungi are saprophytic (Obtain food
from dead while some are parasitic (Food
from living organisms).

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Absorb food through diffusion
6.Body compose of small unit called Hypha
7.Several hypha combine form mycellum (Fungal
body).
Examples:
Bread mold, Yeast and Mushroom
Importance of Fungi
Some use to obtain antibiotics such as Penicillin.
Some fungi use as food source such as Mushroom we ea
Some fungi use for production of ethanol.
Some fungi are also harmful cause Food decay
Some fungi also cause disease. For example:
Ring worm and Athlete’s foot

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VIRUS
Virus is a boundary between living and non
living organism as virus show resemblance
with living in some characteristic while in
some characteristic virus show resemblance
with non living.
Example of virus:
Bacteriophage Virus = Virus attack on
bacteria

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Dicotomous key
Dicotomous key is use for the identification of any
organism or the part of organism
Practice :Use the key below, from which plant A,B,C or D
t`he leaf taken ?
1.Leaf has smooth edge go to 2.
Leaf has toothed (Secreted) edge go to 3.
2.Leaf has a long stalk ---- Plant A
Leaf has a short stalk ------ Plant B
3.Leaf is longer then it is wide ------Plant C
Leaf is wider then it is long ------ Plant D

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MAGNIFICATION
Definition :
The ability of microscope to enlarge the
apparent size of an object .Magnification
represent by “X”
Formula:
Magnification = observed size of image (I) /
actual size of image (A)
or
Magnification = I / A

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Magnification = I / A = 140/35 = X4
So Magnification = X4.
It means that image size become increase by 4
times.
After magnification

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Q= Find the maganification ?

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