This document discusses the classification of organisms into a taxonomic hierarchy consisting of seven main levels: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. It provides examples of how animals are classified, dividing the animal kingdom into vertebrates and invertebrates. The major groups of invertebrates discussed include arthropods, annelids, nematodes, jellyfish, flatworms, echinoderms, and molluscs. The major groups of vertebrates outlined are mammals, fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each group.

1. Classification and
variation
Chapter 7
Biology
(1st week)

2. How many features common to both cows and dolphins
can you think of?
Common features
Compare a cow and a dolphin, you might think they do not have
many things in common but you will be surprised.

3. Common features

4. Cows and dolphins have several features in common.
Many other organisms also share common features.
Scientists use common features to put organisms into groups.
Grouping organisms based on their common features is called
classification.
What is classification?

5. The modern classification
method consists of 7 levels:
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species

6. • Which is the
biggest group?
• Which is the
smallest
group?

7. Helpful way to remember the 7 levels
•King Philip Came Over For Green
Skittles.
•Kids Playing Catch On Freeway
Get Squashed.

8. The classification system begins with very big groups that
include a lot of organisms and then moves down to
smaller groups made up of fewer organisms.
The biggest groups are called the kingdoms.
All living things are classified into five different kingdoms.
The classification system
plants Protoctistaanimals Monerafungi
living things

9. Classifying animals
How can different types of animals be classified?

10. Animal classification
InvertebratesVertebrates
Animals
Invertebrates are animals
that do not have a backbone.
They have soft inner bodies
which are held in shape by a
flexible covering of outer cells
or by a hard covering called
an exoskeleton.
Vertebrates are animals
that have a backbone.
They have a firm body
because of the muscles
that connect to their
Skeleton (made of bone or
cartilage).
The animal kingdom is divided into two groups:

11. Animal kingdom
Vertebrates Invertebrates
JellyfishFlatworms
Annelid
worms
Nematode
wormsArthropodsMolluscsEchinoderms

12. 1) Arthropods
ArachnidsInsectsCrustaceansMyriapods
- Includes spiders and
scorpions, mites
and ticks.
- Do not have
antennae or wings.
- Have four pairs of
legs.
- Have one pair of
antennae.
- Have three pairs of
legs.
- They have up to two
pair of wings.
- Have two pair of
antennae.
- Ex. Lobster and
woodlouse
- Have one pair of
antennae.
- Have long
cylindrical or flat
bodies.
- Many legs
- Ex. Centipedes and
millipedes.
Invertebrates

13. 2) Annelids
- They have long, thin, soft bodies divided into segments or rings.
- Example: Earthworms

14. 3) Nematodes
- They have thin, cylindrical bodies not divided into segments or rings.

15. 4) Jellyfish

16. 5) Flatworm

17. 6) Echinoderm

18. 7) Molluscs
- The group gets the name from the Latin word mollis which means
soft.
- Most molluscs have a shell to protect their soft bodies.
- Examples: Snail, slug and octopus.

19. Animal kingdom
Vertebrates Invertebrates
BirdsReptilesAmphibians MammalsFish

20. 1) Mammals
Vertebrates
- They have hair or fur.
- They give birth to young.
- They feed on their mothers’ milk.
- Lungs to breathe in oxygen.

21. 2) Fish
- They have scales.
- They have fins.
- Lay eggs in water, some give birth.
- Have gills.

22. 3) Birds
- Feathers
- Lay eggs
- Have lungs
- Two legs
- Have wings

23. 4) Amphibians- Smooth moist skin.
- Lay eggs in water.
- Live part of their life in water
(young) and part on land (adults).

24. 5) Reptiles
- Dry skin.
- Covered in scales.
- Lungs
- Some lay eggs, some give birth.