This document discusses various vitamins and minerals. It provides information on Vitamins A, D, E, K and their roles and deficiencies. It also discusses B vitamins including B1, B2, B6, B12 and their functions. Details are given on iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur and magnesium levels in the body and their importance. Risks of deficiencies for various vitamins and minerals are highlighted.

1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.
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2.  Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal
function, growth and maintenance
 Cofactors, not energy sources

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 A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as
color and antioxidant
 D – we make it with sunlight, milk, Ca:P ratios
 E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
 K – contributes to blood clotting factor

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 Used in food industry as a colorant (orange)
 Antioxidant
 Stored in liver
 Important for sight
Deficiency causes ~
 500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide
 Xeropthalmia , dry eyes ，dry skin etc
 Genetically engineered rice with highVitamin A can
prevent night blindness

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Also known as calciferol due to its
role in calcium absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium
and potassium levels
Only fat soluble vitamin produced
with in the body in the presence of
sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol

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 Can be stored in fat tissues
 Elderly are at risk
 Targeting on intestinal mucous, kidney and renal tubular
 Promoting absorbance of calcium and phosphorus，
 Helps in calcification of new bone
 Deficiency
 children—— rickets
 adults——osteomalacia
 Toxicity -Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels

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 Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
 Since ageing is considered as “oxidation” reaction,
many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary
supplements
 Deficiencies are rare
 Role is prevention of stroke, cancer and immune
response

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 Contributes to synthesis and gamma carboxylation
of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
 Can be reactivated to continue biological action
 Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two
bone proteins

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 B1, THIAMINE
 B2, RIBOFLAVIN
 B6, PYRIDOXAMINE
 B12
 BIOTIN
 PANOTHENIC ACID
 NIACIN
 FOLACIN
 VITAMIN C

10. Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system
Deficiency causes Beri beri
B2- riboflavin
Energy metabolism

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 Energy metabolism
 Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
 Dermatitis
 Diarrhea
 Dementia
 Death

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Panthothenic acid- B5
Found in many foods
Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein,
alcohol and fat
Pyridoxine-B6
Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions
Biotin –B7
Involved in fatty acid synthesis
Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss

13. It occurs yellow crystals which are insoluble in water, but
its sodium salt is freely soluble water.
Absorption –jejunum
Dietary Sources- Liver,green leafy vegetables, egg, meat,
milk, soybeans
MOA-Folic acid dihydrofolic acid tetra hydroflic acid
One carbon transfer reactions
function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids
deficiencies: anemia, large erythrocytes
requirements: 1-4 mg/kg

14. Uses
1.In megaloblastic anaemia
2.In methotrexate toxicity
3.Citrovorum factor rescue
4.Antiepileptic therapy
Deficiency:-
Anemia, large erythrocytes
Epithelial damage
General debility, weight loss, sterility.
Adverse effect-
oral folic acid is entirely nontoxic.
Sensitivity reaction.

15. Maturation Factors-Vitamin B12 & folic acid
deficiency,results in megaloblastic
anaemiamaturation factors
VITAMIN B12-Cyanocobalamin & hydroxycobalamin are
complex cobalt containing compounds in diet &
referred to as vitamin B12.
Dietary Sources- Liver, kidney, sea fish, egg yolk, meat,
cheese are the main vitamin B12 containing
constituents of diet. Legumes is only vegetable source.

16. Vitamin B12 is intricately linked with folate metabolism
in many ways like megaloblastic anaemia occurring due
to deficiency of either is indistinguishable.In addition
vitamin B12 has some independent functions as well –
It is essential for the conversion of homocysteine to
methionine.
Vitamin B12 is essential for cell growth & multiplication.
Vitamin B12 is also essential for degeneration of spinal
cord.

18. Addisonian pernicious anaemia
Malabsorption bowel resection
Other causes of mucosal damage e.g.; Chronic gastritis,
gastric carcinoma, gastrectomy
Nutritional deficiency: less common cause
Increased demand- pregnancy, infancy
USES:
Used in treatment of B12 deficiency.
Mega doses of B12 have been used in neuropathies,
psychiatric disorders , cutaneous sarcoid & as a general
folic to allay fatigue, improved growth

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 Ascorbic acid
 Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool.
Antioxidant
 Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages
 High in citrus fruits, limes

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 Percent of Body weight
 Calcium 2%
 Phosphorus 1%
 Potassium 0.3%
 Sulfur 0.2%
 Sodium 0.1%
 Chloride 0.1%
 Magnesium 0.05%
 Iron 0.04%

22.  Distribution in the Body:
Total body iron in an adult is 2.5-5g. It is more in men
than in women.
It is distributed into:--
Hemoglobin – 66%
Iron stores as ferritin & hemoglobin – 25%
Myoglobin - 3%
Parenchymal Iron – 6%
 HAEMOGLOBIN
It is a protophorphyrin, each molecule having 4 iron
containing haeme residues. It has 33% iron.

23. To make good average daily loss, requirement are:
Adult male - 0.5 – 1 mg
Adult Female - 1 – 2
Infants - 60 g / kg
Children - 25 g / kg
Pregnancy - 3 – 5 mg
IRON ABSORPTION
The average daily diet contain 10-20 mg of iron. It
absorption occurs all over the intestine, but magnify in
the upper part-duodenum

24. FACILITATING
 Acid
 Ascorbic acid
 Amino acid
 Meat
FERRITIN CURTAIN
Ferritin generally remains
stored in mucosal cells and
lost when shed
IMPEDING
 Alkalis
 Phosphates
 Phytates
 Tetracyclines
 Other food in stomach

25. Iron is transmitted in blood in combination with a
glycoprotein transferin it binds ferric Iron. The total
plasma content of iron is ~3 mg.
Iron is stored in RE cells in liver , Spleen ,bone in
narrow in hepotocytes and myocytes as
ferritin & haemosiderin.
Iron is tenaciously conserved by the body daily
excretion in adult male is 0.5 – 1mg mainly as
exploiated g.I mucosal cell, some RBC & in bile.
In menstruating women, monthly menstrual loss may
be averaged to 0.5 – 1 mg/day

26. Iron Deficiency Anaemia-
Iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia.
Iron deficiency also accompanies repeated attacks of
malaria & chronic inflammatory disease.
Megaloblastic Anemia- when brisk haemopoiesis is
induced by Vit B12 or folate therapy, iron deficiency
may be unmasked. The iron status of this patient
should be evaluated & iron given accordingly.
3.As an Astringent-Ferric chloride-throat paint.

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99% is structural
~25% absorption
Vitamin D aids absorption
75% is obtained form dairy products
Many products are fortified with it
Built in youth, lost in maturity
Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric
consequences
DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day

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PHOSPHORUS
Easily absorbed by the body
Enhanced by Vitamin D
Deficiency are rare
POTASSIUM
A primary electrolyte in blood
Associated with lower blood pressure
Athletes- supplementation

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SODIUM AND CHLORIDE
Added during processing
Enhances flavor
Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
High blood pressure

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SULFUR
Necessary for collagen formation
MAGNESIUM
Abundant in plants