Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, such as disease. It involves two main types: descriptive epidemiology which studies disease distribution, and analytic epidemiology which aims to explain disease occurrence and elucidate causal mechanisms. Epidemiology is a quantitative, applied science that focuses on groups using systematic and orderly observational methods.

1. Epidemiology

2.  DEFINATION:
it is the study of the distribution
and determination of health related states or
events (including disease) and the application
of this study to the control of diseases and
other health problems.

3.  DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY:
study of the distribution of disease
variables commonly examined are descriptive
of person, place and time.
 ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY:
use of epidemiologic methods to explain
disease occurrence or elucidate casual
mechanism.

4.  It is a quantitative science.
 It is an applied science
 Its methods are generally observational.
 It focus is the group or community of person.
 Its methods are systemic and orderly.

5.  DEFINATION: It is lack of proper nutrition,
caused by not having enough to eat, not eating
enough of right things, or being unable to use
food that one does eat.
 Its most common in developing countries
 According to national health service UK, around
3 millions people are affected by malnutrition.
 According toWHO, malnutrition has largest
contribution to child mortality globally, about
45%.

6.  Developing countries (food shortage, high food
prices & lack of breast feeding)
 Elderly people, especially who are hospitalized
 Individuals who are socially isolated
 People on low income (poor people)
 People with chronic eating disorders, as bulimia
or anorexia nervosa.
 Digestive disorders like crohns disease or
ulcerative colitis.
 alcoholism

7.  It includes
 Kwashiorkor
 Marasmus

8.  It is caused by deficiency of almost all
nutrients, notably protein and calories.
 It often coexists with vitamin deficiency.
 It occurs in children <1 year.
sign/ symptoms:
 Growth retardation
 Loss of muscle & other protein containing
tissue.
 Loss of subcutaneous fat “wasting away”
(monkey face)

10.  It is caused by protein deficiency but with adequate
caloric intake.
 It is seen in children >1 year, with starch rich and
poor protein diet.
Sign/symptoms:
 Growth retardation
 Muscle wasting with preservation of subcutaneous
fat
 Fatty liver, anemia, malabsorption
 Severe edema
 Depigmented bands with pale streaking in the hair
or skin.

11. KWASHIORKOR

12.  Water soluble vitamins like B-complex (B1,
B2, B3, B6, B12), folic acid and vitamin C are
not stored in the body. Its regular intake is
essential except B12.
 Toxicity from excessive intake is rare because
excess vitamin is excreted in urine.

13.  B-complex (except B12): whole grain
cereals, green leafy vegetables, fish, meat
and dairy foods.
 Vitamin B12: foods of animal origin only
 Folic acid: leafy vegetables, cereals, fruit and
animal products.
 Vitamin C: fruits (especially citrus and
tomatoes), vegetables, various meats & milk.

15.  It is associated with severe malnutrition,
alcoholism and fad diets.
 It results
1. DRY BERIBERI: associated with peripheral
neuropathy with atrophy of muscles of
extremities.
2. WET BERIBERI: it results high-output cardiac
failure with dilated cardiomyopathy.
3. WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: it is
seen in alcoholics.
It is characterized by confusion, ataxia and
ophthalmoplegia (wernicke traid).There is
marked memory loss in patients.

16.  It is seen in chronic alcoholics, elderly, fad
dieters and persons with chronic debilitating
diseases.
It causes:
 Cheilosis (skin fissure at angle of mouth)
 Glossitis
 Corneal vascularization
 Seborrheic dermatitis

17. it is manifest clinically as
 Pellagra (three D’s)
dementia
dermatitis
diarrhea

18.  Its deficiency causes
1. Cheilosis
2. Glossitis
3. Microcytic anemia (reduced heme synthesis)
4. Convulsions in infants
5. Neurological dysfunction

19.  It causes
1. Megaloblastic anemia
2. Prominent neurologic dysfunction ( seen
with B12 deficiency)

20.  It results in
1. scurvy
2. Defective formation of mesenchymal tissue
& osteoid matrix
3. Abnormal bleeding
4. Impaired wound healing

21.  VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY:
1. Night blindness
2. Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), blindness and
keratomalacia
3. Squamous cell metaplasia of trachea,
bronchi & renal pelvis causing
renal calculi.
 VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY:
1. Rickets in children
2. Osteomalacia in adults.

22.  VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY:
1. Neurologic dysfunction
 VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY:
1. Abnormal bleeding
2. Hemorrhagic disease
of newborn.

23.  There are many mental disorders but we will
discuss here some important one.
1. Anxiety
2. Depression
3. Psychosis including schizophrenia.

24.  It is general term for several disorders that cause
nervousness, fear, apprehension and worrying.
 Signsymptoms:
1. Feelings of panic, fear and uneasiness
2. Shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea &
difficulty in breathing (panic attack)
3. Problem in sleeping, palpitation.
 Treatment
1. Behavioral, psychological and social
modification
2. Benzodiazepines, buspirone and phenobarbital.

25. Thank