This document discusses several important minerals for human health including calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc. It provides information on their sources, roles in the body, deficiency symptoms, and significance. Specifically, it notes that calcium is essential for bone growth and health and is found in dairy products. Iron deficiency can cause anemia and fatigue and is obtained from meat, eggs, and leafy greens. Phosphorus is vital for bone structure and cell processes and is present in dairy, while zinc supports immune function and healing and is found in seafood, nuts and dairy. The document emphasizes the wide-ranging effects of mineral deficiencies on physical and mental well-being.

1. Chapter # 21
XII FDC Prepared By: Sidra Javed

2. Minerals of Biological
Significance
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3. Minerals
 Inorganic elements essential to the nutrition of
humans
 5% human body weight is mineral matter
 Vital to all mental & physical processes
 Play several key roles in overall health and well
being
 Help chemical reactions take place in cells
 Help muscles contract
 Keep the heart beating
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4. Minerals constitutes
 Teeth
 Bones
 Tissues & Muscles
 Blood
 Nerve cells
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5. Minerals are necessary for
 Transmission of messages through nervous
system
 Digestion
 Metabolism
 Utilization of all nutrients in foods
 Absorption of Vitamins
 Ca is needed for Vitamin C
 Zn for Vitamin A
 Mg for Vitamin B Complex
 Se for Vitamin E
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6. Minerals are categorized as:
 Major Minerals
 Sodium
 Potassium
 Chloride
 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Phosphorous
 Trace Elements
 Iron
 Zinc
 Copper
 Chromium
 Fluoride
 Iodine
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7. Calcium
 Most abundant mineral in body
 Bone Growth & Formation
 Blood Clotting
 Nerve and Muscle Functioning
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8. Calcium
 Sources:
 Milk
 Yogurt
 Cheese
 Egg yolk
 Beans
 Nuts
 Green vegetables
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9. Calcium - Deficiency
 Arm and Leg muscles spasms
 Softening of bones
 Back and leg cramps
 Brittle bones
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10. Calcium - Deficiency
 Rickets
 Poor Growth
 Osteoporosis
 Tooth decay
 Mental Depression
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11. Significance of Calcium
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 Six stable isotopes
 Calcium 40 – 97% abundance
 Calcium 46 – 0.003% abundance
 96% of total body Calcium – Skeleton & Teeth
 1% body Calcium – Blood & Soft Tissues

12. Significance of Calcium
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 Integrity of whole body system depends upon
Vitamin D status
 Deficiency of Vitamin D will cause
 Loss of its calcaemic actions
 Decreased in ionized Calcium
 Secondary Hyperthyroidism
 Hypophosphataemia
 Rickets
 Osteomalacia
 Deficiency of Calcium
 Osteoporosis

13. Major Functions of Calcium are:
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 Structural function
 Stores in bones / skeleton
 Electrophysiological
 Carries charges during an action potential across
membrane
 Intracellular regulator
 As a Cofactor for extracellular enzymes and
regulatory proteins

14. Iron
 Combine with Protein and Copper to make
Hemoglobin
 Involves in transfer of Oxygen from lungs to
the tissues
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15. Iron
 Sources
 Red Meat
 Egg yolk
 Whole wheat
 Fish
 Spinach
 Mustard
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16. Iron - Deficiency
 Weakness & Fatigue
 Paleness of skin
 Constipation
 Anemia
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17. Significance of Iron
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 For the prevention of Fatigue:
 Iron is needed to make Hemoglobin rich blood
 Transports oxygen to cells
 Production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
 Cellular Energy and proper cell functioning

18. Significance of Iron
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 Loss of iron during Exercise
 Through sweat & Through bleeding of digestive
tract from harsh movements
 34% Female and 8% Male Runners are Iron
Deficient

19. Significance of Iron
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 Requirement in Pregnancy
 Proper placenta development
 Prevention of pre-term and low birth weight
babies
 58% pregnant women are iron deficient

20. Significance of Iron
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 Requirement for Children – Pediatric
 Essential during the first 8 months for brain
development
 Effects of anemia
 Developmental delays in both motor & cognitive skills

21. Significance of Iron
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 Deficiency Treatment Duration
 Six months to restore low iron stores
 Sufficient quantities of iron must be used
 Untreated deficiency may lead to serious
conditions

22. Significance of Iron
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 Role of iron in Metabolic Activities
 Oxygen transport in the blood – hemoglobin
 Enzymes which performs cellular oxidation
 Iron Rich organs
 Liver & spleen
 Iron is also present in:
 Bones
 Medulla
 Kidneys
 Intestines

23. Phosphorous
 Second most abundant mineral in body
 Principal mineral of bones and teeth
 Involved in different metabolic activities
 Kidney functioning
 Cell growth
 Contraction of heart muscles
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24. Phosphorous
 Sources
 Egg yolk
 Cheese
 Milk
 Cabbage
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25. Phosphorous - Deficiency
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 Painful Bones
 Irregular breathing
 Fatigue
 Anxiety
 Numbness
 Skin sensitivity
 Changes in body weight

26. Significance of Phosphorus
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 Human body contains 1lb (454 g) Phosphorus
 Component of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
 Found in blood, muscles, nerves and in
Calcium phosphate – Bones and Teeth
 Organic Phosphate, ferric phosphate and
Calcium phosphate are added to foods
 Dicalcium Phosphate is added to animal food

27. Functions of Phosphorus
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 Formation of Bones & Teeth
 Utilization of Carbohydrates & Fats
 Synthesis of Protein for Growth, maintenance
and Repair of cells
 Production of ATP – energy source of cells

28. Functions of Phosphorus
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 Works with Vitamin B complex
 Contraction of muscles
 Kidney Functions
 Maintains regular heart beat
 Nerve Conduction

29. Zinc
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 Vital to immune resistance
 Wound healing
 Digestion
 Reproduction
 Physical Growth
 Diabetes control
 Taste and smell
 Maintaining normal Vitamin A levels and usage
 Co-factor for more than 70 enzymes

30. Zinc
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 Source
 Oyster
 Red Meat
 Chicken
 Beans
 Nuts
 Dairy products
 Sea Foods

31. Zinc - Deficiency
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 Poor Growth
 Acne-like rashes
 Hair loss
 Diarrhea
 Delayed sexual Maturation
 Impotence
 Sterility
 Loss of appetite
 Reduced sense of taste and smell

32. Zinc - Deficiency
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 Eye lesions
 Skin lesions & inflammation
 Poor wound healing
 Reduced Resistance to infections
 Mental Confusion
 Poor learning ability
 Changes in hairs & nails
 Anemia

33. Significance of Zinc
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 Most important of all minerals
 Works with more than 100 enzymes
 Removal of Zinc can cause:
 Loss of metabolic activity
 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica – a genetic disorder
with Zinc malabsorption
 Severe Deficiency of Zinc
 Impairments of dermal (skin)
 Gastrointestinal
 Neurologic
 Immunologic system

34. Loss of Zinc
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 Through Gastrointestinal Tract
 Almost half of total body zinc is lost
 Considered amount of zinc is secreted through bile
 Most of it is reabsorbed
 An important point in regulation of Zinc levels in body
 Through Urine
 Through surfaces
 Desquamated skin
 Hairs
 Sweat

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