Nutritional Pathology
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The document discusses various nutritional deficiencies and toxicities that can threaten human health, including protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies. It provides details on specific deficiencies such as scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), beriberi (thiamine deficiency), rickets (vitamin D deficiency), and anemia (iron deficiency). It also covers protein-energy malnutrition conditions like marasmus, kwashiorkor, and secondary protein-energy malnutrition.
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2. Environmental diseases can be caused by exposure to chemicals or physical agents in ambient, workplace and personal environments, and include diseases of nutritional origin.
3. Climate change is expected to increase incidence of cardiovascular, respiratory and infectious diseases through rising temperatures and severe weather events. Developing countries will bear the greatest burden.
Hands out in nutritions
The document provides information on national dietary recommendations including the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) which specify nutrient needs. It also discusses the Dietary Guidelines for Americans which provide recommendations on food choices, physical activity, and limiting sugars, salt and saturated fat. Key macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals are explained along with dietary recommendations and guidelines for intake of each.
Nutritional Disorders
The document discusses various nutritional disorders including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), and specific vitamin deficiencies. It describes the classifications, etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments of marasmus, kwashiorkor, obesity, hypovitaminosis A, rickets, and osteomalacia. Key signs and laboratory findings for each condition are provided along with recommended daily allowances and prevention strategies.
Environmental and nutritional diseases
This document discusses environmental and nutritional diseases. It notes that environmental diseases are caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the environment, including diseases of nutritional origin. It then discusses the global burden of disease, noting that undernutrition is the leading global cause of health loss and that coronary and cerebrovascular diseases are leading causes of death in developed countries. Infections constitute a significant global health burden and malnutrition increases infection risk. Climate change is expected to amplify cardiovascular and respiratory diseases via heat waves and pollution and increase malnutrition as crop productivity declines.
Shafei vit.d
Vitamin D has important roles in bone health, immune function, cell growth and many other physiological processes. It is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, but can also be obtained through dietary sources. Deficiency is associated with increased risk of various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and autoimmune disorders. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels through sunlight exposure and/or supplementation may provide protective health benefits.
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Nutritional Pathology
- 1. Nutritional Pathology James L. Fishback, M.D. Associate Professor University of Kansas School of Medicine
- 18. Vitamin A Deficiency 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 23. Normal Vitamin D Metabolism 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 24. Vitamin D Deficiency 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 25. Rickets 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 33. Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency) 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 37. Niacin (B 3 ) Deficiency (Pellagra) 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 41. Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
- 45. Subacute combined degeneration or Posterolateral myelopathy of B 12 deficiency
- 49. Zinc Deficiency 06/07/09 © 2009, James L. Fishback, M.D.
Editor's Notes
- This lecture is a brief overview of the pathology of nutrition. The truth is, most of you will not encounter the diseases of kwashiorkor or marasmus, except on Step 1. Therefore, I would suggest this lecture as a critical one to review just prior to taking the exam, mainly to reacquaint yourself with the names of the vitamins and their various deficiency states. Why does the USMLE insist on asking questions about diseases you will probably never see? I don’t know, for sure, but I suspect it is because the diseases of protein and calorie malnutrition and the hypovitaminoses cause the death or suffering of millions of people worldwide, mainly children, every year, probably since the beginning of our time on earth. The people writing the USMLE exam expect that medical students should care about these social issues, and (they think) by putting them on your licensing exam, you will gain some valuable perspective that you would not otherwise have, unless you have had the enlightening experience of living in a developing country (which I highly recommend). As always, I have tried to follow Robbins, Cotran and Kumar, 7 th Edition, 2005, in my lecture outline, and have included selected portions of the text in my notes.