The Making of the National Movement 1870s-1947

1. THE MAKING OF THE
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1870S-1947

2.  The feeling of oneness
 Unity among the people of nation
 Patriotic feeling
 Principle and policy of national independence

3.  About 100 years British took control over
India
 It exercises control over
1. Lives of people
2. Resources
3. Made end to India the country of Indians.

4.  1870s and 1880s-
 Political associations formed
 It led by English educated professionals such
as lawyers

5.  Poorna Sarvajanik Sabha
 The Indian Asssociation
 The Madras Mahajan Sabha
 The Bombay Presidency Association
 The Indian National Congress

6.  Associations functioned in specific parts of
the country
 Worked with the idea that India should be
‘SOVEREING’

7.  Arms Act -1878
 The Vernacular Press Act-1878
 Ilbert Bill 1883, the bill sought equality
between British and Indian Judges in the
country
 Britishers opposed the bill , forced gov.t to
withdraw it

8. The Indian National Congress-1885
Dadabhai
Naoroji
Pherozeshah Mehta

9. Baddrudin
Tyabji
WC Bonerji Surendra Nath
Banerji

10. Romesh Chandra
Dutt
S Subramania Iyer
etc

11.  A retired British official, A.O.Hume helped in
the formation of Indian National Congress

12.  The Congress in the first twenty years was
“moderate” in its objectives and methods.
 Congress wanted better representation of
Indian in legislative Council

13.  Civil servant examination to be held in India
not just in London
 separation of Judiciary and Executive
 Repeal of the Arm Act
 Freedom of speech and exprression

14.  Reduction of revenue
 Cut in military expenditure
 More fund for irrigation

15. B y 1890s, Critics of Moderates ( Radicals)
1. Bepin Chandra Pal
2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
3. Lala Lajpat Rai
They believed in Self Rule ‘SWARAJ’
Tilak said,
“ Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it”

17.  In 1905, Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal
 Bengal which included Bihar and part of
Orissa
 Government separated Bengal as East and
West

18.  British gives reason of administrative
convenience
 The main motive of British is:
◦ To curtail the influence of Bengal
Politician
◦ To split the Bengal people
◦ To divide Hindu and Muslim

19.  All sections of Congress- the Moderates and
Radicals opposed it
 Large public meetings and demonstrations
were held to protest the part
 Movements started in Bengal and other part
of India also.
 Swadeshi Movement in Bengal and
Vandemataram movement in Deltaic Andhra

20.  All India Muslim League, 1906
 Formed by Muslim landlords and nawabs
 It supported the partition and demanded for a
separate electorate for Muslim
 In 1907, Congress split and agin reunited
in1915
 Next year, both signed Lucknow Pact and
decided to work together for representative
gov.t in India.

21.  War altered the economic and political
situation in India
 Rise in defense expenditure
 Increase taxes on individual incomes and
business profits
 Demand for war supplies created difficulties
for the common people

22.  On the other hand,
 War reaped fabulous profit for business
group
 It created demand for industrial goods like
jute bags, clothes rails.
 Indian industries expands and business
groups
demand greater opportunies for
development.

24.  South Africa- started movement against racial
restriction
 1915, Gandhi came to India from South Africa
 Wanted to understand the people, the needs
and the overall situation
 Spent 1st year in travelling and understanding
Indians

25.  Participate in local movements like
champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabhad
 Came to be contact with Rajendra Prasad and
Vallabh bhai Patel

26.  Introduced by the British in 1919.
 According to this act, any Indian could be
arrested without trial in the court of law.
 The act curbed fundamental rights such as
the freedom of expression and strengthened
police powers

27.  Mahatma Gandhi, Mohanmad Ali Jinnah
criticize the act as a ‘devilish’ and tyrannical
 Mahatma Gandhi launched a Satyagraha
against the Rawlatt Act, to suppress them
British used Brutal measure
 Example : Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
 Gandhiji wanted Hindu and Muslim support
each other for just cause

29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXneJhU7XwE

30.  Khilafat launched by two brothers Mohammad and
Shaukat Ali on Anti British Attitude as British
threatened the welfare of turkey by weakening the
Caliph’s (Sultan of Turkey) position.
 It was supported by
Gandhi and the Indian
National Congress to
paved the way for
Hindu-Muslim unity

31.  They demand for Swaraj
 They wanted to reduce the ‘wrongs’ against
Punjab

32.  Thousands of students left government
controlled schools and colleges.
 Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R.
Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave
up their practices.
 British titles were surrendered and
legislatures boycotted.
 People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.

33.  Non-cooperation became non-violent in most
of the places
 Some interpreted Gandhi’s message in their
own ways

34.  In Kheda, Patidar peasants-against high land
revenue
 In Andhra and Tamil N.-Liquor shops were
pickedted
 Tribal and poor peasants- started forest
satyagraha against new forest laws
 In Sind and Bengal- Support Khilafat Movement
 In Punjab- sikh demanded to remove currupt
Mahants from Gurudwaras
 In Assam, tea garden labourers demanded to
increase wages
 Gandhiji referred to as ‘Gandhi Raja’

35.  Some thought of Gandhiji as Messiah
 Some credited him with their achievement
 Tribals and peasants undertook action that
did not conform to his idealism

36.  In feb 1922, police station in Chauri Chaura set
fire, 22 policemen killed
 Mahatma Gandhi felt sad and called off NCM
 Gandhi’s followers start constructive work
 Chattta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru wanted
to fight election to the council
 Baghat Singh revolutionary took active part
 In 1927, British sent commission headed Simon
 In 1929, with J.Nehru the Congress fight for
Purna Swaraj

37.  Gandhi and other nationalist believed sinful
to tax salt
 In 1930, Gandhi started march to break the
Salt Law
 March from Sabarmati coastal town to Dandi
 March to 240 miles
 They made salt from sea water

38.  1935,The Government of India Act -Provincial
autonomy
 1937,The government elections to the
provincial legislatures
 Congress formed government in 7 out of 11
 1939, second world war broke out
 Congress leaders ready to support British on
condition of independent after the war
 British refused and Congress resigned in
protest

39.  August 1942, Quit India movement started by
Gandhiji
 Gandhiji urged people Do or Die
 Gandhi and other leaders arrested but
movement spread
 People set up their own government
 By the end 1943, 90,000 arrested,1000 killed
 The Rebellion brought the British Raj to its
knee

40.  In 1940, Muslim League moved resolution
demanding ‘Independent State’ not Partition
or Pakistan
 Provincial election of 1930 convinced the
league that Muslim were a minority
 Congress did well in General Constituencies
and League succeed in getting reserved seat
for Muslim

41.  In March 1946,
 Three member Cabinet Mission sent to Delhi
 To suggest suitable framework for
independent

42.  The Muslim league demand for Pakistan
 16th August 1946, ‘Direct Action Day’
 Riots broke out in Calcutta
 Thousands were death
 By March 1947, violence spread in North India
 Millions people forced to flee from their
home,tortured and killed

43.  Pakistan – A new country was born
 Many cities of India changed
 Joy of independence intermingled with the
pain and violence of partition