Well, let's take a look at the past of India. India is a land filled with great wonders. Let's look at a class 8 History ppt filled with lots of info put in a very attractive manner about the making of the national movement.

1. The Making of the National
Movement: 1870s-1947
History | Ls-11 | Class 8 | CBSE | Social Science

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
The Early INC
02
01
The INC under Gandhi
03
Summary
04
Let’s take a peek at the political situation of
India…
Let’s take a look at the influence of INC in the
British Indian Politics…
Let’s take a look at how Gandhi led us to
freedom…
Let’s take a look at what we learnt…

3. 01
INTRODUCTION
Let’s take a peek at the political
situation of India…

5. • The British conquered territories and took over kingdoms. They have introduced new laws and administrative
institutions.
• Changes happened in the lives of peasants and tribals.
• Educational changes in the nineteenth century – Modern education was introduced.
• Debates regarding the condition of women – Women education, Abolition of Sati.
• Challenges to the caste system – By the social reformers
• The revolt of 1857 and its aftermath.
A Look at the early history of British India….

6. Within about a hundred years, the British took
control of almost every aspect of life in India. Many
Indians began to feel that the British control had to
end to make India the country for Indians.
INTRODUCTION

7. Gandhi's Quit
India Movement

8. The
New
Turmoils…. EARLY POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS
• After 1850, many political associations were
formed. Most of them were formed in the
1870s and 1880s. Most of these associations
were led by English-educated
professionals. Some of the important ones
were; the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the
Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan
Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association.
• The Indian National Congress was also
formed during this period. The naming
conventions of these political associations
suggest that they wanted to take issues
which affected all the people of India;
although many of these associations
functioned in specific parts of the country.
AFTER THE DEFEAT OF TIPU SULTAN,
MOST OF SOUTH INDIA WAS NOW
EITHER UNDER THE COMPANY'S
DIRECT RULE, OR UNDER IT INDIRECT
POLITICAL CONTROL.

9. Reasons
of
Indian
Dissatisfaction…
The Arms Act was passed
in 1878. This Act
disallowed Indians from
possessing arms.
Arms Act
1878 1883
The Vernacular Press Act was
passed in 1878. This Act
empowered the government to
confiscate the assets of
newspapers including their printing
presses, if the newspaper published
anything “objectionable”.
Vernacular Press
Act
The government tried to introduce the Ilbert Bill in 1883.
The bill made provisions for trial of British or European
persons by Indians. Thus, the Ilbert Bill sought equality
between British and Indian judges in the country. But the
whites opposed the Bill and forced the government to
withdraw it.
Ilbert Bill
1879 1880 1881 1882
These are some of the reasons for dissatisfaction
with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s.

10. Bhagat Singh (1907 – 23 March 1931)
was an Indian revolutionary socialist who
was influential in the Indian independence
movement. He worked with several
revolutionary organisations and became
prominent in the Hindustan Republican
Association (HRA), which changed its name
to the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association (HSRA) in 1928.
BHAGAT SINGH

11. The Simon
commission was
opposed by the INC as
it was declared that it
would rule India on
behalf of the British .

12. 02
THE EARLY INC
Let’s take a look at the influence of
INC in the British Indian Politics…

13. • The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 at Bombay. In its first
meeting at Bombay, 72 delegates from all over the country were present.
• The early leadership was mainly composed of people from Bombay and
Calcutta. Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W. C.
Bonneryji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer,
etc. were part of the early leadership of Congress.
The Birth of the INC

14. The First meeting
of INC

15. In its first twenty
years, the Congress was
“moderate” in its objectives
and methods. During this
period, the main demand
of Congress was about
getting a greater voice for
Indians in the government
and administration.
A NATION IN THE MAKING

16. • The Congress wanted better representation of Indians in the Legislative Councils.
• Introduction of the Legislative Council in those provinces where none existed.
• The Congress made a demand for civil service examinations to be held in India also.
• The Congress also demanded a separation of judiciary and executive, the repeal of Arms Act
and freedom of speech and expression.
SOME OF THE DEMANDS MADE BY THE CONGRESS
DURING THIS PERIOD ARE AS FOLLOWS:

17. He was an Indian Punjabi author and
politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in
the Indian Independence movement. He was also
associated with activities of Punjab National Bank
and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early
stages. He sustained serious injuries by the police
when leading a non- violent protest against the
Simon Commission and died less than three weeks
later. His death anniversary (17 November) is one of
several days celebrated as Martyrs' Day in India.
Lala Lajpat Rai

18. • Reduction in revenue, cut in military expenditure and more funds for irrigation.
• The Congress also passed various resolutions on the salt tax, treatment of Indian labourers abroad and
the suffering of forest dwellers.
These demands show that in spite of being a body of the educated elite, the Congress also talked about
the common people. The Moderate leaders wanted to create public awareness about the unjust nature of
British rule. In order to do so, they published newspapers, wrote articles and tried to show the bad
effects of the British rule.
ECONOMIC DEMANDS WHICH WERE DURING THE EARLY
YEARS OF THE CONGRESS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

19. INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS IN DELHI
NEAR RASTRAPATHI
BHAVAN.

20. “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak

21. By the 1890s, many Indians began to question the style of the Congress.
New leaders emerged who began to explore more radical objectives and
methods. Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai
were among the radical leaders. They criticised the Moderates for their
“policy of prayers”. They argued that people should not believe on the
so called good intentions of the government and must fight for swaraj.
THE MODERATES ARE QUESTIONED…

22. BAL GANGADHAR TILAK
Born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher,
social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first
leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial
authorities called him "Father of the Indian unrest." He was also
conferred with the honorary title of "Lokmanya", which literally means
"accepted by the people (as their leader)”. Tilak was one of the first
and strongest advocates of “Swaraj" and a strong radical in Indian
consciousness.

23. People all over India were
angry with the partition of
Bengal. All sections of the
Congress opposed it. Large
public meetings and
demonstrations were held
to protest the decision.
The struggle against the
partition of Bengal came
to be known as the
Swadeshi Movement. It
was strongest in Bengal
but was felt in other parts
of the country as well. It
was known as the
Vandemataram Movement
in Andhra.
AND ITS EFFECTS…
Bengal was partitioned in
1905 by Viceroy Curzon. At
that time, Bengal was the
largest province of British
India. It included Bihar and
parts of Orissa.
Administrative
convenience was cited as
the reason for the partition
of Bengal. Most of the
analysts believe that the
partition was done to
reduce the influence of
Bengali politician and to
split the Bengali people.
THE PARTITION
OF BENGAL

24. Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad to Aghore Nath
Chattopadhyay and Barada Sundari Devi on 13 February 1879.
Settled in Hyderabad, where he founded and administered
Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam's College
in Hyderabad. Her mother,Barada Sundari Devi was a poetess
and used to write poetry in Bengali. She was the second
woman to become the president of the Indian National
Congress in 1925 and the first Indian woman to do so.

25. MAIN
AIMS
OF
SWADESHI
MOVEMENT…
01
02
03
Encourage national
education and use of
Indian languages.
Encourage the ideas of self-
help, swadeshi enterprise.
Oppose the British
rule.

26. CHITTARANJAN DAS
Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1869 – 16 June 1925) was an Indian
politician and Founder-leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in
Bengal under British rule. Educated in England, where he became a
Barrister, his public career began in 1909. He was a leading figure in
Bengal during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1919-1922, and
initiated the ban on British clothes, setting an example by burning his
own European clothes and wearing Khadi clothes. At one time, his
clothes were tailored and washed in Paris and he maintained a
permanent laundry in Paris to ship his clothes to Calcutta. He sacrificed
all this luxury when he became attached to the Freedom Movement.

27. • The radicals advocated mass mobilization and boycott of British institutions and goods. Some leaders also
suggested the use of revolutionary violence to overthrow British rule.
• Muslim League: The All India Muslim League was formed at Dacca in 1906; by a group of Muslim landlords and
nawabs. The League supported the partition of Bengal. Some seats in the council were reserved for the
Muslims. The League wanted the representatives for those seats to be elected by Muslim voters. This
demand was willingly conceded by the government in 1909.
• Split in Congress: There was a split in the Congress in 1907. The Moderates were opposed to the use of any
kind of violence. After the split, the Congress came to be dominated by the Moderates. However, the two
groups reunited in December 1915. In 1916, the Congress and the Muslim League signed the historic Lucknow
Pact. They decided to work together for representative government in the country.
New changes in the 1900s…

28. Gandhi with the
Indian Ambulance
Corps

29. • The First World War changed the economic and political situation in India. There was a sharp price rise which
increased the problems of the common people.
• The business groups reaped huge profits because the war increased the demand for all kinds of goods. Reduced
imports meant that the new demand was being met by the Indian business houses. The business groups now
began to demand more opportunities for development.
• Many people from the villages were forced to serve in the British army during the war. Exposure to the alien lands
helped them in understanding the exploitation being done by the colonial powers in other parts of the world.
• The Russian Revolution took place in 1907. News about peasants’ and workers’ struggle and ideas of socialism also
reached to the nationalists in India.
THE GROWTH OF MASS NATIONALISM…

30. 03
THE INC UNDER GANDHI
Let’s take a look at how Gandhi led us to freedom…

31. • Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. Because of his movements against
racial restrictions in South Africa, he had already become a respected leader.
• Mahatma Gandhi first wanted to understand the people, their needs and overall
situation in India. Hence, he spent his first year in India in travelling throughout the
country.
• His earliest participation in local movements was in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmadabad.
The Advent of Gandhi…

32. Nehru with
Gandhi
Early
Gandhi

33. • The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. The Act curbed the freedom of expression and strengthened
police powers. Gandhiji gave a call for a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. He asked the people to
observe 6 April 1919 as the day of non-violent opposition to this Act. Satyagraha Sabhas were set up
to launch the movement.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha became the first all-India struggle against the British government. However,
it was mainly restricted to the cities. Many demonstrations and hartals took place in the country.
The government used brutal measures to suppress the revolt. The Jalianwala Bagh massacre was
one example of such brutal measures. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest of
Jalianwala Bagh incident.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha…

34. The Rowlatt
Satyagraha

35. • After the First World War, a harsh treaty was imposed on the Turkish Khalifa. The leaders of the
Khilafat Agitation; Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali wanted to associate with the Non-Cooperation
Movement. The Muslims wanted the Khalifa to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the
erstwhile Ottoman Empire. Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum through 1921-22. Thousands of students left
schools and colleges to join the movement. Many eminent professionals gave up their profession to
join the movement. Bonfires of foreign cloths were burnt. The boycott of foreign cloths resulted in
imports falling drastically between 1920 and 1922.
• LAUNCHED ON 1 AUGUST, 1920; TILAK PASSED AWAY IN THE EARLY HOURS OF 1 AUGUST.
KHILAFAT AGITATION AND THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

36. Khilafat
Movement

37. Non-Cooperation
Movement

38. Gandhi and
Subhas Chandra
Bose

39. • The Non-Cooperation Movement remained non-violent at most of the places. But some people interpreted the
message of Mahatma Gandhi in their own ways; mostly to suit their local grievances.
• The Patidar peasants of Kheda (Gujarat) organized non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand.
• Liquor shops were picketed in coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu.
• The tribals and poor peasants in Guntur district (Andhra Pradesh) staged a number of forest satyagrahas; to
protest against the new forest laws.
• The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement gave enormous support in Sind and Bengal.
• In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove the
• corrupt mahants from gurdwaras.
• In Assam, the tea garden labourers demanded a big hike in their wages. They shouted the slogan, “Gandhi
Maharaj ki jai”. In many folk songs of Assam; Gandhiji was referred to as “Gandhi Raja”.
PEOPLE’S INITIATIVES

40. • Chauri Chaura: In February 1922, a police station in Chauri Chaura was set on fire by a crowd. The peasants were
retaliating against police firing on peaceful demonstration. Twenty two policemen were killed in the Chauri
Chaura incident. Saddened by this incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• After that, Gandhiji’s followers wanted to take on constructive work in the rural areas to increase the base for
the Congress. On the other hand, some leaders wanted to fight elections to the councils. They wanted to enter
the government so that they could influence certain policies. The Gandhians worked in villages during the
mid-1920s and could be able to extend their support base. This proved very useful during the Civil Disobedience
movement.
• The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India were formed during the mid-1920s.
The revolutionary leader Bahgat Singh was also active in this period.
• Simon Commission: The British government decided to send a commission in 1927 to decide on India’s political
future. This was headed by Lord Simon but it had no Indian representative. Absence of an Indian in the
Commission infuriated the political groups in India.
THE HAPPENINGS OF 1922-1929

41. • The salt law gave a monopoly right to the state on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other
nationalist leaders argued that salt was an essential item of our food and hence it was wrong to impose a tax on
salt. Moreover, the issue of salt affected all; the rich and poor; alike. Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march
to break the salt law. Gandhiji and his followers marched from Sabarmati to Dandi to break the salt law. Gandhiji
picked up a handful of salt to symbolically protest the salt tax.
• The salt movement attracted supporters from all walks of life; including the peasants, tribals and women. The
government tried to crush the movement by taking brutal actions. Thousands were sent to jail. Most of the
eminent leaders were arrested.
• The Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy. Elections to provincial legislatures were
held in 1937. The Congress formed governments in 7 out of 11 provinces.
• The Second World War broke out in 1939. The Congress leaders were critical of Hitler and hence they decided to
support the British in the war. But they wanted independence of India after the war; in return of this gesture.
However, the British did not agree with this demand. The Congress ministries resigned in protest.
THE MARCH TO DANDI

42. The march to
Dandi

43. • The entry of India into the war was strongly opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected
President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939, but later resigned due to differences in opinion with
Gandhi. However, he remained a member of the Congress throughout his life. Bose then founded the
All India Forward Bloc. In 1940, a year after war broke out, the British had put Bose under house arrest
in Calcutta. However, he escaped and made his way through Afghanistan to Nazi Germany to seek
Hitler and Mussolini's help for raising an army to fight the British.
• The Free India Legion comprising Erwin Rommel's Indian POWs was formed. However, in light of
Germany's changing fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable and Hitler advised
Bose to go to Japan and arranged for a submarine. Bose was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia .Its
aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts
among Indian soldiers to defeat the British raj.
Indian National Army [INA]

44. • The INA was to see to be acting against the allies, including the British Indian Army, in the forests of
Arakan, Burma and in Assam, laying siege on Imphal and Kohima with the Japanese 15th Army.
• During the war, the Andaman and Nicobar islands were captured by the Japanese and handed over
by them to the INA.
• The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor supplies from the Japanese, and lack of training. It
surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945. Bose, however, attempted to escape
to Japanese-held Manchuria in an attempt to escape to the Soviet Union, marking the end of the
entire Azad Hind movement.
Indian National Army [INA] {Contin…}

45. Subhas Chandra
Bose and the INA

46. Netaji. Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)was
an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a
hero in India, but whose attempt during World War II to rid
India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial
Japan left a troubled legacy. The honorific “Netaji”, first applied
to Bose in Germany, by the Indian soldiers of the Indische
Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special
Bureau for India in Berlin, in early 1942, was by 1990 used
widely throughout India.

47. • Mahatma Gandhi decided to begin a new phase of movement against the British; while the
Second World War was going on. Gandhiji urged the people to “DO OR DIE”. Gandhiji and
several other leaders were arrested. Nevertheless, the movement spread. Peasants and youths
participated in the movement in large numbers. Symbols of state authority were attacked all
over the country. Telephone lines were cut off. People set up their own governments in many
areas.
• The British responded with severe repression. By the end of 1943, over 90,000 people were
arrested and around 1,000 were killed in police firing. But the Raj had to finally concede the
ground.
QUIT INDIA AND LATER…

48. Quit India
Movement

49. • Demand for Separate Nation: In the 1940, the Muslim League moved a resolution to demand “Independent
States” for the Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. From the late 1930s, the
League began to visualize the Muslims as a separate nation from the Hindus. This notion escalated the
tension between some Hindu and Muslim groups in the 1920s and 1930s. Furthermore, the results of the
provincial elections of 1937 apparently convinced the League that Muslims were a minority.
• The League feared the Muslims would have play second fiddle in any democratic structure in the future. The
Congress’ rejection to form a joint Congress-League government in the United Provinces in 1937 further
annoyed the League.
• The Congress somehow failed in mobilizing the Muslims in the 1930s. This allowed the League to widen its
support base. At the end of the war in 1945, the British facilitated negotiations between the Congress, the
League and themselves for the independence of India. The League persisted with its demand for Pakistan.
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION…

50. • Cabinet Mission: In March 1946, a three-member Cabinet Mission was sent to Delhi to suggest
suitable framework for independent India. The Mission suggested a loose confederation; with some
autonomy for Muslim-majority areas. But the Congress and the Muslim League could not agree to
specific details of the proposal.
• After the failure of the Cabinet Mission, the Muslim League decided on mass agitation for winning
its Pakistan demand. It announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. Riots broke out in Calcutta
on this day. The riot lasted for several days in which thousands of people were killed. The violence
spread to different parts of north India; by March 1947.
• Finally, partition turned into a reality and two new nations; India and Pakistan were born.
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION… {Contin…}

51. SAROJINI NAIDU (EXTREME RIGHT) WITH MAHATMA GANDHI DURING SALT
SATYAGRAHA, 1930

52. SUMMARY
Let’s take a look at what we learnt…
04

53. • By the 1850s, Indians from all walks of life were beginning to realize their loss of identity and wanted to end the British
rule.
• In the 1870s and 1880s the dissatisfaction was intensified with new laws imposed by the British. The Arms Act of 1878
was passed that stopped Indians from owning arms. This was followed by the Vernacular Press Act, which allowed the
British to confiscate the assets of any newspaper that wrote against them. The final straw came when the British
opposed the Ilbert Bill, which allowed Europeans to be tried by Indians in court.
• This led to the setting up of organizations like the Indian National Congress, the Indian Association, the Bombay
Presidency Association and the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. The Indian National Congress was formed in December 1885.
• The Congress, in its initial years, adopted a moderate outlook in its demands. It demanded more Indians in high
positions in the government, the abolishment of the Arms Act, the separation of the executive from the judiciary, and
the freedom of speech and expression for the Indians.
Summary…

54. • The Congress passed resolutions on issues like forest laws, the salt tax, and the welfare of Indian labourers working
abroad.
• By the 1890s, the moderate rationale of the Congress was questioned by many radically thinking Indians like Lala
Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal. These leaders believed in self-reliance rather waiting for the
British government to understand the needs of the Indians.
• In 1905, the British partitioned Bengal which enraged Indians leading to the Swadeshi Movement. It advocated
national education, self-help, Swadeshi enterprise and the use of Indian languages. The partition of Bengal was
supported by the All India Muslim League, an organization formed in Dacca, in 1906. The Congress split in 1907, and
was now led by the moderates, while the radical group led by Tilak worked separately. In 1915, both the groups united
again and signed the historic Lucknow Pact in 1916 with the All India Muslim League.
• Gandhi came into India and led the Indian Independence Movements, which led to the Indian Independence.
Summary…

55. THANKS!