Class:10 Geography

1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Class:10 Geography Chapter:1
By Mrs. Tsering Chokeyi (Teacher)

2. INTRODUCTION
Anything which is
available in nature.
• Sun
• Air
• Plant etc
It is a process that creates
growth, progress and
positive change
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

3. Definition of Resources
• Everything available in our environment which
can be used to satisfy our needs.
• It should be:
technologically accessible
economically feasible
culturally acceptable

4. Interdependent relationship between
nature, technology and institutions.
HUMAN BEING
Physical Environment
(Nature)
Technology Institution

5. Classification of Resources
1. On the basis of origin: biotic and abiotic
2. On the basis of exhaustibility: renewable and
non-renewable
3. On the basis of ownership: individual
community, national and international.
4. On the basis of status of development:
potential, developed, stock and reserves.

7. Biotic Resources
• These are obtained from biosphere and have
life.
FLORA AND FAUNA LIVESTOCK

8. Abiotic Resources
All those things which are composed of non-
living things are called abiotic resources.
Rocks and metals

10. Renewable Resources
The resources which can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes are known as Renewable or
Replenishable Resources.
Example: Solar and wind energy, water, forest,
wildlife

11. Non-Renewable Resources
Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very
long geological time. These resources take
millions of years in their formation. Some of the
resources like metals are recyclable and some
like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get
exhausted with their use.
• Eg: Minerals and fossil fuels.

13. Individual Resources
• Individual Resources are owned privately by
individuals.
In villages people own lands whereas
in urban areas people own plots, houses and
other properties.
• Eg: Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in
wells etc.

14. Community Owned Resources
• Community Owned Resources are accessible
to all the members of the community.

15. National Resources
• National Resources are owned by a nation or
country. All the minerals, water resources,
forests, wildlife, land within the political
boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical
miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as
territorial water and resources therein belong
to the nation.
• Eg: Roads, canals, railways etc.

16. International Resources
• International Resources are regulated by
international institutions. The oceanic
resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the
Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean
and no individual country can utilise these
without the concurrence of international
institutions.

18. Potential Resources
 Resources which are
found in an area but not
have been utilized
however due to lack of
requirement.
 For example, Rajasthan
and Gujurat has enough
potential to produce solar
energy due to cloudless
sky and more
temperature but so far
these have not been
developed properly.

19. Developed Resources
When resources found in a region are
surveyed by engineer and their quality and
quantity are determine for utilization, it is
called developed resource. Technology and
capital help in development of resources.

20. Stock Resources
 Material found in our environment
 satisfy many of our need but are not used because
of lack of appropriate technology.
 Example:-
The water molecule consists of two inflammable
gases called H or hydrogen and O2 or oxygen that if
extracted can serve as a fuel. however we are not yet
enlightened with a proper know-how to go through
the above plan

21. Reserve Resources
Reserve is those parts of stock which can be
utilized using existing technology. But these
resources are not being used and they have
been left for future generation. They are
called reserve.

22. Sustainable Development
Development without damaging the
environment is called as sustainable
development. This development meets the
demands of present generation as well as
future generations.

23. Earth Summit and Agenda 21
Earth Summit is an
international conference
on environment. It was
held in Rio de Jeniro
[Brazil] in 1992. In the
conference leaders of the
worlds discussed about
sustainable development
and they adopted 21
points policy which is
called ‘Agenda 21’.

24. Resource Planning and Its Steps
Resource planning is method to use the
resources in optimum way so that maximum
benefit should reach to maximum people.
Resource planning also means avoiding
wastage, misuse and overuse of resources.

25. Three steps for resource planning.
Identification and inventory of resources by
surveying and mapping
Evolving a planning structure to use the
resources with appropriate technology
Matching resource development plan with
national development plan

26. Need and Methods of Conservation of
Resources
“There is enough for everybody’s need and
not for anybody’s greed”
-Mahatma Gandhi

27. Why resources should conserve?
Resources are not found everywhere. They are
unevenly distributed.
Resources are limited. Many of the resources are
non-renewable.
Resources should be conserved for reducing all
kinds of pollution.
Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable
development’.
Conservation is needed to protect natural
heritage.

28. Methods for Resource Conservation
Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources
should be avoided.
Renewable resources should be used more
e.g. solar energy, wind energy etc.
Older technology should be replaced with
newer, modern and efficient technology.

29. Awareness should be created among the
people.
Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment
and location of industries.
 Used items should be recycled using new
technology.

30. Land Resources and its uses

31. Land supports:
Natural Vegetation
Wild Life
Human Life
Economic Activities Transport Communication

32. Land Use and Its Category
Land is used for various purposes .

33. land Resources are used for the:
1. Forest

34. 2.Land not available for cultivation
Barren and waste land
buildings, roads, factories etc.

35. Other uncultivated land
Permanent pastures and grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves
Cultruable waste land (left cultivated for more
than 5 agricultural years)

36. Fallow land
 land which is left
uncultivated by the farmer.
 Farmer leaves some land to
give rest to the land.
 Lands are also left fallow
due low rainfall, lack of
capital or seeds etc.
 Fallow land for one or less
than one year is called
Current Fallow.
 If land is left fallow for
more than one but less than
five years it is called as
Other Fallow land.

37. Net sown area
It is the total land available for cultivation in a
year.
The net sown area and the number of times
area is cultivated in a year including the fallow
land gives you the Gross Sown Area.

38. Land Use Pattern In India
• The use of land is determined by two factors:
1. Physical factors:
a. Topography,
b. Climate,
c. Soil types

39. • Human Factors:
a. Population density
b. Technological capability
c. Culture and tradition

40. Land use pattern in India

41. India
• Total geographical area : 3.28
Land use available only - 93%
Reason :-
• land use reported that north-east state
except Assam has not been done fully.
• some area of J.K. occupied by Pakistan and
China have not been surveyed.

42. The land under permanent pasture has also
decrease.
Fallow land-left without cultivation far one or
less than one agricultural year.
More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana.
Less net sown area in Arunachal, Mizoram,
Manipur and Andaman & Nicobar Island.

43. The National Forest Policy 1952:-
I t was considered essential for maintenance
of the ecological balance.
 Many of people who lives on the edge of these forests
depends upon it. A part of the land is termed as waste
land.
 Waste Land: Rocky, Arid and desert area, land put to
other non-agricultural uses includes settlement, roads,
railways, industry etc.

44. Land Degradation and Its Causes
Lowering the quality of land up to such an
extent that the land become unfit for any use,
it is called as land degradation. About 130
million hectare of lands are degraded in India.
Human activities have not only brought about
degradation of land but have also aggravated
the pace of natural forces to cause damage to
land.

45. Causes of land Degradation
Deforestation – cutting of trees and forest
 Erosion by rain water and wind
 Water logging in low lying area
 Increasing salinity [salt] due to over irrigation
 Dumping of urban and industrial waste on
valuable land
 Mining and quarrying activities for extracting
minerals

46. Different ways to solve the problem
of land degradation
 Afforestation
 Planting of shelter belts
 Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny
bushes.
 Proper management of waste land
 Control of mining activities
 Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents
END FOR TODAY

47. Meaning of Soil
It is an important and renewable resource.
It is upper part of the crust which is loose and
fragmented.
It has air, water and minerals contents and it
support growth of plants.
Bacteria and other small organisms are also
found in the soil which makes it more fertile.

49. Important Factor in the Formation of Soil
Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and
other forms of life and time.
The natural forces like raining, water,
temperature, Wind, glaciers, etc also help.

50. Classification of Soil
India a country of varied relief features,
landforms, climatic rt of various ealms and
vegetation types.
These contributed in the development of
various types of soils.

51. Alluvial Soil
• It is the widely spread soil in india and the
entire northern plain is made up of this soil.
• They are deposited by the three important
Himalayan river system i.e Ganga, Indus,
Brahmaputra

52. According to their age alluvial soil is
of two type
 Khadar (Newer Alluvial )
Bangar (Old Alluvial )

53. Features
Very fertile and contain potash, phosphoric
acid and lime.
Ideal for cultivation of sugar cane, paddy,
wheat, pulses etc.
Densely populated

54. Black Soil

55. Feature
black in color also known as regur soil.
It is known as black cotton soil.