15943727-The-Struggle-for-Pakistan-after-the-war-of-independence-1857-1920.ppt

1. MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS
1905-1920
Prepared by:
Marium Mustafa

2. MAIN EVENTS
 India after the War of Independence
 The formation of the Indian Congress
 The partition of Bengal & the consequent riots held by the
outraged Hindus and the British reaction.
 The Simla Deputation & its importance
 The formation of the Muslim League
 The Minto-Morley reforms
 The reversal of the Partition of Bengal
 World War I
 Lucknow Pact, Montague-Chelmsford reforms
 Rowlett's Act, Jallian-walla Bagh incident

3. The War of Independence
1857

4. India after the War of Independence
and the birth of Nationalist ideas.
After the war the British
took strong measures to
ensure that their control of
India was unchallenged.
The EIC was abolished and
the Indian control was
passed over to Queen
Victoria at a ceremony in
Delhi.
Queen Victoria

5. The British attitude towards India after
the War
 Indians were rusticated
from government
institutions.
 Indians were given no
opportunity to speak for
their country.
 They were mostly
running the country to
benefit themselves.
 The employment
opportunities for local
Indians in the army was
greatly reduced.
 The import taxes on
goods from the Britain
were demolished &so
the local manufacturers
found it difficult to sell
their goods.

6. Vernacular Act & the Arms Act 1878
The lack of opportunities for Indians led to
widespread criticism of the British in newspaper
articles written in regional languages. The British
response was to pass the Vernacular Act of 1878,
which placed strict control over these newspapers.
In the same year the Arms Act was passed which
made it impossible for most Indians to own weapons,
to ensure that if there were another uprising, it would
be less effective.

7. Vernacular Act 1878
Arm Act 1878

8. The Beginning of Indian Political
Awareness
Now both India and
British had realized that the Indian people
needed their own political party to represent
their views to the British government. For this
purpose Sir Allan Octavian Hume was
appointed to form a national political
organization.

9. Sir Allan Octavian Hume – the founder of the Indian
National Congress

10. Indian National Congress comes into
being. Dec 1883
Congress had declared that its aims were:
 Educate people in India, so the resolutions
could be printed in the newspapers.
 To persuade the Indian Civil Service to call
for more Indian representation in the
councils.

11. The Indian National flag was derived
from the flag of Congress

12. The Partition of Bengal - 1905
Bengal the largest province of India had the
population of 85 million; so the British govtt tried to
increase the administrative efficiency by dividing it
into two units east and west. Now the eastern
province became a Muslim-majority and the Hindus
were outraged they thought that the British had
divided it intentionally as a part of their “divide and
rule” policy, Hindus created widespread riots and
protests.

13. The picture above shows the map of east
and west Bengal.

14. Swadeshi Movement
Apart from the widespread riots the
Hindus introduced the Swadeshi Movement
in which the Hinds vowed to buy and sell
only locally produced goods and to boycott
all British goods. Soon the sale of British
goods dropped dramatically.

15. RIOTS

16. The British Reaction to the Hindu
Protest
 Restrictions were
placed on newspapers
and public meetings.
 In 1908, the Press Act
was introduced.

17. Winning the Support of the Muslims
The then governor-general of India Lord Morley
had decided to take advantage of their improved
relations with Muslims to try to win their support for
British rule.
Further more the Muslims had seen the reaction
of the Hindus on the partition of Bengal with dismay
the Congress too was dominated by Hindus since
the Hindus were in the majority, the Muslims feared
that they would soon be dominated by Hindus in
local government also.

18. SIMLA DEPUTATION REACHES LORD
MINTO
Simla Deputation provided the British an ideal
opportunity to improve their relations with the
Muslims so as to win their support for their rule. On
8th October 1906 a group of Muslims headed by
Agha Khan, visited Lord Minto along with a set of
demands which were:
 In all local and provincial elections Muslims should
have their own representatives, who would be
elected only by Muslim voters.
 In the councils, the Muslims should have a higher
percentage of seats than their percentage of
population.

19. Lord Sir Minto
Sir Agha Khan SIMLA

20. THE IMPORTANCE OF SIMLA
DEPUTATION.
 The acceptance of the demands had showed
that Sir Syed’s attempts to restore relations
between the Muslims & the British had been
successful.
 It showed that the Muslim community had
decided to establish a secure place in the
constitution by its own methods.
 It also showed that many Muslims had
eventually accepted the idea of two-nation.

21. FORMATION OF THE ALL-INDIA
MUSLIM LEAGUE - 1906
AIMS & OBJECTIVES

22. Group photo taken at the Annual
Mohammedan Educational Conference in
Dhaka, 1906

23. Why the Muslims felt a need to create
their own political party?
 They needed a political
platform where they
could to counter the
growing effects of
Congress.
 Establish an
organization where the
Muslim views could be
represented to the
British Government.

24. OBJECTIVES:
 To protect & advance
the political rights of
Muslims in India.
 To represent Muslim
needs & aspirations to
the government.
 To promote feelings of
loyalty to the
government.
 To remove any
misunderstanding
amongst the Muslims
as to the intention of
any government
measure.
 To prevent the rise of
hostility in Muslims
towards other
communities in India.

25. The All India Muslim-League

26. Why did the British Govtt give Muslim-
League such a warm welcome?
 It could effectively help counter the Hindu
protests that were growing.
 It was willing to support the British
government in India.
 It was led by landowners and princes.

27. MINT0-MORLEY REFORMS
Keeping in mind the situation of India at that
time the British Govtt tried to enhance its
political stature as it had promised to let it
happen every ten years. In the year 1909
some reforms were introduced which are
popularly commemorated as the Minto -
Morley reforms

28. THE MINTO-MORLEY REFORMS.
1909 KEY POINTS
 The Imperial Council
was increased to 60
members by adding
more ‘non-official’
members.
 The Central Executive
Council would have
more members & could
advise the Govtt in
important matters.
 Provincial Councils
were also increased to
50 members in the
larger provinces & 30 in
the smaller ones.
 The demand of a
separate electorate
system for the Muslim
community was
accepted.

29. Lord Minto

30. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REFORMS
Contrary to the fact that the reforms gave a
greater say to the Indians in how their
country was run, the councils had no real
power & were purely advisory; but the most
important consequence of the reforms were
the acceptance of separate electorates for
the Muslims.

31. THE BENGAL PARTITION REVERSED
The fierce opposition of Hindus had
eventually forced the British govtt to reverse
the partition. The decision was announced at
Delhi by King George V on 12th December.
The capital was also moved from Calcutta to
Delhi. This partition had confirmed that
Congress could not be trusted to protect
Muslim rights or interests.

32. INDIA BEFORE WORLD WAR I
 The Muslims were aggressive towards the
British over the reversal of the partition.
 Minto-Morley reforms were not providing
Indians any real power.
 The League had called for ‘self government’
for the first time as it saw that the
government was not interested in protecting
Muslim rights.

33. WORLD WAR I

34. WHY DID INDIA SUPPORT THE
BRITISH IN THE WAR?
The British said that they were fighting the
war for the rights of nations so as to
determine how they should be governed; so
if they win this war, then surely they would
return their loyalty by introducing reforms to
give them a larger role in governing their
country.

35. THE LUCKNOW PACT - INTRO
The failure of British to grant more
rights to the Indians & their policy of
repression during the war, had moved
Congress & League close together. In 1915,
partly due to the persuasion of Mr.Jinnah, the
two organizations both held their annual
sessions in Bombay.

36. Jinnah (second from the right) was the principal architect
of the Lucknow Pact, 1916

37. To avoid serious political unrest the British
introduced the following series of proposals:
Both the Congress
& the League
supported these
proposals.
 At least half of the
members of the
Executive Council
would be elected,
 The Legislative Council
would have a majority
of elected members.

38. 1916 – LUCKNOW PACT
Once again both the parties held their
annual meetings together at Lucknow and
agreed that:
 Separate electorates for the Muslims was
acceptable.
 Muslims be given one third of the seats in the
Councils.
 No bill shall be passed in any elected body if
three-quarters of any community in that body
opposed it.

39. Muslim League leaders pose for a group photo at
Lucknow, 1916

40. IMPORTANCE OF THE PACT
 It was the first time that
both the communities
had made a joint-
demand.
 Muslims had a better
chance of protecting
their rights if they
worked with the Hindus.
 It led to a growing belief
in India that maybe self-
government is possible.
 The pact marked the
high-water mark of
Hindu-Muslim unity.

41. MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORMS
- & THE REACTION OF THE INDIANS
These reforms were not up to the
expectation of the Indians, they had
participated in the war with enthusiasm in the
expectation of much greater concessions
than these reforms were offering, even
though they had increased the number of
elected members in the council the British
had ensured to keep the power in their
hands.

42. Montague held meetings with different government and
non-government people of India
Governor General Lord Chelmsford

43. The Indian Reaction to the 1919
Reforms & the British measures
The reforms were not up to the
expectations of the Indians and they were
once again causing unrest and creating
uprisings and protests, to control this the
British government introduced some
measures; one of them was the Rowlett's
Act.

44. THE ROWLATT’S ACT- 1917
A committee was formed under Justice
Rowlatt to investigate revolutionary activities
in India, it implemented some of the
emergency measures, among them the most
controversial were:
 Arrest without warrant.
 Detention without bail.
 The right of the provincial government to
order people where to live.

45. The imposition of Rowlett's act

46. THE JALLIAN-WALLA BAGH INCIDENT
The harsh British
laws led to serious
political unrest which
led to tragic events
such as the Amritsar
Massacre & the Jallian-
walla bagh incident.