Class 7 Adlt 601 Fall 2009
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The document discusses different theoretical orientations to learning, including behaviorist, cognitive, and humanistic orientations. It provides an overview of some of the major theorists within each orientation, such as B.F. Skinner for behaviorism, Ausubel and Bruner for cognitivism, and Maslow and Rogers for humanism. It also gives examples of how each theoretical orientation is applied in educational practice today.
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This presentation discusses two learning theories: operant conditioning and constructivism. It provides background on the history and theorists behind each theory. For operant conditioning, it discusses B.F. Skinner's work and how adults respond to positive and negative feedback. For constructivism, it discusses Jean Piaget, John Dewey, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner's contributions and how learners construct new ideas based on prior knowledge. The presentation also explores how each theory can impact adult education environments. The conclusion reflects on how learning theories overlap and no single theory provides all answers, but together they help educators support learning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM
Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two movements in psychology that have significant implications for viewing learning and education. Behaviorism is the study of behavior for the purpose of identifying its determinants. Behaviorism employs mechanism as a fundamental metaphor, which assumes that behavior is governed by a finite set of physical laws. Cognitivism was a reaction to Behaviorism. It is the study of mental processes through the scientific method and abstractions from behavior. Cognitivism employs mechanism and information processing as the principle metaphors for interpreting findings.
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Albert bandura
Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory, which posits that personality is shaped through the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Some key aspects of social cognitive theory are:
1. Observational learning, where people learn behaviors by watching others, plays a central role.
2. Bandura proposed triadic reciprocal causation, where personal factors, behaviors, and the environment interact bidirectionally to influence each other.
3. Human agency is an important concept, referring to people's ability to intentionally pursue courses of action and exercise control over their lives.
Social Learning Theory
The social learning theory proposes that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Proposed by Albert Bandura, it argues that observational learning, or modeling, is an important way people acquire behaviors in a social context. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be present: attention, retention, reproduction of behaviors, and motivation to imitate. Teachers can promote social learning by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and applying techniques that expose students to diverse models and build self-efficacy.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social learning theory, proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Bandura believed that not all learning comes from direct reinforcement. According to his theory, people can learn new information and behaviors by watching others, known as observational learning or modeling. Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Learning theory humanism
Humanism is a paradigm and philosophy that views learning as a personal act for self-actualization. Key proponents include Maslow and Rogers. It developed in northern Italy in the 13th-14th centuries and emphasizes student-centered and personalized learning, with the educator facilitating. Knowledge comes from observation and rational analysis. It believes in ethical values from human experience and finding meaning through relationships and benefiting society.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM
Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two movements in psychology that have significant implications for viewing learning and education. Behaviorism is the study of behavior for the purpose of identifying its determinants. Behaviorism employs mechanism as a fundamental metaphor, which assumes that behavior is governed by a finite set of physical laws. Cognitivism was a reaction to Behaviorism. It is the study of mental processes through the scientific method and abstractions from behavior. Cognitivism employs mechanism and information processing as the principle metaphors for interpreting findings.
Social learning theories
Social Learning Theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and modeling of others' behaviors. It bridges behaviorist and cognitive learning paradigms by including cognitive processes like attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Key concepts include observing and modeling behaviors, the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment, and cognitive processes involved in learning from observation. Related theories emphasize the social and contextual aspects of learning, such as communities of practice, cognitive apprenticeships, and activity theory.
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Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory, which posits that personality is shaped through the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Some key aspects of social cognitive theory are:
1. Observational learning, where people learn behaviors by watching others, plays a central role.
2. Bandura proposed triadic reciprocal causation, where personal factors, behaviors, and the environment interact bidirectionally to influence each other.
3. Human agency is an important concept, referring to people's ability to intentionally pursue courses of action and exercise control over their lives.
Social Learning Theory
The social learning theory proposes that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Proposed by Albert Bandura, it argues that observational learning, or modeling, is an important way people acquire behaviors in a social context. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be present: attention, retention, reproduction of behaviors, and motivation to imitate. Teachers can promote social learning by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and applying techniques that expose students to diverse models and build self-efficacy.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social learning theory, proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Bandura believed that not all learning comes from direct reinforcement. According to his theory, people can learn new information and behaviors by watching others, known as observational learning or modeling. Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Learning theory humanism
Humanism is a paradigm and philosophy that views learning as a personal act for self-actualization. Key proponents include Maslow and Rogers. It developed in northern Italy in the 13th-14th centuries and emphasizes student-centered and personalized learning, with the educator facilitating. Knowledge comes from observation and rational analysis. It believes in ethical values from human experience and finding meaning through relationships and benefiting society.
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The document discusses educational psychology, which combines education and psychology. It is the scientific study of human behavior in educational situations and how to make learning more efficient and effective. Educational psychology is concerned with factors like growth, development, learning, personality, intelligence, and creativity. It also examines learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism. Specific theories mentioned include Piaget's cognitive development theory, Erikson's psychosocial development theory, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, and humanistic teaching styles. The document provides references for further information.
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Psychology is the study of the mind, behavior, and thought. It aims to understand how people learn and think through studying mental processes. When applied to education, psychology helps understand how students learn and considers individual differences in curriculum design. There are four main perspectives on curriculum in psychology: behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, and constructivism. Behaviorism views learning as the formation of habits through reinforcement or punishment, while cognitivism examines mental processes like memory and problem-solving.
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Humanism is a learning theory developed by psychologists like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers that focuses on human dignity, potential, and self-actualization. It views the teacher as a facilitator who enables and encourages students to learn in a student-centered way according to their individual needs and abilities. This theory motivates students to take responsibility for their own learning and progress toward becoming self-actualized with the help of technology and an emphasis on each student's specific needs and learning style.
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This document discusses philosophy of education. It defines philosophy as seeking to organize all fields of knowledge to understand reality. The main branches of philosophy are outlined as metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. The functions of philosophy of education are provided as guidelines for policy/curriculum, direction for educational efforts, theories to test effectiveness, and standards for evaluation. The importance to teachers is that it provides a basis for decisions, helps develop interests/values, and makes teachers more aware, discriminating, and mentally alert. Philosophy of education is needed in modern times as all education behavior has underlying principles derived from the philosophy of education.
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Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory which posits that learning occurs through observation and modeling behaviors. He conducted the Bobo doll experiment which demonstrated that children will mimic aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. Social cognitive theory assumes learning is influenced by environment, personal factors, and behaviors in a reciprocal relationship. Learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and is motivated by models, perceived self-efficacy, and reinforcement.
Humanism
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This presentation discusses three major learning theories: behaviorism, cognitive theory, and constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and how the environment shapes learning through reinforcement. Cognitive theory, developed by Bruner, Miller, and Neisser, explains learning in terms of mental processes and how the brain receives and processes information. Constructivism, influenced by Piaget, emphasizes how people actively construct knowledge and make sense of information based on their experiences. The presentation provides background on the key theorists who developed these theories and how they can be applied in educational contexts like traditional classrooms and online learning.
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The document summarizes several theories of learning, including:
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The document summarizes several theories of learning, including:
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Theories of learning
Constructivism
Active mental
construction
Discovery
Meaning making
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Asks questions
Facilitates
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The presentation covered 5 learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and multiple intelligences. Behaviorism views learning as response to external stimuli and reinforcement. Cognitivism sees learning as an active mental process of knowledge construction based on prior knowledge. Constructivism believes learners construct knowledge through experiences and social interactions.
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Originator
Albert Bandura, Ph.D. Bandura obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1952. In 1953, Bandura was offered a position at Stanford University.
*
Approximate Year of Origin
The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) stemmed from the Social Learning Theory (SLT), which has a rich historical background dating back to the late 1800's. Albert Bandura first began publishing his work on SLT in the early 1960's. In 1986, Bandura officially launched the SCT with his book Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.
*
Circumstances that led to the development of the Theory
The SCT has its origins in the discipline of psychology, with its early foundation being laid by behavioral and social psychologists. The SLT evolved under the umbrella of behaviorism, which is a cluster of psychological theories intended to explain why people and animals behave the way that they do.
*
Behaviorism
Behaviorism, introduced by John Watson in 1913, took an extremely mechanistic approach to understanding human behavior. According to Watson, behavior could be explained in terms of observable acts that could be described by stimulus-response sequences (Crosbie-Brunett and Lewis, 1993; Thomas, 1990). Also central to behaviorist study was the notion that contiguity between stimulus and response determined the likelihood that learning would occur.
*
Stimulus-response pathwayAre there some mediating factors between stimulus and response that regulate behavior? rewards or punishmentsFeedback Habit Freud's instinctTolman's cognitions
*
The ‘Social Self'
William James in 1890, whose notion of the 'social self' laid the foundation for the modern SLT tenet of the interaction between personal factors and the environment.
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), who extended Gestaltist's field theory by initiating a shift in psychology from a focus on the individual to a focus on processes between individuals
*
Adler
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) posited that a person's behavior is purposeful and motivated by a pursuit of goals.
the importance of one's perception of, and attitude toward, the environment as significant influences on behavior.
*
Tolman: Cognitions
In the 1930's, unobservable variables (or cognitions) played a mediating role between stimulus and response introduced the term expectancy.
*
Expectation = that something will happen
Expectancy= what will happen
The Social Learning Theory (SLT)
The Social Learning Theory (SLT) was officially launched in 1941 with Miller and Dollard's publication of Social Learning and Imitation.
Their SLT incorporated the principles of learning: reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and imitation of models.
Their book was written to explain how animals and humans model observed behaviors, which then became learned through environmental reinforcements.
*
This work expanded on the reciprocal relationship between environment and .
The Importance Of Social Learning Theory And Goal Setting
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Learning theory presentation jessie ball aet 500
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hhh.pdf
The document outlines several theories of learning and development:
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Formal education is based on directing and facilitating the learning process. For teachers to be effective, they must understand how learning occurs. There are several theories that describe learning, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism views learning as changes in observable behavior due to environmental conditioning. Cognitivism looks at how memory, knowledge, and thinking impact learning. Constructivism sees learning as an active process where learners construct new understandings based on interactions and experiences. Effective teachers should understand the different perspectives on the learning process.
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The document outlines several theories of learning and development:
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- 3. Alternative Definition: Learning is a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one’s knowledge, skills, values, and worldviews (Illeris, 2000).
- 15. Bloom’s Taxonomy Evaluation Synthesis Analysis Application Comprehension Knowledge
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