1. The document discusses several major schools of psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism, and constructivism. 2. It provides details on the key figures, methods, and focuses of each school. Structuralism was founded by Wundt and Titchener and used introspection. Functionalism was led by William James and focused on adaptation. 3. Behaviorism, proposed by Watson, views behavior as formed by associations between stimuli and responses. Humanism, championed by Rogers and Maslow, sees humans as inherently good and growth-seeking. Constructivism believes people actively construct their own knowledge.

1. ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT-I
PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS BASIC SCHOOLS
Dr.N.SASIKUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
Alagappa University
Karaikudi-630003

2. INTRODUCTION
The word psychology is derived from Greek
word psycho & logos. ‘Psycho’ means
“soul” and ‘logos’ means “science”. The
science of soul.
First Stage: Psychology was defined as the
“study of the soul”
Second Stage: It was again defined as the
“study of the mind”

3.  Third Stage: Again it was defined by William
James (1890) as the “Study of Consciousness”
 Fourth Stage: “Study of total Behaviour”
(consciousness and unconsciousness).
 It is scientific because it is systematic study of
observable events/behavior and behavior is
unlearned process where in include reflexes,
physiological process and instincts and it is
learned behavior also because all behavior acquire
through practice.
 Today Psychology is scientific method of
collecting data about individual and groups to
analyze and predict their behavior.

4. Definitions- Psychology
“Psychology is the scientific study of the
activities of the individual in relation to
his environment”
by: Woodworth & Marquis
“Psychology today concerns itself with
the scientific investigation of behaviour”
by: N.L. Munn

5. PSYCHOLOGY
Pure Psychology Applied Psychology
Industrial
Crime
Military
Clinical
Animal
Legal
Plant
Educational

6. Meaning of Educational Psychology
4 Educational psychology is the branch of psychology
concerned with the scientific study of human learning.
4 The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and
behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand
individual differences in intelligence, cognitive
development, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept,
as well as their role in learning.
4 Crow and Crow put it as: “Educational Psychology
describes and explains the learning experience of an
individual from birth through old age”(1973).
4 According to Peel: “Educational Psychology is the science
of education (1956).
4 It is that branch of psychology which deals with teaching
and learning (Skinner 1958).

7. Nature of Educational Psychology
4 It is an applied branch of fundamental Psychology.
4 It combines two fields i.e. education and psychology.
4 It is the scientific study of human behavior in educational
situation.
4 It is concerned with these factors, principles and techniques
which relate to the various aspects of child’s growth and
development.
4 It is concerned with learning situation and process by which
learning can be more efficient and effective.
4 Educational Psychology, draws heavily from various branches
of psychology, biology, sociology and anthropology
4 Educational Psychology is not as exact as natural sciences since
the human behavior cannot be predicated exactly, because it is
dynamic.

8. Scope of Educational Psychology

9. Methods of Educational Psychology
4 Introspection Method
4 Observation Method
4 Anecdotal Method
4 Experimental Method
4 Case Study Method
4 Questionnaire Method

10. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
4 Descriptive research methods are pretty
much as they sound — they describe
situations. They do not make accurate
predictions, and they do not determine
cause and effect. There are three main types
of descriptive methods: observational
methods, case-study methods and survey
methods.

11. Introspection Method: Examination of one's own
conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology the process
of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one's
mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the
examination of one's soul.
Observation Method: The observation and description of
a subject's behavior. Researchers utilizing
the observational method can exert varying amounts of
control over the environment in which
the observation takes place.
Anecdotal Method: Method based on personal
recollections of a case, as opposed to specific, empirically
derived investigation. Can provide ideas to fuel
further research.

12. Experimental Method: The experimental method involves
manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one
variable cause changes in another variable.
This method relies on controlled methods, random
assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a
hypothesis.
Case study method: In order to prepare a case history of
data are taken from many sources for example his or her
family history, educational life, medical history and social
life.
This method is very popular in clinical psychology
and life span developmental psychology.

13. Questionnaire Method:
A questionnaire consists of a set of questions to
which the individual is required to respond.
The items (questions) of the questionnaire can be
either in closed-ended form or in open-ended
form.
In the case of closed-ended item the individual is
provided with limited alternative and he or she has
to choose only one alternative which reflects his
or her view on the item.
In open-ended items the individual is free to give
his or her response the way he or she likes.

14. SURVEY METHOD
A survey is a research method used for collecting
data from a predefined group of respondents to gain
information and insights into various topics of
interest. They can have multiple purposes, and
researchers can conduct it in many ways depending
on the methodology chosen and the study's goal.
Surveys results provide a snapshot of the attitudes and
behaviors – including thoughts, opinions, and
comments – about your target survey population. This
valuable feedback is your baseline to measure and
establish a benchmark from which to compare results
over time.

15. Basic Schools of Psychology
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Humanism

16. 1. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Tichner
2. Introspection Method
3. Structures of the mind
4. Identify the elements of thought
through introspection and determine
how these elements create the whole
experience
5. A model of the scientific study of
mental processes
STRUCTURALISM (1879)

17. WilhelmWundt
LeaderandFounder

18. Edward B. Titchener
Follower

19. FUNCTIONALISM(1898)
1. William James
2. Function of the mind
3. Animal behavior and biological processes
4. How the mind functions to adapt humans and
other animals to their environment
5. Expanded the scope of psychology to include
research on emotions and observable
behavior, psycho testing, modern education
and diversified into industry

20. Humanism (1960)
1. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
2. All individuals strive to grow, develop and
move toward selfactualization
3. Freewill, selfactualization and human
nature is naturally positive and growth
seeking
4. Personality Research and Psychotherapy
5. No criticisms

21. 1. Humanistic psychology, a movement in
psychology supporting the belief that humans, as
individuals, are unique beings and should be
recognized and treated as such by psychologists
and psychiatrists.
2. The movement grew in opposition to the two
mainstream 20th-century trends in psychology,
behaviourism and psychoanalysis.
3. Humanistic principles attained application during
the “human potential” movement, which became
popular in the United States during the 1960s.

22. Humanistic school
One of the many interesting things Maslow noticed while he worked with
monkeys early in his career, was that some needs take precedence over others.
ABRAHAM MASLOW
Maslow’s theory

23. Humanistic school
Maslow’s
Hierarchy Of
Needs

24.  Karl Roger is the proponent of this
school. They believe that man is
essentially good and rational with I-me-
myself as the centre of experience. The
most important striving is self –
actualization . People react to way,
consistent to their perceptions of world.
 Perceived that threats is followed by
defense, rigidity, narrowing at perception
and defense mechanisms.
 The therapist must view the client as an
individual with the capacity of self-
direction and be able to express a sense
of positive unconditional regards.
CARL ROGERS

25. Behaviourism
The central idea behind behaviorism is that only observable behaviors are
worthy of research since other abstraction such as a person’s mood or
thoughts are too subjective.
This school is proposed by J.B Watson. It is rooted in Thorndike’s theory
of trial and error learning which stress that behaviours formed through
association between stimulus and response that are stamped into the
behaviours of the organism through the 3 basic laws of frequency,
recurancy, and law of effect. .

26. CONSTRUCTIVISM
constructivism refers to many schools of thought that, though
extraordinarily different in their techniques (applied in fields
such as education and psychotherapy), are all connected by a
common critique of previous standard approaches, and by
shared assumptions about the active constructive nature of
human knowledge.
Constructivism is 'an approach to learning that holds that
people actively construct or make their own knowledge and
that reality is determined by the experiences of the learner’
Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct
knowledge rather than just passively take in information. As
people experience the world and reflect upon those
experiences, they build their own representations and
incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge
(schemas).

27. Gestalt school

28. Sigmund freud’s school of
psychoanalysis (1900)

29. THANK YOU