This is a Trident University course (MAE502), Module 1 Case (PowerPoint Presentation: What is Learning. What is Education. It is written in APA format, has been graded by an instructor (A), and includes references. Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.

1. What is learning?
What is education?

2. Trident University International
Orlanda Haynes
Author Note
This PowerPoint was prepared for MAE 502 Module 1 Case
Spring 2012
Taught by Professor Joseph S. Campisi
What is learning?
What is education?

3. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model
The debate about what is learning—is ongoing; therefore, for this
presentation, I will present an overview of some current theories: Behaviorism,
Cognitivism, and Constructivism. Beginning with Behaviorism, it is base on
the theory that people learn through engaging in real life situations within a
naturally occurring environment. Pioneers in this field include: Ivan Pavlov,
Edward L. Thorndike, John B. Watson , and Burrhus F. Skinner, among others.
Ivan Pavlov (1927) , a Russian Psychologist, popularized this theory with his
work on classical conditioning.

4. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model Overview
For example, he use a bell tone (environmental stimulus) as a signal for food
that produced a naturally occurring stimulus (saliva). In this scenario, the
smell of the food is the unconditional stimulus, naturally occurring. For
instance, remember what happens when you smell your favorite perfumes (you
may want to buy it) or smell tempting food aromas (you may think about
food). This is what Pavlov calls classical conditioning.
Likewise, Thorndike (1901) theorized that learning is the associative factors

5. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Module Overview
between stimuli and responses , a transference process. Watson (1962)
conducted the Albert experiment (a young boy named Albert, B); he
conditioned Albert to become fearful every time he saw something resembling
a white furry rat. This was evidence of classical conditioning in humans.
Watson concluded that learning is a matter of conditioning.
In Contrast, Skinner (1953, 1974)—agreed that learning results from
responses to stimuli , but that targeted responses could be achieved through

6. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model Overview
negative or positive reinforcements. That is, reinforcers could produce desired
behaviors without the use of stimuli or learned responses because they would
determine which responses or consequences the act or behavior deserved. He
called this process operant conditioning ( modification of behaviors). Skinner
developed a model to represent four basic reinforcers:
(1) Positive (rewards),
(2) Negative (removal of the desired item or stimuli, that evokes a response),

7. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model Overview
(3) Punishment (administered in physical or emotional ways),
(4) And extinction (ability to ignore all negative responses).
Some researchers including Atherton J. S. (2011), complain that the
behaviorist model encourages authoritarian ship in academic settings. For
example, Altherton (2011) stated that, “In educational settings, behaviorism
implies the dominance of the teacher, as in behavior modification
programmed” (p. 1). This inference is suggestive of pedagogy concept.

8. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Module Overview
That is, teaching methods and curriculum designs used to teach children. It
originated in cathedral schools during the seventh century. With this approach
to learning, for example:
• Teachers are given sole responsibility for deciding what courses of
study should be taught
• When the learning process should commence

9. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model Overview
• When and how materials are presented.
Some basic assumptions are:
• Children are dependent on teachers for guidance and instructions.
• Personal experiences are not relevant to learning.
• And, all learning is subject oriented and requires extrinsic motivation
(Chan, 2010).

10. What is Learning?
Behaviorist Model Overview
Some elements of this design is still used for both adults and children at all
levels of education worldwide . In addition, Skinner’s reward and punishment
theory (negative and positive reinforcers) also dominates all sectors of society
(academic, legal, socioeconomic, and employment, among others).
Cognitivism Model Overview
In the late 1900s, Jean Piaget played a major role in popularizing the
theory of cognitivism. It became widely accepted in the United States

11. What is Learning?
Cognitivism Model Overview
after the opening of the Harvard Center for Cognitive studies in 1960.
Although cognitive theorists accept behaviorists reinforcement concept ,they
theorized that learning has to do more with cognitive processes through which
humans process and store information. This theory consists of many cognitive
factors; however some of its primary principles includes:
• Cognitive structures that acts internally to compare, combine, extend, or

12. What is Learning?
Cognitivism Model Overview
alter existing information to accommodate new information . This process is
called schema.
• A Three-Stage Information Processing Model - input first enters a sensory
register, then is processed in short-term memory, and then is transferred to
long-term memory (storage and retrieval).
• Recall is easier if words or events are meaningful (Good and Brophy,
1990).

13. What is Learning?
Constructivists Model Overview
F. C. Bartlett laid the foundation for the constructivist theory in 1932 . The
theory emphasizes learning as a construction of the learner’ experiences. In
that, through the analysis of various experiences– learners create their own
learning. So, individual knowledge consists of prior experiences, mental
development including perception, and beliefs that are used to analyze and
interpret situations, objects, and events (Good & Brophy, 1990).

14. What is education?
Most researchers agree that education is knowledge acquired from learning
in academic settings (public or private institutions [Croix, D. L. el al. ,2004]),
and Boston Latin School is the first and oldest public school in the United
States. It was established in 1635. According to an article (The Federal Role in
Education) by the U.S. Department of Education,
Education is primarily a State and local responsibility in the United
States. It is States and communities, as well as public and private

15. What is education?
organizations of all kinds, that establish schools and colleges, develop
curricula, and determine requirements for enrollment and graduation “
(p. 1)
As research suggests, theories about what is learning and how it is used by
humans and animals are ongoing debates, but much progress has already been
made. For example some theoretical applications such as Skinner’s theory
have already been applied to many sectors of societies.

16. What is learning
What is education?
Conclusion
Based on the literature presented, it is safe to infer that there are
developmental benefits and learning factors present in all three theories
(Behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism); therefore an ideal learning
environment, depending on courses or projects objectives, would include
elements from all. Education, on the other hand, is knowledge gained from
participating in public and/or private academic programs or trainings

17. What is learning
What is education?
Conclusion
offered by education institutions and employers, among others.

18. What is learning
What is education?
Reference
Atherton J S (2011). Learning and teaching; Behaviorism [On-line: UK]
retrieved 15 May 2012 from http://www.learningandteaching. info/
learning/behaviour.htm
Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., Ronning, R. R. (1999). Cognitive psychology and
instruction (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merill/Prentice Hall.

19. What is learning
What is education?
Reference
Chan, S. (2010). Applications of andragogy in multi-disciplined
teaching and learning. Journal of Adult Education, 39(2), 25-
35. Retrieved April 13, 2012, from ProQuest Education Journals
Croix, D. L., & Doepke, M. (2004, April ).Public versus private education when
differential fertility matters. Journal of Development Economics. (73) 2, 607-
629). Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rr392gk

20. What is learning
What is education?
Reference
Good, T. L., Brophy, J. E. (1990). Educational psychology: A
realistic approach. (4th ed.).White Plains, NY: Longman
Nagowah, L., & Nagowah, S. (2009). A Reflection on the dominant learning theories:
Behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. International Journal Of Learning,
16(2), 279-285. Retrieved on May 15, 2012 from:http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=15&sid=dff79d1a-64d6-402c-82ec-a9c66112
85e4%40sessionmgr12

21. What is learning
What is education?
Reference
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Alfred Knopf.
The Federal Role in Education (2012). In Overview. U.S. Department of
Education. Retrieved on May 16,2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/
about/overview/fed/role.html

22. What is learning
What is education?
Reference
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan.
Watson, J. P. (1962). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

23. What is learning?
What is education?

24. • Hi Orlanda-
• NIce work here for your pp. You did write about
two major education theories and provided some
great scholarship in your pp. I think this was too
heavy on words for a pp, but meets the purpose
of the case study.
• "A"
• Dr. RidingIn