Difficulty in choosing research topic in medical research ?!!
Difficulty in the framing the right research question ??!!
This ppt is for you!!!...
It deals with the basic questions WHY, WHAT, HOW in medical research, in choosing topic, framing right research question and
methods to test the effectiveness and validity of the question..
its an eyeopener for the beginners of medical research particularly for those involved in PG thesis..
enjoy...
Research question, criteria, formulation, and relation to research designs.Tarek Tawfik Amin
Research question, research problems, sources of research questions, formulation, relation to the type of designs, criteria, testing novelty and originality
Research question, criteria, formulation, and relation to research designs.Tarek Tawfik Amin
Research question, research problems, sources of research questions, formulation, relation to the type of designs, criteria, testing novelty and originality
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at PLAI-Southern Tagalog Region Librarians Council Seminar-workshop on the theme, “Research in Librarianship : Capacity Building to Strengthen Research Culture”, held 7 October 2015, El Grande Residencia Hotel and Resort, Brgy. San Carlos, Lipa City
Evidence- based periodontology is a bridge from all the available literature to clinical practice. It is a tool which can be used for decision making from available evidence during clinical practice.It should be scientifically sound and patient focussed.
This interesting, illustrative presentation is a preliminary guide for preparing medical & paramedical teachers for effective teaching and enable them to conduct different courses for medical & paramedical students
This interesting and useful ppt highlights different pharmacokinetic concepts with illustrations for easy understanding - an overview for revision for medical and paramedical students
This is an excellent ppt on Dermatological pharmacology highlighting types of formulations, topical preparations and the treatment of individual skin disorders with illustrations...!!
This interesting ppt is the continuation of the Pharmacology of Opioid analgesics I... This impressive ppt highlight the pharmacology, advantages and disadvantages of opioid analgesics other than morphine with illustrations....!!
This interesting ppt is about the Pharmacology of morphine and acute morphine poisoning dealt with illustrative pictures, diagrams to facilitate learning for medical/paramedical students....
This is an Inspiring presentation on cultural diversities of india and how to work in cohesion.. mainly for medical students studying Foundation course in medicine...
This is an interesting and novel PPT on the Pharmacology of NSAIDs, on drugs other than aspirin ( for Aspirin check NSAIDs PART I ) illustrated with beautiful pictures and flowcharts....!!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
37. *Development of scientific attitude Evidence based medicine
*Learning research methodology
*Curricular requirement
*Academic requirement ( publication )
*
45. *
PROF. Dr. V. Sathyanarayanan
Department of Pharmacology,
SRM MCH & RC
M.D
46. *To apply the processes involved in choosing the
appropriate research topic, problem, idea
*To formulate a good research question
*To
assess
*To develop
the research question effectively
a hypothesis, aims, objectives for
testing the research question
*To be inspired to participate actively in planning
and doing good research projects
*SPECIFIC
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
47. *It Is a systematic and
organised scientific
process
*To find answers to
questions
48. * for example, want to buy a car in a proper
way,
*we collect information
* about models and dealers,
*analyse it,
* then try to reach a “scientific”
conclusion on which car to buy
*
59. Research Problem
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Dissemination
@bajammal
Methodological, Ethical & Statistical
Considerations at Each Stage
Research Question
66. *An old
late
scientist went home for a weekend
on Friday evening
as usual
*He left his lab without cleaning and left a window
open
*He arrived after vacation before his lab attender
*He saw some culture plates were infected with mold
*He developed a curiosity
*He didn’t clean it immediately
* He found bacteria had grown all over the plate,
except in an area where mold had formed.
*
67. *YEAR : 1928
*PLACE : St Mary’s Hospital Medical School
*RESEARCH SCHOLAR : Alexander Fleming
*DISCOVERY: penicillin
*SIGNIFICANCE : world's first antibiotic,
leading to revolutionize all medicine
*AS A RESULT: Mrs. Fleming hiring a maid.
*
71. *as you go about your daily clinical practice
* observe with curiosity and
enquire…..
* Sometimes it is the result of having a disagreem
ent with a colleague
*Define the problem well
*
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81. *Simple curiosity + enquiry
*“Why are things done this way?”
*“I wonder what would happen if…..?”
*“What characteristics are associated
with….?”
*“What is the effect of…….on patient
outcomes?”
*
84. *From standard text books
*Use article databases to scan current
magazine, journal or newspaper articles on the
topic
* Use Web search engines to find Web sites on
the topic
*
106. * Look for words that best describe your
topic
*Keep a list of these words to use
you search
*
later as
107.
108. *Concluding sections in the
critically examined
individual studies, systematic review
*Remaining gaps
in literature
*Further define the research question
*MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIENCEDIRECT,
* MEDSCAPE
*
117. * To steal from one is plagiarism.to steal from
many is research…
---Steven Right
118.
119. * A Welsh hamlet was ground zero for a test
on a pill to fight angina.
*Unfortunately for the afflicted, it had little
success against the disease.
*Though it didn't work,
*the men taking part in the study refused
to give up their medicine.
*
120. *YEAR : 1992
*INTERVENTIONAL DRUG : Viagra
*INVENTORS : Scientists at Pfizer
*The scientists switched gears and
*marketed the drug, Viagra,
*for a very different purpose
*
121.
122.
123. *You will often begin with a word,
*develop a more focused interest in an
aspect of something relating to that word,
* then begin to have questions about the
topic.
*Significance of the research question must
be identified
*
124.
125. * Trying to turn a statement
into a real question
*
126. *The uncertainty that you want to
resolve
* Defines the area of interest to be
addressed in your study
* Forms the foundation of your study
* Must be specified before you begin
your Analysis
*
127.
128. *Key preliminary step of the research
process
*Presents the idea that is to be examined in
the study
*Foundation of the research study
*IS THE MOST DIFFICULT
*AND CRITICAL PART of the study
*
132. *
*
*
*
*
Do a thorough search of medical
literature
Identify the edge of knowledge
related to that question
Identify the gaps in knowledge
Be certain that your question has not
already been answered
AND that filling the gaps is important
*
133.
134. * Research is to see what everybody else has seen,
and to think what nobody else has thought……….
----Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
135.
136.
137. *Possibly the most difficult part
* is to come up with a reasonable question
*and focus it to the point
*where it can be answered
*
138. * defining the goal of your research,
* identifying objectives,
* refining and refining it some more and
* refining it even more until
* you have a neat and simple question
* that is feasible to answer.
*
139. *QUESTION 1 :Should women take hormones
to prevent bone loss?
* QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet
reverse cardiovascular disease?
*Often begins with a general
concern….
*
140. *Must be narrowed to something measurable
and researchable
*
QUESTION 1 : Is taking estrogen associated with
a lower risk of osteoporosis in women 60+?
* QUESTION 2 : Does a plant-based diet reduce
serum cholesterol levels in patients with
cardiovascular disease?
*
141.
142. *QUESTION 1 :Should women take
hormones to prevent bone loss?
* REFINED QUESTION 1 : Does taking
estrogen after menopause reduce the
likelihood of bone density loss in
women over 60 years of age, compared
to women not taking estrogen?
*
143. *QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet
reverse cardiovascular disease?
*REFINED Research question: Does an
entirely plant- based vegan diet reduce
blood serum cholesterol levels in men
over 50 years old with lipid levels
compared to a meat- based diet?
*
144.
145.
146.
147. *What is the population I want to study?
*How do I describe it – age, sex, background?
*What is the intervention I want to study?
*Do I have all the details of the intervention?
*What is the outcome I want to achieve?
*How am I going to measure the outcome?
*
149. *You are in OP department ( medicine/ENT/Pediatrics )
*A patient with otitis media comes
*Your Asst.Prof prescribes amoxycillin
*A scientific curiosity comes to your mind
*A research question IS AMOXYCILLIN EFFECTIVE
FOR OTITIS MEDIA ? knocks your mind..
*You want to proceed…..
HOW ?
*
150.
151.
152.
153.
154. *You are sitting in
Medicine/Surgery/Orthopedics/OG OP
*A
regular patient comes with pain on his back
visits
*You feel pity on his pain
*you want to find out “What is the best
treatment of back pain?”
*How to proceed…..?!!
*
157. Is this a good question?
• In adult patients younger than 50 years old with
acute low back pain (< 6 weeks), does bedrest
reduce the risk of recurrence of pain within one
year compared with physiotherapy?
•
•
•
•
P: Adult patients <50yr with acute LBP
I: Bed rest
C: Physiotherapy
O: Recurrence of pain within one year
157
164. *
*
*
*
Adequate number of subjects
Adequate technical expertise
Affordable in time and money
Manageable in scope
*
165.
166. *To you
*To the guide
*To the peers
*Editors of the journals
*Reviewers
*
167.
168.
169. *Newer topic or idea
*Not duplicated
*Provides new findings
*Confirms or refutes previous
findings
* extends previous findings
*
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175. *Should follow existing guidelines like
* ICMR code of Ethics in biomedical research
*Clinical trials should follow ICH –GCP
guidelines
*Get the IEC approval
*
176.
177.
178. *Addresses certain community needs
*Addresses issues that will have an impact for
policy making
*Future research directions
*
190. * A research scientist made 10,000
unsuccessful attempts at an invention
*One day, an assistant asked him why he
didn’t give up….
* After all, he failed over 10
times….
thousand
* the researcher replied that he had not
failed once…
*
191.
192.
193. *Thomas Edison held a world record of
1093 patents for inventions including
*Telegraphs,
*electric lights, electric lamps, light bulbs,
*telephones, vacuum pumps, storage
batteries,
*phonographs, transmitters …..etc
*
194.
195.
196. Questions to ask yourself
Is the question asked in a single sentence?
Is the question simple?
P
Does the question specify the population?
I
Does the question state the intervention?
C
Is there a comparison group?
O
Is there a clear outcome in the question?
O
Has the measure for the outcome been specified?
F
Is the question FEASIBLE?
I
Is it INTERESTING ? to you? to others?
N
Is it NOVEL? ‐‐ new? Innovative?
E
ETHICAL? ‐‐ is there a state of equipoise between comp
eting therapies? Will your investigations harm?
R
RELEVANT? To policy makers? To patients?
Yes
No
Vague
197.
198.
199. *Can be considered as intelligent
hunches or predictions
*that help to answer a research
question
*Provide a bridge between theory
and real world
*
200. * single statement that contains
sufficient information that
it can be tested using
*statistical methodology
201. * are
procedures for making ration
al decisions about
*what is real and what is opinion
*
202.
203. Hypothesis Testing (α & β errors)
Null Hypothesis: No association between predictor & outcome
Results in the
Study Sample
Reject null
hypothesis
Fail to reject null
hypothesis
@bajammal
Truth in the Population
Association Between
Predictor & Outcome
No Association Between
Predictor & Outcome
Correct
Type I error (α)
Type II error (β)
Correct
204.
205. *This may be the answer to your research
question
*and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of
your research.
*Your thesis statement will usually be one or
two sentences
*that states precisely what is to be
answered, proven
*
206.
207. * stated in broad terms
* and covers the topic that
interests you
*
208. * more
focused
* There could be more than one
*but all would contribute to
the overall goal
*Define it
*
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Drug A
@bajammal
Outcomes
Drug B
Patients
with MI
F/U
F/U
Outcomes
RANDOM
240. * Hulley SB, Cummings SR. “Designing Clinical Research: An
epidemiological approach.
* Centre for Health Evidence: “Users’ Guides to Evidence
Based Practice”
* http://www.cche.net/usersguides/start.asp#Questions
* Guidelines for graduate students: “Choosing and refining a
research topic”
http://www.fiu.edu/~kowert/topic.html
* How to write Specific Aims:
http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/4‐4.asp
*
241.
242. * you can write the one page description required for the assi
gnment.
* should write the goal of the research,
* what the general objective of the research is,
* try to formulate specific aims which can be your refined que
stion(s) and then,
* if you have a hypothesis that can be tested,
write that down.
* summarize your thinking on the feasibility
* and general plans you have for conducting the research.
*
244. * What is the sample size you are looking for ?
* would you have access to the population you wanted?
* Would the selected population agree to participate?
* Would you be able to obtain the drug samples?
* Think through what budget you might need?
* Will the ethics committee approve of your project?
* How novel are the questions? ( not repeated )
*