This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a systematic analysis and evaluation of existing research on a topic. The objectives of a literature review are outlined as helping the researcher understand existing knowledge on a topic, identify areas of consensus/debate, provide methodology details to inform own research, and identify collaborators. Key steps in a literature review are described as developing a research question, searching literature sources like databases and journals, establishing search terms, conducting searches, selecting relevant materials, and analyzing findings. Effective search strategies including keywords and Boolean operators are also discussed.
A session for the Dent 610 course at the University of Michigan, on research methods and processes. Specific focus of this session on systematic review methods and processes, especially through database searching.
a brief overview and introduction to metadata from how it is used on the web (including seo and tagging) to its use in Flickr and library catalogs by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
How to do a Literature search for your research and scientific publication BhaskarBorgohain4
In the age of information boom it may be challenging task to find relevant information for your research work. its like finding a needle in a haystack. After initial readings from textbooks and library journals you may want to first search in Wikipedia, google, google scholar and then go to Pubmed, Medline, science direct , wileyonline, science.gov, cochrane library etc to formulate your keywords based on your research question. read a medical dictionary to find synonyms of the keywords and brainstorm with your supervisor, peers, friends etc to get more key words to search again and find the right search strategy. do not forget to look for Grey literature like unpublished Thesis works from reputed universities, proceedings of conferences of reputed professional associations as well. keep records using a software like end-note, Rayyan etc. References of authors must be recorded as you go along.
A session for the Dent 610 course at the University of Michigan, on research methods and processes. Specific focus of this session on systematic review methods and processes, especially through database searching.
a brief overview and introduction to metadata from how it is used on the web (including seo and tagging) to its use in Flickr and library catalogs by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
How to do a Literature search for your research and scientific publication BhaskarBorgohain4
In the age of information boom it may be challenging task to find relevant information for your research work. its like finding a needle in a haystack. After initial readings from textbooks and library journals you may want to first search in Wikipedia, google, google scholar and then go to Pubmed, Medline, science direct , wileyonline, science.gov, cochrane library etc to formulate your keywords based on your research question. read a medical dictionary to find synonyms of the keywords and brainstorm with your supervisor, peers, friends etc to get more key words to search again and find the right search strategy. do not forget to look for Grey literature like unpublished Thesis works from reputed universities, proceedings of conferences of reputed professional associations as well. keep records using a software like end-note, Rayyan etc. References of authors must be recorded as you go along.
NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT
Organized by: - Panjab University Campus Students Council (PUCSC) in Collaboration With
Centre for Public Health, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Ontology has its roots as a field of philosophical study that is focused on the nature of existence. However, today's ontology (aka knowledge graph) can incorporate computable descriptions that can bring insight in a wide set of compelling applications including more precise knowledge capture, semantic data integration, sophisticated query answering, and powerful association mining - thereby delivering key value for health care and the life sciences. In this webinar, I will introduce the idea of computable ontologies and describe how they can be used with automated reasoners to perform classification, to reveal inconsistencies, and to precisely answer questions. Participants will learn about the tools of the trade to design, find, and reuse ontologies. Finally, I will discuss applications of ontologies in the fields of diagnosis and drug discovery.
Bio:
Dr. Michel Dumontier is an Associate Professor of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics) at Stanford University. His research focuses on the development of methods to integrate, mine, and make sense of large, complex, and heterogeneous biological and biomedical data. His current research interests include (1) using genetic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to find new uses for existing drugs, (2) elucidating the mechanism of single and multi-drug side effects, and (3) finding and optimizing combination drug therapies. Dr. Dumontier is the Stanford University Advisory Committee Representative for the World Wide Web Consortium, the co-Chair for the W3C Semantic Web for Health Care and the Life Sciences Interest Group, scientific advisor for the EBI-EMBL Chemistry Services Division, and the Scientific Director for Bio2RDF, an open source project to create Linked Data for the Life Sciences. He is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief for a Data Science, a new IOS Press journal featuring open access, open review, and semantic publishing.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
Metrics envelop number of subject domains, e.g., general relativity under physics, networking, mathematics, software analysis, etc. --- STATISTICS
Enumerated in the slides are the different metric fields in information science.
Z39.50 :An Information Retrieval Protocol.
The development of online bibliographic databases and the rapid growth of online services accessible on the internet and world wide web (WWW) has made it possible to access information in ways not possible before. Libraries, whose primary mandate is to provide information, shifted the emphasis from collecting the information in hard copy to accessing information through electronic resources.
NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT
Organized by: - Panjab University Campus Students Council (PUCSC) in Collaboration With
Centre for Public Health, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Ontology has its roots as a field of philosophical study that is focused on the nature of existence. However, today's ontology (aka knowledge graph) can incorporate computable descriptions that can bring insight in a wide set of compelling applications including more precise knowledge capture, semantic data integration, sophisticated query answering, and powerful association mining - thereby delivering key value for health care and the life sciences. In this webinar, I will introduce the idea of computable ontologies and describe how they can be used with automated reasoners to perform classification, to reveal inconsistencies, and to precisely answer questions. Participants will learn about the tools of the trade to design, find, and reuse ontologies. Finally, I will discuss applications of ontologies in the fields of diagnosis and drug discovery.
Bio:
Dr. Michel Dumontier is an Associate Professor of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics) at Stanford University. His research focuses on the development of methods to integrate, mine, and make sense of large, complex, and heterogeneous biological and biomedical data. His current research interests include (1) using genetic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to find new uses for existing drugs, (2) elucidating the mechanism of single and multi-drug side effects, and (3) finding and optimizing combination drug therapies. Dr. Dumontier is the Stanford University Advisory Committee Representative for the World Wide Web Consortium, the co-Chair for the W3C Semantic Web for Health Care and the Life Sciences Interest Group, scientific advisor for the EBI-EMBL Chemistry Services Division, and the Scientific Director for Bio2RDF, an open source project to create Linked Data for the Life Sciences. He is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief for a Data Science, a new IOS Press journal featuring open access, open review, and semantic publishing.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
Metrics envelop number of subject domains, e.g., general relativity under physics, networking, mathematics, software analysis, etc. --- STATISTICS
Enumerated in the slides are the different metric fields in information science.
Z39.50 :An Information Retrieval Protocol.
The development of online bibliographic databases and the rapid growth of online services accessible on the internet and world wide web (WWW) has made it possible to access information in ways not possible before. Libraries, whose primary mandate is to provide information, shifted the emphasis from collecting the information in hard copy to accessing information through electronic resources.
A document that provides an unbiased and comprehensive synthesis
of relevant studies and research.
Characteristics of a Systematic Review
Purposes of a systematic review
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
This presentation was funded by CDC and PEPFAR through the SUCCEED project at Stellenbosch University. The presentation was delivered by Ms Lynn Hendricks from the Centre for Evidence Based Health Care in July 2017
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scien...rosie.dunne
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scientists and health researchers presented by Luke van Rhoon Health Behaviour Change Research Group, School of Psychology, NUI Galway November 2020
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
LITERATURE REVIEW
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
1
Lecture 9
Level 8
Year 4
2. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Objectives
• Define literature review
• Explain aim of literature review
• Describe of good characteristics of literature review
• Discuss steps of a literature review
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
2
3. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
I- Definition of a literature review
• Research literature review is a systematic, precise, critical method
for reading, analyzing, evaluating and summarizing, the existing
body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers,
scholars, and practitioners .
• It is one of the most important early steps prior to initiating any
research study.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
3
4. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
What LR is NOT?
• It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries
• A literature review is more than the search for information, and goes beyond
being a descriptive annotated bibliography.
• The following is NOT a LR:
Annotated bibliography List in text format
Ibrahim , S. D. (1995). Outcomes of Intervention X on
Pregnant women, Soba Hospital." BMJ 2/3, 34-38.
This article discusses the effect of the intervention X on
pregnant women delivering in Soba Teaching Hospital.
It also discusses the implications for reducing factor Y
on these women.
IBRAHIM and BANNAGA (1965) conducted experiments
on pregnant women in STH, basing on the theoretical
investigation of X interaction complemented by type Y.
It showed that the numerical results were in
reasonable agreement with laboratory experimental
data."
5. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Why/When do we need LR?
• LR can help in finding, developing, and/or fine-tuning your RQ.
• Determine the nature/method of your research
Find Research questions
• What is not known/established?
• What is not well known?
• What was not well-studied?
• Cross-referencing
Define gaps & references
• Strengths & weaknesses
• Theoretical base
• Comparison of findings
• Critical appraisal
Establish relations
6. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
II- The aim of a literature review
1. It helps the researcher understand the existing body of
knowledge & to be updated.
2. It identifies areas of consensus and debate among different
studies, and highlights the gaps in knowledge that exist in the
literature.
3. It provides details of different research methodology that were
adopted by different researchers, which in turn helps in adopting
the most appropriate study methodology in the proposed study.
4. It identifies other researchers who share the same research
interests, who might act as support for future queries.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
6
7. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
III- Characteristics of a good literature review
A good review should have the following characteristics which make it of value:
1- Comprehensive: Evidence should be gathered from all relevant sources.
2-Referenced: Providing full references for reviewed papers.
3- Selective: Using appropriate search strategies to find the most important
evidence.
4- Relevant: Focusing on related studies.
5- Balanced: Providing objective evidence from papers with different findings.
6- Critical: Following valid scientific critical appraisal of the literature.
7- Analytical: Developing new ideas and understandings from the evidence.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
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9. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
IV- Steps of a literature review
1- Develop a research question
• The first step is to define a specific research question, which identifies
the research or clinical problem the research is aiming to solve.
• For example, a sample research question is:
• What strategies can healthcare workers use to communicate
effectively with clients with a hearing disability?
• Evidence based practice proponents advice using four elements in
building the research question, specifically, the PICO (Patient,
Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome).
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
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10. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
2- Types of the sources used in a literature review
THREE TYPES:
i. Primary source: Is a direct description of a research study written
by a researcher who conducted the study.
ii. Secondary source: Is a review of studies summarizing and
providing new interpretations built from and often extending
beyond the original study.
iii. Tertiary source: Include perceptions, conclusions, opinions, and
interpretations that are informally shared.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
10
11. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Literature sources available
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
11
12. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Where to search?
• Library (institutional,
professional,
organizational)
• Archives
• Reports
Offline
• Journals websites
• Publishers’ databases
• Institutional
databases
• Institutional libraries
Online
13. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Before going online… remember!
• The printed resources have almost always been thoroughly ‘peer-reviewed’, and
systematically catalogued and cross-referenced
• On the Internet "anything goes."
• Don't rely exclusively on Internet resources.
• Narrow your research topic before logging on.
• Before you start your search, think about what you're looking for, and if possible
formulate some very specific questions to direct and limit your search
• Know your subject directories and search engines.
• There are several high quality peer-reviewed subject directories containing links
selected by subject experts
• Keep a detailed record of sites you visit and the sites you use (Ctrl+H).
• Keeping track is necessary so that you can revisit the useful ones later, and also
put the required references in your paper.
14. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
3- Search engines used in a literature review
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
14
Universal Resource Locator
17. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
4. Establish the keywords and search strategy
• To effectively conduct a search, keywords to be used in the search
need to be identified, which are mainly the PICO elements.
• Moreover, a specific search strategy using the Boolean operators
(AND, OR, and NOT) should be developed, which can be used to
combine the keywords and concept in a search.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
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18. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
5. Conducting the search
• PubMed is the primary database for researchers in the fields of
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related life sciences.
• It was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI). The text-based search and retrieval system used at
NCBI for all of the major databases, including PubMed, and many
others.
• PubMed can be directly accessed at: http://pubmed.gov or the
National Library of Medicine's homepage: http://www.nlm.nih.gov.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
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19. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
The main screens of Pubmed
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
19
The main page includes a database selection menu, a search box, and
an advanced search link.
20. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
6. Choosing the material to be included in the literature review
• In narrowing the literature selection, more focused screening criteria are taken into
consideration, such as:
• Date of publication: e.g. only studies conducted between 2005 and 2012
• Participants or subjects: e.g. children 6 to 12 years of age
• Publication language: e.g. documents written in English
• Research design: e.g. clinical trials
• Authors: e.g. well-known author in a specific field
• Journal: e.g. high impact journal, such as New England Journal of Medicine
• Relevance: e.g. similar objectives addressed and methodologies adopted
• Country of origin: Are you looking for UK only based information? Most databases will
allow you to limit your search by country, such as; UK, US or Europe.
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21. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Practical tips
• Wildcards are a way of searching for alternative spellings of the same
words, e.g. organisation (organization in the US) and paediatric
(pediatric in the US).
To use the wildcard feature, you just need to substitute the wildcard
symbol, which is often ? , to replace a missing letter. For example, you
could search for 'organi?ation' to capture both "organization" and
"organisation".
• Truncation is a way to try and capture all relevant material by
searching for words or phrases which use the same root.
Put the truncation symbol, which is often either $ or * at the root of a
word. For example: If you were looking for information on "elderly
people" you could use elder$ as this would bring up; elder, elderly,
elderly people
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22. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Practical tips: Boolean operators
• After identifying all the keywords, synonyms and phrases within a search, use the Boolean operators
'AND', 'OR' and 'NOT' to combine your topics areas together.
• Using OR
You can combine all the individual synonym searches together into one search using the OR operator
For example:
'old$' OR 'age$' OR 'elderly' OR 'geriatric$'
The OR operator broadens your results by including references that have ANY ONE of the search terms
within it.
• Using AND
You can focus the search by combining searches using the AND operator.
For example: {'old$' OR 'aged' OR 'geratric$'} AND {'care home$' OR 'residential home$' OR 'residential
care$' }
This search will find references that contain ALL of the three sets of synonyms.
• Using NOT
You can eliminate items from the search further using NOT
For example: {'old$' OR 'aged' OR 'geratric$'} AND {'care home$' OR 'residential home$' OR 'residential
care$'} NOT {'United States' OR 'US' OR 'USA'}
This will remove all references relating to the USA from your results.
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23. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
7.Critically analyze and evaluate the information
• Critical analyses of the chosen documents refer to the process of looking at
each document closely, reading the introduction, methodology, results and
discussion sections.
• As for the critical evaluation of the document, it refers to assessing the
validity of the methodology adopted, and relevance of the results reported.
• Biases affecting each of the documents should be taken into consideration,
and evaluated accordingly.
• Finally, integrate the reported results into the scope of the proposed
research.
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24. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Steps of a literature review
8. Cite literature properly
• There are four main reasons why it is important to cite literature
properly:
• To acknowledge the author(s) of the work that the researcher used.
• To provide context to the research and demonstrate that the research
is well-supported.
• To allow readers to find the original source and learn more about
some aspects mentioned in the document.
• Avoid plagiarism, which occurs when a writer deliberately uses
someone else's language, ideas, or other original material without
acknowledging its source.
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25. Research Methodology and
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V- Conclusion
• An effective review will increase likelihood of funding, generate
new ideas and directions for investigation, and improve the quality
of peer reviewed publication of primary research.
• At all stages of the process it is vital that the search process is
evaluated, since the inability to find relevant information can be
attributed to a poorly constructed search strategy, inappropriate
search terms, poor retrieval methods or inappropriate source.
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26. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Grey Literature
• Work that has not been published in
conventional books and journals.
• This includes reports, working papers,
theses and dissertations, newsletters,
many official and governmental
publications, and conference papers.
• Gray Literature includes:
• hard to find studies, reports, or
dissertations
• conference abstracts or papers
• governmental or private sector
research
• clinical trials - ongoing or
unpublished
• experts and researchers in the field
The AACODS checklist for appraisal of
GL
Main Sources
A Authority: Is the author credible? • WorldCat
A Accuracy: Is it supported
by documented and
authoritative references? Is there a
clearly stated methodology?
• Google Scholar
C Coverage: Have limitations been
imposed and are these stated clearly?
• World Health
Organization
O Objectivity: Can bias be detected? • Gray Source Index
D Date: Can't find the date? Rule of
the thumb is to avoid such material
Professional association
websites
S Significance: Is it relevant? Would it
enrich or have an impact on your
research?
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27. Research Methodology and
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Let’s go online!
Task:
In your laptops/computers, use the University of
Birmingham literature search strategy form to
conduct an online search of literature in your relevant
area of research.
28. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
REFERENCE BOOK
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INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL RESEARCH
FOR RESIDENTS, Hani Tamim, PhD
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, 2014
Liverpool Hope University Doing a literature search: a step by step
guide. URL:
http://www.hope.ac.uk/media/liverpoolhope/contentassets/docum
ents/library/help/media,1256,en.pdf
Other helpful guides can be found on the following links:
https://becker.wustl.edu/sites/default/files/RespLitSearch.pdf
http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/hsmc-library/faqs/literature-
searching.aspx