This document discusses how to formulate a research question and hypothesis. It defines the different types of research (basic, applied, qualitative, quantitative) and fields of research. A research question seeks to answer something about a topic, while a hypothesis predicts the outcome of an experiment. A well-built research question includes the PICO elements - population/patient, intervention, comparator, and outcome. Characteristics of a good research question are that it is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant, and clear. The document provides examples of strong and weak research questions and emphasizes thoroughly selecting a topic and framing the question or hypothesis.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
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This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Learn More:http://bit.ly/3aomOF3
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UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
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Email: info@phdassistance.com
This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
رای جستجوي اطلاعات مناسب، یافتن بهترین شواهد موجود در کمترین زمان ممکن بسیار مهم و حیاتی می باشد. از این رو آشنایی با روشهای صحیح جستجو، نحوه طرح سوال قابل پاسخ (PICO ) و پایگاههای اطلاعاتی مناسب ضروری به نظر می رسد
استراتژی عمومی جستجو در بالین
مرحله اول: طراحی PICO
در مرحله اول جستجوی اطلاعات، چند دقیقه وقت بگذارید و به خوبی در مورد سوال خود و آنچه که می خواهید در مورد آن جستجو کنید فکر کنید. جستجوگر بایستی مشکل و سوال خود را بخوبی بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل کند. يكي از بهترين توصيه ها در این زمینه براي كادر بالینی، طرح سوال قابل پاسخ و یا به اصطلاح PICO است
مرحله دوم: تعیین کلیدواژه ها و مترادفات
پس از طراحی PICO ، کلیدواژه های جستجو بر اساس P ، I ، C و O در سوال موردنظر تعیین می شوند. واژه های مترادف و مرتبط این کلیدواژه ها از قبیل اختصارات، واژه های با دامنه وسیع تر و یا دامنه محدودتر، رسم الخط های متفاوت و ... نیز در صورت نیاز تعیین می شوند و جستجو آغاز می شود
مرحله سوم: انتخاب پایگاه اطلاعاتی مناسب
انتخاب پایگاه اطلاعاتی مناسب و مرتبط با موضوع جستجو یکی از کلیدی ترین مراحل جستجو است. با توجه به اینکه بسیاری از پایگاههای اطلاعاتی بویژه در حوزه پزشکی براساس نوع اطلاعات و مطالعات در حال تخصصی شدن هستند، آشنایی با دامنه موضوعی و کاربردهای آنها موجب بازیابی اطلاعات مناسب تر و صرفه جویی در زمان خواهد شد.
مرحله چهارم: طراحی روش جستجو
جستجو در اینترنت و پایگاه اطلاعاتی با بکارگیری روشهای ساده و در عین حال صحیح جستجو بسیار آسان و لذت بخش خواهد بود. برعکس، عدم آشنایی با این روشهای آسان ممکن است موجب شود که یا اطلاعات غیرمرتبط بازیابی کنید و یا بسیاری از اطلاعات مفید را از دست بدهید.
Evidence based decision making in periodonticsHardi Gandhi
INTRODUCTION TO EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY
EVIDENCE BASED PERIODONTOLOGY
NEED, PRINCIPLES, GOALS AND ADVANTAGES OF EBDM
SKILLS NEEDED FOR EBDM
ASSESING THE EVIDENCE
INCORPORATING INTO THE PRACTICE
How to formulate a researchable question based on picos - PubricaPubrica
Unanswered questions in current clinical practice and interactions dictating alternate treatments will lead to the formulation of a clinical research question. It would help researchers by giving them step-by-step instructions about how to formulate a research question.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. CONTENTS
• Types Of Research
• Fields Of Research
• Research Question And Hypothesis
• Research Question
• Hypothesis
• Essential Elements Of Research Question : PICO
• Framing A Research Question
• Conclusion
4. BASIC RESEARCH :
• Research driven by the curiosity or interest of a scientist in a
particular subject.
• Main purpose is to expand the existing pool of knowledge
• There is no obvious/immediate commercial value of the
outcome of basic research.
5. EXAMPLES
1. What is the mechanism of infection by HIV virus?
2. What is the genetic code for humans?
6. APPLIED RESEARCH:
• It is designed to solve some practical problem or to improve
prevailing conditions.
• Examples: 1. How can one cure HIV infection?
2. How to alter genetic code to detect and cure disease?
7. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: (What? When?)
• Exploratory in nature.
• Used when we do not know what to expect.
• Commonly used for understanding human knowledge, attitude,
behavior, feelings, values and opinions, etc.
• Conducted in natural setting.
8. EXAMPLES :
1. What is the prevalence of tobacco smoking in medical
students?
2. Did boys or girls perform better in CBSE class 12 examinations in
the year 2018?
9. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: (How? Why?)
• Conclusive in nature.
• Inquiry into an identified problem
• Usually based on testing a hypothesis
• Measured with numbers and analyzed using statistical
methods.
10. EXAMPLES:
1. How can one cure HIV infection?
2. Why do medical students smoke?
Qualitative research may generate ideas or hypotheses for exploring
the subject further through quantitative research.
11. FIELDS OF RESEARCH
Some of them are listed below:
1. Intracellular and biological processes, genetic studies, studies
on properties of drugs, animal experiments.
2. Distribution of diseases and/ or health- related characteristics
in the population.
3. Profile of cases of a specific disease.
12. 4. Risk factors and their contribution to the condition
5. Efficacy of treatment: drugs, procedures
6. Efficacy of diagnostic tests
7. Health economics, cost effectiveness
8. Quality of healthcare, and quality of life
9. reviews, meta-analysis
14. WHAT IS A RESEARCH QUESTION?
It is the question that we are trying to answer when we do
research on a topic.
More than one research question can framed on a topic.
15. • The research question can be of different levels:
• Descriptive RQ : seeks description of a phenomenon. It usually
covers only one variable.
Example:
1. What is the prevalence of scabies in primary children in
jaipur?
2. What is the socioeconomic status of patients presenting with
scabies at dermatology OPD of Jaipuria hospital?
16. • Inferential RQ: aims at drawing inference from a sample of population.
It involves a min. of two variables- dependent and independent.
Example:
1. What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and occurrence
of scabies among the students of primary school in jaipur?
2. Is drug A is better than drug B for treating scabies in children?
17. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS?
• It is a statement that makes a prediction about the result of
an experiment.
• A hypothesis is very specific and it is based on previous
empirical research. Hypothesis is used in quantitative
research.
18. FORMS OF HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
• Predicts that no relationship or
significance difference exists
between two or more variables.
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
• There exist a significant
difference between two or more
variables.
• Non- directional hypothesis or
Directional hypothesis.
Null hypothesis is a hypothesis to be disproved. When the null
hypothesis is rejected, alternate hypothesis accepted- at least for the
time being.
19. PICO: Essential Elements of Research Question
• A well built RQ usually contain four elements represented by:
PICO
Stands for :
P Patient, population or problem
I Intervention
C Comparator
O Outcome
20. The intervention and comparator - Independent variable
The outcome – Dependent variable
21. Example 1
In ventilated patients (P), head-of-bed elevation of 45
degrees (I)compared to 20 degrees (C) reduce
incidence of ventilated associated pneumonia (O).
22. Example 2
In hospitalized children,(P) does the Wong-Baker Pain
FACES Rating Scale (I) compared to the Child Medical
Fear Scale (C) more effectively evaluate the child's level
of pain (O)?
23. Example 3
In non-ambulatory patients, (P) does turning the
patient (I) compared to pressure mattresses (C) reduce
the risk of pressure ulcers (O) ?
24. FRAMING A RQ/ HYPOTHESIS
Choose an interesting broad topic
Do some preliminary research on your general topic.
Narrow the topic that suits your and research community’s interest
Frame an appropriate RQ/Hypothesis
Check for PICO Elements
Test for goodness: novelty, relevance, clear, ethical. Interesting,
feasible, appropiately complex
25. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RQ
FINER Criteria for a Good Research Question
• Feasible
Adequate number of subjects
Adequate technical expertise
Affordable in time and money
Manageable in scope
• Interesting
Interesting enough to engage student, supervisor & research community
26. • Novel
Addresses a defined gap in knowledge
• Ethical
Acceptable to study population, no potential harm to them
• Relevant
To scientific knowledge
To clinical and health policy
To future research
27. • Clear
Well defined
focused
• Appropriately complex
Neither very ambitious nor very simple
well suited to caliber of student & supervisor
• Often start with……… How? Which? Why?
28. BAD RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Have simple and easy answers
• Can be answered in one word or one sentence
• Have no answer
• Are purely opinion
• Often start with ………. Who? Where? How many? When?
29. EXAMPLE 1
Unclear: How should social networking sites address the harm they
cause?
Clear: What action should social networking sites like Instagram
and Facebook take to protect users’ personal information and
privacy?
30. EXAMPLE 2
Unclear: Do the patients suffering from carcinoma lung smoke more?
Clear: Is the frequency and quantum of smoking- in terms of pack
years- greater among patients diagnosed as carcinoma lung by biopsy,
as compared to the controls?
31. EXAMPLE 3
Unfocused: What is the effect on the environment from global
warming?
Focused: What is the most significant effect of glacial melting on the
lives of penguins in Antarctica?
32. EXAMPLE 4
Unfocused: What is the effect of television viewing on students?
Focused: Does increase in the duration of television viewing adversely
affect the sleep pattern of the primary school students?
33. EXAMPLE 5
Too simple: How are doctors addressing diabetes in India?
Appropriately Complex: What main environmental, behavioral, and
genetic factors predict whether Indians will develop diabetes, and how
can these commonalities be used to aid the medical community in
prevention of the disease?
34. CONCLUSION
• Exercise thoroughly in selecting research topic and framing the RQ/
hypothesis
• Reflection on all the currently available info on the proposed topic is
vital.
• Evaluate RQ for the application of PICO strategy & compliance of
goodness criteria.