Chemokines are small proteins that direct the movement of white blood cells to sites of injury or infection. They are classified based on structural characteristics like the positioning of conserved cysteine residues. The four main classes are CC, CXC, C, and CX3C chemokines. Chemokines bind to G protein-coupled receptors on cells and signal through G proteins and secondary messengers to induce cell migration. Chemokines play roles in processes like inflammation, immunity, and cancer and are implicated in diseases like HIV, arthritis, and transplant rejection.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Cytokine Receptors, Mohammad Mufarreh AliMMufarreh
A detailed description of the nature, types, and mechanisms of action of cytokine receptors.
Describes the different functions of cytokines and their role in the regulation of the immune response.
Cytokine receptor signalling and their regulation and the role of cytokines in disease is also covered briefly.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Cytokine Receptors, Mohammad Mufarreh AliMMufarreh
A detailed description of the nature, types, and mechanisms of action of cytokine receptors.
Describes the different functions of cytokines and their role in the regulation of the immune response.
Cytokine receptor signalling and their regulation and the role of cytokines in disease is also covered briefly.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
If the many beneficial effects of the chemokines can be preserved, such efforts hold great promise for uncovering new therapies for inflammatory and immunologic disease
The immune system is a network designed for the homeostasis of large molecules (oligomers) and cells based on specific recognition processes.
It is the collection of cells, tissues and molecules that function to defend us against infectious microbes
Immunity :
It is defined as the resistance exhibited by the host against any
foreign antigen including microorganisms.
Plays a major role in prevention of infectious diseases.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. Chemokines are small heparin-binding proteins that direct
the movement of circulating leucocytes to the site of
inflammation and injury.
Chemokines are 8-10 kD proteins with 20-70 % homology
in amino acid sequence.
Chemokines act like chemoattractant cytokine.
5. Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their
structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells.
They possess conserved amino acids that are important for creating their 3-
dimensional or tertiary structure, such as (in most cases) four cysteines that
interact with each other.
6.
7. Most chemokines have 4 cysteine residues which form disulphide bonds:
1. CC class –
The first two cysteines are adjacent (example: MCP-1, RANTES)
2. CXC class-
The first two cysteines are not adjacent (example: IL-8)
3. C class –
Only has 2 cysteines not 4 (example: Lymphotactin)
4. CX3C class –
Has 3 amino acids between the first two cysteines and a different N-
terminal
9. Chemokine Receptors
Chemokine receptors are defined by function, not structure:- they
bind chemokines and transduce signal.
To date all known chemokine receptors are members of the 7TM
GPCR superfamily, coupling to Gi.
10. CXC chemokines-
The two N-terminal cysteines of CXC chemokines (or α- chemokines) are
separated by one amino acid, represented in this name with an "X”.
CXC chemokines
Glutamic acid leucine Glutamic acid leucine
arginine positive arginine negative
(ELR- Motif) (ELR without Motif)
Eg. IL-8 Eg. IL-8, GCP2,
GROα,β,Ƴ, MCP1-5,
RANTES.
11. ELR +ve :
means that induce the migration of neutrophils and interact with
CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptors.
eg. IL-8 which induces neutrophils to leave the bloodstream and enter
into the surrounding tissue.
ELR –ve :
means that induce migration of lymphocytes and interact with CXCR1 to
CXCR7 chemokine receptors.
eg. IL-8, GCP2, GRO-α,β,Ƴ, MCP1-5 $ RANTES,
MCP( monocyte chemoattractant proteins)
RANTES (regulated upon activation , normal T-cell expressed and
regulated).
12. CC Chemokine
Having ability to induce migration of monocytes, NK
cells, dendritic cells.
Eg. MCP- Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (CCL2)
specifically attracts monocytes and memory T cells.
Other example is RANTES-
c-c motif ligand 5 (i.e. CCL5) is a protein which in humans is
encoded by the CCL5 gene known as RANTES.
That attracts cells such as T-cells, basophils, & eosinophils, that
express the receptor CCR5.
13. CXXXC chemokines-
in which 3 amino acid residue is present between two cysteines
residues.
Its also known as α chemokines
It work as both-
Chemoattractant
Adhesion molecule
Eg. fractalkine
14. C chemokines (or γ chemokines)
Unlike all other chemokines in that it has only two cysteines; one
N-terminal cysteine and one cysteine downstream.
Two chemokines have been described for this subgroup and are
called:
1. XCL1 (lymphotactin-α) and
2. XCL2 (lymphotactin-β).
15. GDP+ G-protein subunit G-protein become inactive
binding of the chemokine ligand, chemokine receptors associate
with G-proteins then GDP GTP and the dissociation of the
different G protein subunits. The subunit called Gβ activates
an enzyme known as PLC
Now, PLC cleaves PIP2 to form two second messenger molecules
called IP3 and DAG
DAG activates another enzyme called PKC, and IP3 triggers the
release of calcium from intracellular stores.
Eg. IL8 binds to receptors CXCR1 &CXCR2, a rise of calcium
they activate PLD and that initiate intracellular signalling cascade
called MAP kinase pathway
19. 1. Cancer
2. Asthma and allergy
3. Autoimmunity
4. Transplantation
5. HIV
6. Inflammatory diseases such as
- rheumatoid arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- atherosclerosis
- psoriasis and
- inflammatory bowel disease
20.
21. Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism of lymphocyte
recruitment by CXCR3-binding chemokines in endocrine autoimmunity.
Thyroid follicular cells secrete CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 upon
stimulation with IFN-γ and TNF-α. Chemokines, in turn, drive chemotaxis
from blood vessels of T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR3.
This particular subset of T cells shows a prevalent Th1 immune phenotype
and produces IFN-γ, thus perpetuating the inflammatory process.
This loop of events supports the active role played by thyroid follicular cells
and in general by cells of the glandular epithelium (a similar mechanism has
been demonstrated for β-cells and adrenal cells of the zona fasciculata) in
determining the specificity of the infiltrating lymphocytes and in maintaining
the autoimmune process.
22. Chronic rejection of allografts is mediated by a tandem of
alloantigen-dependent and -independent factors. The oxidative
stress inherent to the transplantation procedure operates within a
milieu of immunologic factors that contribute to the later
development of chronic rejection.
The aim of this study is investigate the role that early myocardial
oxidative stress signaling pathways may have in the
development of GCAD using rodent heart transplant models.
Our working hypothesis is that myocardial oxidative stress
following cardiac transplantation contributes to the development
of GCAD via a bcl-2-associated mechanism.
23.
24.
25.
26. Intramolecular disulfide bonds typically join the first to
third, and the second to fourth cysteine residues, numbered as
they appear in the protein sequence of the chemokine.
The first two cysteines, in a chemokine, are situated close
together near the N-terminal end of the mature protein, with the
third cysteine residing in the centre of the molecule and the
fourth close to the C-terminal end.
A loop of approximately ten amino acids follows the first two
cysteines and is known as the N-loop.
This is followed by a single-turn helix, called three β-
strands and a C-terminal α-helix. These helices and strands are
connected by turns called 30s, 40s and50s loops; the third and
fourth cysteines are located in the 30s and 50s loops.