CD markers and other markers are used to identify cell types in cancer diagnostics. CD20 is expressed on B-cell lymphocytes and is a target for antibody therapies. CD31 is expressed on endothelial cells and is used along with Collagen IV to identify vascular structures. CD56 is expressed on natural killer cells and some neuroendocrine tumors. P63 is commonly expressed in squamous cell carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas but not adenocarcinomas. HER2 is overexpressed in some breast and gastric cancers and is a target for Trastuzumab therapies. Vimentin is expressed in mesenchymal cells and tissues and increased expression has been reported in various epithelial cancers.
The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on cytopathology of the breast. It discusses the normal breast anatomy and cells seen on fine needle aspiration (FNA). It covers patient workup, techniques for FNA, and considerations for interpreting results. Inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant breast tumors are addressed. The accuracy and limitations of FNA are summarized. Reporting categories for breast FNA results are also outlined.
processing of bone marrow trephine biopsykanwalpreet15
there is no standard method for processing of bone marrow trephine biopsies. there are various fixatives and decalcifying agents . depending upon need of IHC and cytogenetics, we can decide
Cell blocks provide diagnostic information in addition to regular cytology slides. They allow examination of histological structure and use of ancillary tests like special stains and immunohistochemistry. A cell block is prepared by concentrating cells from cytology specimens using various methods like centrifugation or thrombin clotting. This allows cells to be processed and examined like histology samples. Cell blocks improve diagnostic accuracy for body fluids and fineneedle aspiration samples. They are useful for identifying primary tumor sites, distinguishing reactive from malignant cells, and enabling molecular testing.
Immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of soft tissue tumours seminarPannaga Kumar
This document discusses immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. It begins by introducing soft tissue and the classification of soft tissue tumors. It then discusses various ancillary techniques used, focusing on immunohistochemistry. It provides details on common markers used to identify muscle, neural, melanocytic, endothelial and other types of differentiation. It discusses the applications and diagnostic utility of various markers for different tumor types. In summary, the document is a comprehensive overview of immunohistochemistry techniques and markers useful in the diagnosis and classification of soft tissue tumors.
This document provides information on immunohistochemistry (IHC), including:
1. IHC is used to detect antigens in tissues through antigen-antibody recognition at the light microscopic level. It applies immunologic principles and techniques to study cells and tissues.
2. The basic principle of IHC is a sharp visualization of target components in cells and tissues based on a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
3. The main steps of IHC are tissue processing, antigen retrieval, primary/secondary antibody incubation, detection, counterstaining, and mounting. Proper controls and interpretation of results are also discussed.
This document summarizes the hormonal effects on vaginal cytology and the interpretation of vaginal smear samples. It describes how hormones influence the cells seen in smears throughout a woman's life. Estrogen causes maturation of superficial cells while progesterone increases intermediate cells. The maturation index is used to assess the ratio of cell types. Smears change over the menstrual cycle and with life events like pregnancy and menopause due to varying hormone levels. Precise collection and interpreting samples in the context of a patient's history is important for evaluation.
Flow cytometry plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis of hematological disorders by providing data on immunophenotype. It is a method that can measure multiple characteristics of single cells using fluorescent markers and lasers. This allows determination of cell size, granularity, protein expression and more. Two cases are described where flow cytometry was used. In case 1, a leukemia sample showed expression of markers consistent with acute promyelocytic leukemia. In case 2, a mediastinal mass sample expressed markers indicating acute T-cell leukemia. Flow cytometry provides valuable immunophenotyping data for diagnosis of hematological malignancies.
This document provides an approach for evaluating undifferentiated tumors. It begins by categorizing undifferentiated tumors into 4 groups based on morphology: small round cell tumors, epithelioid cell tumors, spindle cell tumors, and pleomorphic tumors. It then outlines the diagnostic algorithm which involves determining the main lineage (epithelial, melanocytic, hematopoietic/lymphoid, or mesenchymal), specifying a diagnosis using immunohistochemistry and clinical correlation, and considering the differential diagnoses for each category. A variety of immunohistochemical markers are also described that can help identify the cell or tumor type.
The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on cytopathology of the breast. It discusses the normal breast anatomy and cells seen on fine needle aspiration (FNA). It covers patient workup, techniques for FNA, and considerations for interpreting results. Inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant breast tumors are addressed. The accuracy and limitations of FNA are summarized. Reporting categories for breast FNA results are also outlined.
processing of bone marrow trephine biopsykanwalpreet15
there is no standard method for processing of bone marrow trephine biopsies. there are various fixatives and decalcifying agents . depending upon need of IHC and cytogenetics, we can decide
Cell blocks provide diagnostic information in addition to regular cytology slides. They allow examination of histological structure and use of ancillary tests like special stains and immunohistochemistry. A cell block is prepared by concentrating cells from cytology specimens using various methods like centrifugation or thrombin clotting. This allows cells to be processed and examined like histology samples. Cell blocks improve diagnostic accuracy for body fluids and fineneedle aspiration samples. They are useful for identifying primary tumor sites, distinguishing reactive from malignant cells, and enabling molecular testing.
Immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of soft tissue tumours seminarPannaga Kumar
This document discusses immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. It begins by introducing soft tissue and the classification of soft tissue tumors. It then discusses various ancillary techniques used, focusing on immunohistochemistry. It provides details on common markers used to identify muscle, neural, melanocytic, endothelial and other types of differentiation. It discusses the applications and diagnostic utility of various markers for different tumor types. In summary, the document is a comprehensive overview of immunohistochemistry techniques and markers useful in the diagnosis and classification of soft tissue tumors.
This document provides information on immunohistochemistry (IHC), including:
1. IHC is used to detect antigens in tissues through antigen-antibody recognition at the light microscopic level. It applies immunologic principles and techniques to study cells and tissues.
2. The basic principle of IHC is a sharp visualization of target components in cells and tissues based on a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
3. The main steps of IHC are tissue processing, antigen retrieval, primary/secondary antibody incubation, detection, counterstaining, and mounting. Proper controls and interpretation of results are also discussed.
This document summarizes the hormonal effects on vaginal cytology and the interpretation of vaginal smear samples. It describes how hormones influence the cells seen in smears throughout a woman's life. Estrogen causes maturation of superficial cells while progesterone increases intermediate cells. The maturation index is used to assess the ratio of cell types. Smears change over the menstrual cycle and with life events like pregnancy and menopause due to varying hormone levels. Precise collection and interpreting samples in the context of a patient's history is important for evaluation.
Flow cytometry plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis of hematological disorders by providing data on immunophenotype. It is a method that can measure multiple characteristics of single cells using fluorescent markers and lasers. This allows determination of cell size, granularity, protein expression and more. Two cases are described where flow cytometry was used. In case 1, a leukemia sample showed expression of markers consistent with acute promyelocytic leukemia. In case 2, a mediastinal mass sample expressed markers indicating acute T-cell leukemia. Flow cytometry provides valuable immunophenotyping data for diagnosis of hematological malignancies.
This document provides an approach for evaluating undifferentiated tumors. It begins by categorizing undifferentiated tumors into 4 groups based on morphology: small round cell tumors, epithelioid cell tumors, spindle cell tumors, and pleomorphic tumors. It then outlines the diagnostic algorithm which involves determining the main lineage (epithelial, melanocytic, hematopoietic/lymphoid, or mesenchymal), specifying a diagnosis using immunohistochemistry and clinical correlation, and considering the differential diagnoses for each category. A variety of immunohistochemical markers are also described that can help identify the cell or tumor type.
Myelodysplastic syndrome according to WHO 2016Madhuri Reddy
The document defines myelodysplastic syndromes as a group of clonal stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia in one or more myeloid lineages, ineffective hematopoiesis, recurrent genetic abnormalities, and an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, cytogenetics, morphological features, clinical features, WHO classification, differential diagnosis, variants, immunophenotyping, management, and prognosis of MDS. The document provides details on the definition, evaluation, classification, genetic abnormalities, and clinical manifestations of myelodysplastic syndromes.
For undergradutes
Revise structure of lymph node and spleen
Classify non-neoplastic lesions
Various histological patterns
Etiologies of each lesion / pattern
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter lymph and house immune cells. A lymph node contains a fibrous capsule enclosing compartments of connective tissue and lymphocytes. The parenchyma is divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla. A normal lymph node contains mature lymphocytes, plasma cells, centrocytes, centroblasts, and immunoblasts. Lymphadenopathy refers to enlarged lymph nodes, which can be caused by infection, inflammation, autoimmune disease, or cancer metastasis. Physical examination of lymph nodes considers location, number, size, consistency, tenderness, and mobility to evaluate causes of lymphadenopathy.
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This document discusses Perls stain, which is used to identify iron deposits in tissue samples. It provides background on pigments in living tissue, including endogenous pigments like hemosiderin and hematogenous pigments. The history of Prussian blue and its use as Perls stain is described. The principle of the stain is that hydrochloric acid releases ferric ions from hemosiderin, which then react with potassium ferrocyanide to form insoluble Prussian blue pigment. Staining protocols, quality control, and clinical applications for identifying iron deposits in organs are covered.
cytochemical stains. CML versus Leukamoid. LAP score. NAP score. Hematology, Hematopathology. Lab technology. Pahology. Medical Laboratory. White cell stains
This document discusses patterns of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings in benign and malignant breast lesions. It provides classifications of breast lesions, descriptions of cytology findings for specific lesions such as fibroadenomas, papillomas, cysts, fat necrosis, and various types of breast carcinomas. It notes that while FNAC is useful for evaluating breast lesions, its ability to distinguish between some proliferative benign lesions and low-grade carcinomas is limited. Histopathological examination is often needed for definitive diagnosis.
Liquid based cytology is a method to collect and prepare cervical cell samples for microscopic examination. The sample is collected from the cervix using a spatula or broom and transferred to a preservative solution. The cells are then dispersed in the fluid and either centrifuged or filtered onto a slide to form a thin monolayer for staining and examination under a microscope. The two most widely used liquid based cytology systems are Sure Path and Thin Prep. Liquid based cytology offers advantages like immediate cell fixation, evaluation of all collected material, and preparation of representative samples, but it can alter smear patterns and dispersion of abnormal cells.
The document discusses the development and benefits of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. It aims to standardize terminology for salivary gland FNA reports which previously lacked uniformity. The system categorizes specimens as non-diagnostic, non-neoplastic, atypia of undetermined significance, neoplastic (benign or uncertain malignant potential), suspicious for malignancy, or malignant. It is intended to improve communication between pathologists and clinicians, enhance patient care, and facilitate research by allowing standardized data collection across institutions. While validation is ongoing, the system provides a practical framework for uniform reporting of salivary gland cytology.
Immunohistochemistry is a technique used to identify antigens in tissue samples using antigen-antibody interactions. It has made a large impact in disease diagnosis since its development in the 1940s-1970s. The technique involves using labeled antibodies that specifically bind to antigens in tissue sections. This binding is then visualized using markers like enzymes or fluorescent dyes. Several methods have been developed to increase the signal and reduce background noise, including indirect labeling techniques and polymer-based methods. Proper tissue processing and antibody selection are important for obtaining high quality results with immunohistochemistry.
This document discusses immunohistochemistry (IHC), which is used to identify tissue antigens through antigen-antibody interactions. It provides details on the IHC process, common antibodies and their targets, and tumor markers. IHC is useful for tumor diagnosis, narrowing differential diagnoses, and detecting unexpected diagnoses. The antibody panels discussed can help determine the primary site of cancers and differentiate between tumor types.
Tensins are proteins located at focal adhesions that link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. There are four tensin family members that play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. Tensins help maintain tissue integrity but can also contribute to disease when their expression is altered, as seen in various cancers where different tensins may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes depending on the context. The functions and regulation of individual tensins can vary between tissues and disease states.
Papillary lesions of the breast form a spectrum ranging from benign intraductal papillomas to preinvasive and invasive papillary carcinomas. Intraductal papillomas are characterized by arborescent fibrovascular cores lined by epithelial cells and can be central or peripheral in location. Some papillomas may have areas of atypical ductal hyperplasia or ductal carcinoma in situ. Intraductal papillary carcinoma lacks a myoepithelial cell layer. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma and solid papillary carcinoma are rare variants that typically have a good prognosis with local therapy. Invasive papillary carcinoma is exceedingly rare.
Cytogenetic Analysis in Hematological Malignanciesspa718
The document discusses the importance of cytogenetic analysis in hematological malignancies. Some key points:
- Many hematological malignancies have clonal chromosomal abnormalities that can aid in diagnosis, classification, and risk stratification.
- Certain recurrent abnormalities are specific to certain tumor subtypes and can predict treatment response and clinical outcome.
- Genes at breakpoints of recurrent abnormalities play a role in tumorigenesis and can be treatment targets.
- Cytogenetic analysis is useful for diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment selection, and monitoring treatment response in hematological cancers like CML, AML, ALL, lymphoma, MDS, MM, and CLL.
Molecular profiling of breast cancer can classify tumor types, identify appropriate therapeutic targets, determine prognosis, and predict treatment response. Techniques include immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription PCR, microarrays, and next generation sequencing to analyze protein expression, gene copy number, mutations, and gene expression levels. Breast cancers are classified into intrinsic subtypes including luminal A/B, HER2-enriched, basal-like, and claudin-low based on distinct gene expression patterns that predict clinical behavior and response to therapy.
Minimal Residual Disease in Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaDr. Liza Bulsara
This document discusses minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It provides information on several key points:
1. MRD refers to small amounts of leukemia cells that can be detected through sensitive laboratory techniques like flow cytometry and PCR, but not through standard morphology.
2. Various methods for detecting MRD are discussed, including immunophenotyping, PCR, FISH, and cytogenetics. PCR can detect a single malignant cell among 100,000 normal cells and is the most sensitive method.
3. MRD levels determined at different time points during treatment have prognostic significance and can be used for risk stratification and determining the need for treatment intensification or reduction. Monitoring
The document discusses the history, utility, and methods of preparing cell blocks from fine needle aspiration cytology samples. Cell blocks allow examination of histological structure and use of ancillary tests. Key methods include the fixed sedimentation method using a 1:1 ratio of 100% alcohol and 40% formalin, the plasma thrombin method using equal parts plasma and thrombin, and the bacterial agar method using 3% agar. Cell blocks provide increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to cytology alone through examination of tissue architecture and ability to perform special stains and molecular testing.
The document discusses effusion cytology. It begins by describing the anatomy of serous cavities and membranes that line them, producing serous fluid. Any excess fluid is an effusion, indicating a pathological process. Effusions can be classified as hydrostatic, infectious, inflammatory, or malignant. Samples are collected and prepared as smears for staining.
Normal components in effusions include mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells. Reactive mesothelial cells can appear atypical but maintain a uniform appearance. Malignant effusions result from direct extension or metastasis of cancers. Identifying malignant cells involves comparing size, shape and number to determine the primary tumor type and origin. The most
This document discusses the use of molecular cytogenetics techniques in the diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies. It begins by outlining the indications for cytogenetic analysis in hematological neoplasms. It then describes several cytogenetic analysis methods including conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multicolor FISH (mFISH), multicolor banding (mBAND), and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. The document discusses the approach to cytogenetic analysis in several hematological malignancies and lists some common translocations in lymphomas. It provides an overview of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities seen in several leukemias and lymphomas.
This document discusses immunohistochemistry (IHC), which uses antibodies to identify specific proteins in tissue samples. It provides terminology used in IHC and describes various antibody and detection methods. The bulk of the document lists markers used to diagnose different types of epithelial tumors, soft tissue tumors, and other lesions, including cytokeratins, mucins, claudins, desmin, S-100, CD99, HMB45, CD31, CD117, and others. It emphasizes the importance of correlating IHC results with clinical and imaging findings for optimal diagnosis.
Myelodysplastic syndrome according to WHO 2016Madhuri Reddy
The document defines myelodysplastic syndromes as a group of clonal stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia in one or more myeloid lineages, ineffective hematopoiesis, recurrent genetic abnormalities, and an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, cytogenetics, morphological features, clinical features, WHO classification, differential diagnosis, variants, immunophenotyping, management, and prognosis of MDS. The document provides details on the definition, evaluation, classification, genetic abnormalities, and clinical manifestations of myelodysplastic syndromes.
For undergradutes
Revise structure of lymph node and spleen
Classify non-neoplastic lesions
Various histological patterns
Etiologies of each lesion / pattern
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter lymph and house immune cells. A lymph node contains a fibrous capsule enclosing compartments of connective tissue and lymphocytes. The parenchyma is divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla. A normal lymph node contains mature lymphocytes, plasma cells, centrocytes, centroblasts, and immunoblasts. Lymphadenopathy refers to enlarged lymph nodes, which can be caused by infection, inflammation, autoimmune disease, or cancer metastasis. Physical examination of lymph nodes considers location, number, size, consistency, tenderness, and mobility to evaluate causes of lymphadenopathy.
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This document discusses Perls stain, which is used to identify iron deposits in tissue samples. It provides background on pigments in living tissue, including endogenous pigments like hemosiderin and hematogenous pigments. The history of Prussian blue and its use as Perls stain is described. The principle of the stain is that hydrochloric acid releases ferric ions from hemosiderin, which then react with potassium ferrocyanide to form insoluble Prussian blue pigment. Staining protocols, quality control, and clinical applications for identifying iron deposits in organs are covered.
cytochemical stains. CML versus Leukamoid. LAP score. NAP score. Hematology, Hematopathology. Lab technology. Pahology. Medical Laboratory. White cell stains
This document discusses patterns of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings in benign and malignant breast lesions. It provides classifications of breast lesions, descriptions of cytology findings for specific lesions such as fibroadenomas, papillomas, cysts, fat necrosis, and various types of breast carcinomas. It notes that while FNAC is useful for evaluating breast lesions, its ability to distinguish between some proliferative benign lesions and low-grade carcinomas is limited. Histopathological examination is often needed for definitive diagnosis.
Liquid based cytology is a method to collect and prepare cervical cell samples for microscopic examination. The sample is collected from the cervix using a spatula or broom and transferred to a preservative solution. The cells are then dispersed in the fluid and either centrifuged or filtered onto a slide to form a thin monolayer for staining and examination under a microscope. The two most widely used liquid based cytology systems are Sure Path and Thin Prep. Liquid based cytology offers advantages like immediate cell fixation, evaluation of all collected material, and preparation of representative samples, but it can alter smear patterns and dispersion of abnormal cells.
The document discusses the development and benefits of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. It aims to standardize terminology for salivary gland FNA reports which previously lacked uniformity. The system categorizes specimens as non-diagnostic, non-neoplastic, atypia of undetermined significance, neoplastic (benign or uncertain malignant potential), suspicious for malignancy, or malignant. It is intended to improve communication between pathologists and clinicians, enhance patient care, and facilitate research by allowing standardized data collection across institutions. While validation is ongoing, the system provides a practical framework for uniform reporting of salivary gland cytology.
Immunohistochemistry is a technique used to identify antigens in tissue samples using antigen-antibody interactions. It has made a large impact in disease diagnosis since its development in the 1940s-1970s. The technique involves using labeled antibodies that specifically bind to antigens in tissue sections. This binding is then visualized using markers like enzymes or fluorescent dyes. Several methods have been developed to increase the signal and reduce background noise, including indirect labeling techniques and polymer-based methods. Proper tissue processing and antibody selection are important for obtaining high quality results with immunohistochemistry.
This document discusses immunohistochemistry (IHC), which is used to identify tissue antigens through antigen-antibody interactions. It provides details on the IHC process, common antibodies and their targets, and tumor markers. IHC is useful for tumor diagnosis, narrowing differential diagnoses, and detecting unexpected diagnoses. The antibody panels discussed can help determine the primary site of cancers and differentiate between tumor types.
Tensins are proteins located at focal adhesions that link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. There are four tensin family members that play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. Tensins help maintain tissue integrity but can also contribute to disease when their expression is altered, as seen in various cancers where different tensins may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes depending on the context. The functions and regulation of individual tensins can vary between tissues and disease states.
Papillary lesions of the breast form a spectrum ranging from benign intraductal papillomas to preinvasive and invasive papillary carcinomas. Intraductal papillomas are characterized by arborescent fibrovascular cores lined by epithelial cells and can be central or peripheral in location. Some papillomas may have areas of atypical ductal hyperplasia or ductal carcinoma in situ. Intraductal papillary carcinoma lacks a myoepithelial cell layer. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma and solid papillary carcinoma are rare variants that typically have a good prognosis with local therapy. Invasive papillary carcinoma is exceedingly rare.
Cytogenetic Analysis in Hematological Malignanciesspa718
The document discusses the importance of cytogenetic analysis in hematological malignancies. Some key points:
- Many hematological malignancies have clonal chromosomal abnormalities that can aid in diagnosis, classification, and risk stratification.
- Certain recurrent abnormalities are specific to certain tumor subtypes and can predict treatment response and clinical outcome.
- Genes at breakpoints of recurrent abnormalities play a role in tumorigenesis and can be treatment targets.
- Cytogenetic analysis is useful for diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment selection, and monitoring treatment response in hematological cancers like CML, AML, ALL, lymphoma, MDS, MM, and CLL.
Molecular profiling of breast cancer can classify tumor types, identify appropriate therapeutic targets, determine prognosis, and predict treatment response. Techniques include immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription PCR, microarrays, and next generation sequencing to analyze protein expression, gene copy number, mutations, and gene expression levels. Breast cancers are classified into intrinsic subtypes including luminal A/B, HER2-enriched, basal-like, and claudin-low based on distinct gene expression patterns that predict clinical behavior and response to therapy.
Minimal Residual Disease in Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaDr. Liza Bulsara
This document discusses minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It provides information on several key points:
1. MRD refers to small amounts of leukemia cells that can be detected through sensitive laboratory techniques like flow cytometry and PCR, but not through standard morphology.
2. Various methods for detecting MRD are discussed, including immunophenotyping, PCR, FISH, and cytogenetics. PCR can detect a single malignant cell among 100,000 normal cells and is the most sensitive method.
3. MRD levels determined at different time points during treatment have prognostic significance and can be used for risk stratification and determining the need for treatment intensification or reduction. Monitoring
The document discusses the history, utility, and methods of preparing cell blocks from fine needle aspiration cytology samples. Cell blocks allow examination of histological structure and use of ancillary tests. Key methods include the fixed sedimentation method using a 1:1 ratio of 100% alcohol and 40% formalin, the plasma thrombin method using equal parts plasma and thrombin, and the bacterial agar method using 3% agar. Cell blocks provide increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to cytology alone through examination of tissue architecture and ability to perform special stains and molecular testing.
The document discusses effusion cytology. It begins by describing the anatomy of serous cavities and membranes that line them, producing serous fluid. Any excess fluid is an effusion, indicating a pathological process. Effusions can be classified as hydrostatic, infectious, inflammatory, or malignant. Samples are collected and prepared as smears for staining.
Normal components in effusions include mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells. Reactive mesothelial cells can appear atypical but maintain a uniform appearance. Malignant effusions result from direct extension or metastasis of cancers. Identifying malignant cells involves comparing size, shape and number to determine the primary tumor type and origin. The most
This document discusses the use of molecular cytogenetics techniques in the diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies. It begins by outlining the indications for cytogenetic analysis in hematological neoplasms. It then describes several cytogenetic analysis methods including conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multicolor FISH (mFISH), multicolor banding (mBAND), and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. The document discusses the approach to cytogenetic analysis in several hematological malignancies and lists some common translocations in lymphomas. It provides an overview of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities seen in several leukemias and lymphomas.
This document discusses immunohistochemistry (IHC), which uses antibodies to identify specific proteins in tissue samples. It provides terminology used in IHC and describes various antibody and detection methods. The bulk of the document lists markers used to diagnose different types of epithelial tumors, soft tissue tumors, and other lesions, including cytokeratins, mucins, claudins, desmin, S-100, CD99, HMB45, CD31, CD117, and others. It emphasizes the importance of correlating IHC results with clinical and imaging findings for optimal diagnosis.
By using flow cytometry, staining dyes are needed. Creative Bioarray can choose different dyes to perform the assays, including propidium iodide (PI), BrdU, 7-amino actinomycin-D (7-AAD), Hoechst 33342 and 33258, and 4’6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), based on the customer’s applications or requirements.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the process of mitosis.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
Cell cycle regulation is controlled by cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors. Cyclins bind to and activate CDKs to promote cell cycle progression. CDK inhibitors like p16 and p21 inhibit CDK activity to induce cell cycle arrest. Checkpoints like the DNA damage checkpoint ensure DNA integrity before replication or division. Dysregulation of these regulators can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
Basic concept of Cancer and cancer cell.Madhur sharma
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by alterations in genes that can result from mutations during cell division, exposure to external agents, or randomly. There are four main types of cancer - carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. Cancer is characterized by cellular changes that promote uncontrolled growth. Some key cancer genes include oncogenes that promote growth and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit growth. Examples are discussed like MYC, RAS, P53, and RB. New strategies to treat cancer focus on immunotherapy, inhibiting cancer-promoting proteins, and blocking angiogenesis within tumors.
- ALK gene mutations can cause lymphomas such as ALCL and rare cases of DLBCL. The ALK gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor important for neural development. In ALCL, the ALK gene often fuses with other genes like NPM, forming chimeric proteins that drive uncontrolled cell growth. ALCL with ALK mutations has a better prognosis and responds well to chemotherapy, with many patients achieving long-term remission or cure. New targeted therapies that inhibit ALK are also under development.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an internally controlled suicide program where cells are removed with minimal disruption of surrounding tissue. It plays important roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and defense against infection and cancer. There are two main apoptotic pathways - the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic death receptor pathway. Both pathways activate caspases, cysteine proteases that cleave proteins to execute the cell death program through processes like DNA fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies. Deregulation of apoptosis contributes to cancer development by allowing damaged or unnecessary cells to survive. Targeting the apoptotic pathway is a strategy for cancer treatment.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is derived from CD5+ B cells and is driven by genetic lesions and interactions with the microenvironment. CLL cells have abnormalities in apoptosis pathways like high Bcl-2 and FLIP expression that make them resistant to death signals. They also show chronic B-cell receptor signaling from tonic or antigen stimulation. The microenvironment protects CLL cells through cytokines and cell-cell contact with nurse-like cells and stromal cells. CLL cells harbor genetic changes like 13q14 deletions, trisomy 12, and mutations in NOTCH1 and SF3B1 that contribute to pathogenesis. Antigen stimulation may select for the restricted immunoglobulin repertoire in C
IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNTIONS OF LYMPHOCYTES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION final cop...satwat54
This document discusses the immunological functions of lymphocytes and their clinical implications. It begins by describing the different types of lymphoid precursor cells including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It then discusses T cell and B cell maturation processes and the roles of different T cell and B cell subtypes. Key points covered include T cell stimulation pathways, memory T cell populations, immunoglobulin classes, and the functions of natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The document concludes by examining disorders of lymphocytes including primary immunodeficiencies affecting T cells and B cells such as SCID, DiGeorge syndrome, and common variable immunodeficiency.
This document summarizes cellular adhesion molecules that are involved in the inflammatory process. It discusses selectins, integrins, and their roles and ligands in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation from blood vessels into tissues during inflammation. Selectins such as L-selectin, E-selectin, and P-selectin mediate initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes on endothelial cells, while integrins such as LFA-1 and VLA-4 are involved in tight adhesion and transmigration. Diseases associated with deficiencies in these adhesion molecules and attempts to target them therapeutically in human allergic inflammation and diseases like asthma are also summarized.
Silencing c-Myc translation as a therapeutic strategy through targeting PI3Kd...Mark Lipstein
This document summarizes a study examining the combination of a novel PI3Kδ inhibitor, TGR-1202, with the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib for treating hematological malignancies. The study found that TGR-1202 synergizes strongly with carfilzomib in lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma cell lines and primary cells by silencing c-Myc translation. This synergistic effect is driven by TGR-1202's unexpected additional activity of inhibiting CK1ε, which contributes to repressing phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and lowering c-Myc protein levels. The results suggest that TGR-1202, as a dual PI3Kδ/CK1ε inhibitor, may have
Dr. nahla farahat immunophenotyping of multiple myeloma Hitham Esam
Plasma cell myeloma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by expansion of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Flow cytometry is useful for diagnosing and monitoring plasma cell disorders by confirming the clonal nature of plasma cells and differentiating disorders. Normal plasma cells are CD38bright, CD138+, CD19+ and CD45dim, while myeloma cells typically show aberrant expression including CD19, CD27 and CD45 underexpression and CD28, CD33, CD56 and CD117 overexpression. A minimum of 100 clonal plasma cell events should be acquired to accurately assess disease. The presence of more than 5% residual normal plasma cells can differentiate MGUS from myeloma.
The document summarizes the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and their effect on tumor growth. It discusses how the tumor microenvironment can influence immune cells and how immune cells can affect tumor progression. Key cells discussed include macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells. It covers topics like hypoxia, inflammation, immune evasion mechanisms used by tumors, and the pro-tumoral phenotypes that immune cells can adopt in the microenvironment.
Cytokines play an important role in regulating lymphocyte development and differentiation. The authors identified a cytokine-inducible protein called Cybr that binds to and regulates the activity of cytohesin-1. Cybr expression is increased by IL-2 and IL-12 and is most abundant in hematopoietic cells and tissues. Cybr physically interacts with cytohesin-1 through their coiled-coil domains and enhances cytohesin-1's ability to catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF GTPases. As Cybr modifies the activity of cytohesin-1, the authors designate it as a cytohesin binder and regulator.
1. Glycoproteins play an important role in inflammatory and pathological processes after radiation exposure. Quantifying circulating glycoprotein levels using ELISA can help with the differential diagnosis of acute radiation syndromes.
2. Changes in the glycan structures of acute phase glycoproteins are dynamically altered in response to inflammation. Measuring these changes can improve diagnosis, prognosis, and risk prediction of inflammatory disorders after radiation exposure.
3. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains and play key roles in processes like cell recognition and the immune response through molecules like antibodies, MHC proteins, and Sialyl Lewis X antigen.
CAR T cells show promise for treating rheumatologic diseases. They involve genetically modifying a patient's T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets specific proteins on autoreactive B cells. First-generation CAR T cells contain an antibody-derived antigen binding domain, while later generations add costimulatory domains for improved activation and persistence. CAR T cells have depleted B cells and reduced autoantibodies in mouse models of lupus and human case studies of severe refractory SLE. They have also shown effectiveness against antisynthetase syndrome by reversing manifestations after other treatments failed. Further studies are still needed regarding their long-term safety, durability of remission, and cost effectiveness before they can be widely
The document summarizes the structure and function of the immune system. It describes the cells involved including lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and plasma cells. It discusses the development and maturation of lymphocytes in primary and secondary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow, thymus, and lymph nodes. It also describes the activation of T cells and B cells, antigen presentation, and the roles of cytokines in immune responses.
2. CD20
CD20 is a highly expressed surface antigen that is located mainly on pre
B and mature B lymphocytes.
● Over 95% of B-cell lymphocytes express CD20 as they develop
from their pre-B cell stage into plasma cells.
● Unlike other B-cell antigens, CD20 is not shed or internalized upon
antibody binding.
o This may allow therapeutic antibodies to recruit immune
effector cells and mediate sustained immunologic activity.
● CD20 is believed to play a role in the regulation of calcium
transport and B-cell activation and proliferation.
● CD20 is not found on early B-cell progenitors or later mature
plasma cells and is not found free in plasma.
http://www.biooncology.com/therapeutic-targets/cd20
http://www.newcomersupply.com/
3. CD31
http://www.abcam.com/cd31-antibody-ab28364.html
The endothelium of vessels of any tissues are positive.
my IHC.CD31 kidney 40x
A monoclonal antibody against the endothelial cell adhesion molecule CD31.For detection of
vascular lesions including benign and malignant vascular neoplasms.
Used with Collagen IV sometimes,they together provide a powerful tool for
1) the diagnosis of endothelial neoplasms and
2) the definition of endothelial, mural and pericytic or perivascular tissue
compartments in vascular lesions of complex architecture.
Hence, we use CD31 and type IV collagen in cases of presumed vascular neoplasms,
adding other markers to the panel in accordance with the differential diagnosis,
as well as in the recognition of compromised endothelia, such as in vascular invasion
by various malignant neoplasms. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7479359
4. CD56
Function This protein is a cell adhesion molecule involved in
neuron-neuron adhesion, neurite fasciculation, outgrowth of
neurites, etc.
Sequence similarities Contains 2 fibronectin type-III domains.
Contains 5 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains.
Cellular localization Secreted and Cell membrane.
NCAM1 Antibodies
NCAM, as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of
adhesion molecules is characterized by several
immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. The extracellular part of
NCAM consists of five of these Ig domains and two fibronectin
type III homology regions. NCAM is encoded by a single copy
gene composed of 26 exons. However, at least 20-30 distinct
isoforms can be generated by alternative splicing and by
posttranslational modifications, such as sialylation. During
sialylation, polysialic acid (PSA) carbohydrates are attached to
the extracellular part of NCAM. Through its extracellular
region, NCAM mediates homophilic interactions. In addition,
NCAM can also undergo heterophilic interactions by binding
extracellular matrix components, such as laminin, or other cell
adhesion molecules, such as integrins.
Tissue control: pancreas (pos.),lung (neg.)
Synonyms CD-56, CD16A, CD16B, CD3
epsilon, CD3-epsilon, CD3e antigen, CD8a,
CD8alpha, CD8b, CD8beta, epsilon
polypeptide TiT3 complex, epsilon subunit of
T3, Fc gamma Receptor 3, Fc gamma
Receptor III, FCGR3, FCGR3A, FCGR3B,
FCGRIII, FCR-10,FCRIII,FCRIIIA,FLJ18683,
Leu-2, MAL, MSK39, NCAM, NCAM1, neural
cell adhesion molecule 1,p32,RP11-5K23.1,
T-cell antigen receptor complex, T-cell
surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain, T-cell
surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain, T3E,
5. http://www.abcam.com/cd46-antibody-epr4014-ab108307.html
ab108307, at 1/500 dilution, staining CD46
in paraffin-embedded Human tonsil tissue
CD46
ab108307 showing positive staining in
Thyroid gland carcinoma tissue.
Positive control
Molt-4, Jurkat, HeLa, and K562 cell lysates;
Human kidney and Tonsil tissue
ab108307 showing positive staining
in breast carcinoma tissue.
ab108307 showing positive
staining iin normal breast tissue.
6. Immunogen
Synthetic peptide conjugated to KLH derived from within residues
1250 to the C-terminus of Human CD45.
(Peptide available as ab17550.)
Positive control
This antibody gave a positive signal in Jurkat whole cell
lysate and Hodgkins lymphoma tissue sections.
http://www.abcam.com/cd45-antibody-ab10559.html
Leucocyte Common Antigen (LCA)
Tissue: (+) Tonsil / (-) Adipose
Function Protein tyrosine-protein phosphatase required for T-cell
activation through the antigen receptor. Acts as a positive
regulator of T-cell coactivation upon binding to DPP4. The first
PTPase domain has enzymatic activity, while the second one
seems to affect the substrate specificity of the first one. Upon
T-cell activation, recruits and dephosphorylates SKAP1 and
FYN.
Involvement in disease Defects in PTPRC are a cause of severe
combined immunodeficiency autosomal recessive T-cell-
negative/B-cell-positive/NK-cell-positive (T(-)B(+)NK(+) SCID)
[MIM:608971].
A form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a genetically
and clinically heterogeneous group of rare congenital
disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and
cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent
antibody levels. Patients present in infancy recurrent,
persistent infections by opportunistic organisms. The common
characteristic of all types of SCID is absence of T-cell-
mediated cellular immunity due to a defect in T-cell
development.
Genetic variations in PTPRC are involved in multiple sclerosis
susceptibility (MS) [MIM:126200].
MS is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual
accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination particularly in
the periventricular areas of the brain. Peripheral nerves are not
affected. Onset usually in third or fourth decade with
intermittent progression over an extended period. The cause is
still uncertain.
CD45
7. This antibody recognizes the HMW (High Molecular Weight) keratin
polypeptides of 68, 58, 56.5 and 50 kDa in extract of stratum corneum.
The antibody reacts with squamous, ductal and other complex epithelia.
It stains adenocarcinomas, breast, pancreas, bile duct, salivary gland
and transitional cell carcinomas.
HMW cytokeratin
Cytokeratins are intermediate filament keratins found in the intracytoplasmic
cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. There are two types of Cytokeratins: the low
weight, acidic type I cytokeratins and the high weight, basic or neutral type II.
Cytokeratins are usually found in pairs comprising a type I Cytokeratin and a type
II cytokeratin.
The high molecular weight cytokeratins, which are the basic or neutral
cytokeratins, comprise subtypes CK1 (67), CK2 (65.5), CK3 (64), CK4 (59), CK5
(58), CK6 (56), CK7 (54), CK8 (52.5) and CK9.
The low molecular weight cytokeratins, which are the acidic cytokeratins,
comprise subtypes CK10 (56.5), CK12 (56), CK13 (53), CK14 (50), CK16( 48),
CK17 (46), CK18 (45), CK19(48) and CK20(46).
Cellular localization Cytoplasmic
http://www.abcam.com/hmw-cytokeratin-antibody-34be12-ab776.html
staining human skin tissue sections
by IHC-P.
human colon carcinoma stained with HMW Cytokeratin,
using ABC and AEC chromagen.
8. CAM 5.2
CloneCAM 5.2
Isotype IgG2a
Immunogen Anti-Cytokeratin, clone CAM 5.2, is derived
from hybridization of mouse P3/NS-1/1-Ag4-1myeloma
cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with
the human colorectal carcinoma cell line HT29.
Summary Anti-Cytokeratin (CAM 5.2) reagent has a primary
reactivity with human keratin proteins that correspond to
Moll’s peptides #7 and #8, Mr 48 and 52 kilodaltons (kd),
respectively. Cytokeratin 7 and 8 are present on secretory
epithelia of normal human tissue but not onstratified
squamous epithelium. Anti-Cytokeratin (CAM 5.2) stains
most epithelial-derived tissue, including liver, renal tubular
epithelium, and hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas.
Anti-Cytokeratin (CAM 5.2) might not react with some
squamous cell carcinomas.
Cellular Localization Cytoplasmic
Positive Control Tissue Lung, colon, prostate and breast
tissue
http://dbiosys.com/products/primary-antibodies/item/5041-cam-52-5041/5041-cam-52-5041
9. p63
Data supports a role for p63 in squamous and transitional cell carcinomas,
as well as certain lymphomas and thymomas.
The p63 gene, located on chromosome 3q27-28, is a member of the p53 gene
family. The product encoded by the p63 gene has been reported to be essential
for normal development.
p63 expression is restricted to the nucleus, with a nucleoplasmic pattern. We
also observed that the expression was restricted to epithelial cells of stratified
epithelia, such as skin, esophagus, exocervix, tonsil, and bladder, and to certain
subpopulations of basal cells in glandular structures of prostate and breast, as
well as in bronchi.
p63 is expressed predominantly in basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, as
well as transitional cell carcinomas, but not in adenocarcinomas, including those
of breast and prostate. Interestingly, thymomas expressed high levels of p63.
Moreover, a subset of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was also found to express p63.
Using isoform-specific reverse transcription-PCR, we found that thymomas
express all isoforms of p63, whereas the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma tended to
express the transactivation-competent isoforms. We did not detect p63
expression in a variety of endocrine tumors, germ cell neoplasms, or
melanomas. Additionally, soft tissue sarcomas were also found to have
undetectable p63 levels.
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/8/2/494.full
10. p63
Representative photomicrographs of
immunophenotypes of p63 in normal thymus and
thymomas, obtained using the anti-p63 4A4
monoclonal antibody.
Strong p63 nuclear staining is observed in a
population of cells identified as the epithelial
elements of the thymus (A).
We also observed p63 immunostaining in the
neoplastic component of various thymomas,
including invasive (B and D), spindle cell (E), and
thymic carcinoma (F).
Consecutive normal thymus (not shown) and
thymoma (B andC) sections were stained with p63
(B) and the anticytokeratin AE1/AE3 monoclonal
antibody cocktail (C), revealing that the p63-
expressing cells were also costained for cytokeratins
and thus are considered of epithelial nature.
Original magnifications: ×100 for B and C;
×200 for D and E;
×400 for A and F.
11. HER2
A protein involved in normal cell growth. It is found on some types of cancer cells, including
breast and ovarian. Cancer cells removed from the body may be tested for the presence of
HER2/neu to help decide the best type of treatment. HER2/neu is a type of receptor
tyrosine kinase. Also called c-erbB-2, human EGF receptor 2, and human epidermal growth
factor receptor 2.
The HER2 gene makes HER2 proteins. HER2 proteins are
receptors on breast cells. Normally, HER2 receptors help control
how a healthy breast cell grows, divides, and repairs itself. But in
about 25% of breast cancers, the HER2 gene doesn't work
correctly and makes too many copies of itself (known as HER2
gene amplification). All these extra HER2 genes tell breast cells
to make too many HER2 receptors (HER2 protein
overexpression)
http://www.gene.com/medical-professionals/medicines/herceptin
12. It can control the growth of
cancer cells that produce too
much of a protein called HER2
(human epidermal growth
factor receptor
Some breast cancers and
stomach cancers have large
amounts of HER2 and they are
called HER2 positive cancers.
HER2 makes the cancer cells
grow and divide.
When Herceptin attaches
to HER2 it can make the cells
stop growing and die.
Trastuzamab
a monoclonal antibody
brand name : Herceptin
13. HER2 for Gastric Cancer Detection
HER2
is more than a breast cancer receptor marker; it is also a
Stomach cancer biomarker
Of those diagnosed with the disease, about 22% of people with metastatic
stomach cancer have HER2-positive (human epidermal growth factor receptor-
positive) tumors, which are more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis,
however they might be helped by Trastuzamab.
14. anti HER2 receptor Trastuzumab for
breast, stomach
Based on data from a large multicenter phase III trial (ToGA study) trastuzumab has very recently
been approved by the EMEA for metastatic gastric cancer and adenocarcinoma of the gastro-
esophageal junction. Only patients with tumors which over express Her2 as defined by IHC2+ and a
confirmatory FISH+ result, or IHC 3+, determined by an accurate and validated assay are eligible for
trastuzumab therapy. However, testing of Her2 status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) differs from
breast cancer in core aspects: 1. IHC2+/3+ is scored even though membranous staining is incomplete
if membrane staining is clearly detectable even at low magnification (2.5x/5x, 3+) or medium
magnification (10x/20x, 2+). 2. Additionally, membrane staining at the appropriate intensity found in at
least 10% of tumor cells is restricted to resection specimens. Evaluation of Her2 in situ hybridization
(ISH) is similar to breast cancer with ratio values of > or =2.0 indicating Her2 gene amplification.
Taking these modifications into account and defining the HER2 positive subgroup as IHC 3+ and
IHC2+/FISH+, approximately 16% of gastric cancers are considered Her2 positive, affecting mainly
tumor regions with intestinal (gland forming) type carcinoma. In contrast to breast cancer, up to one-
third of gastric cancers show a heterogeneous Her2 status both at IHC and ISH levels which favors
bright field ISH over FISH.
15. HER2-CONNECT™: Changing HER2 IHC analysis in important ways
http://www.visiopharm.com/news-and-events--press-releases-page.shtml?page=07-20101117-533595168
Traditional requirements to meticulous
outlining of tumor regions
Visiopharm’s patented HER2-
CONNECT™ algorithm eliminates the
need for manual outlining, leading to
time savings
Researchers can work with HER2-CONNECT™ in two different ways: 1)
Connectivity and score are immediately computed based on operator
defined regions of interest, and 2) Batch processing: Full sections
and/or Tissue Micro Arrays can be subjected to analysis in batch
processing mode. Computational efficiency makes both approaches
possible and feasible on standard desktop computers.
16. VIMENTINVimentin, a major constituent of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, is
ubiquitously expressed in normal mesenchymal cells and is known to maintain cellular
integrity and provide resistance against stress. Increased vimentin expression has been
reported in various epithelial cancers including prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tumors,
CNS tumors, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, lung cancer and other types of cancers.
Vimentin's over-expression in cancer correlates well with increased tumor growth, invasion
and poor prognosis; however, the role of vimentin in cancer progression remains obscure.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3162105/
Rat cerebral cortex cultures stained
with chicken antibody to vimentin
ab24525 (green) and rabbit
antibody to GFAP (red). Note
flattened fibroblastic cells are
mostly green (i.e. vimentin positive,
GFAP negative), while clearly
astrocytic cells, express both
vimentin and GFAP and therefore
appear golden or orange. Certain
other cells express predominantly
GFAP and therefore appear red.
Tissue: (+) Melanoma /(-) Adipose
vimentin staining of a tonsilar lymphoma.
Note that the epithelium (at the left)
is negative.
17. Melan- A
Melan-A is a melanocyte differentiation antigen, recognized by autologous cytotoxic T
lymphocytes. Melan-A is also called MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T cells). The
Melan-A/MART-1 gene encodes this protein, 20-22 kDa, associated with endoplasmic
reticulum and melanosomes. The function of the protein is unknown. Melan-A is expressed in
all normal melanocytes and melanocyte cell lines.
Using the monoclonal antibody A-103, staining is also seen in steroid hormone producing
cells: adrenal cortex granulosa and theca cells of the ovary and Leydig cells of the testis. This
is due to cross reaction (as the Melan-A gene is not detected in these cells).
18. Fig. 1B. Melan-A staining of normal adrenal cortex using
mAb A103. Strong staining of the steroid producing cells.
With other melan-A Abs, steroid producing cells are
negative.
Fig. 1A. Melan-A staining of normal skin showing
strong staining of melanocytes.
Fig. 2A. Melan-A staining of skin with malignant melanoma
showing strong staining of normal and neoplastic melanocytes.
Novored is here used as chromogene to avoid the merging of
melanin and the DAB chromogene.
Fig. 2B. Melan-A staining of renal PEComa
(perivascular epitheloid cell tumour)
Fig. 2C. Melan-A (mAb A103) staining o
f adrenal cortical carcinoma.
Fig. 2D. Melan-A (mAb A103) staining
of granulosa cell tumour
http://www.nordiqc.org/Epitopes/melan-a/melan-a-figs.htm
Melan-A
19. CK5 Western Blot (WB)
1:500 - 1:2000
Immunofluorescence (IF)
1:200 - 1:1000
Immunocytochemistry
(ICC)
1:200 - 1:1000
Immunohistochemistry
(IHC)
1:200 - 1:1000
Flow Cytometry (FACS)
1:200 - 1:400
* Suggested working
dilution
http://www.pierce-antibodies.com/CK5-antibody-clone-2C2-Monoclonal--MA517057.html#
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the keratin gene family.
The type II cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral proteins which are
arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains coexpressed during differentiation
of simple and stratified epithelial tissues.
This type II cytokeratin is specifically expressed in the basal layer of the
epidermis with family member KRT14.
Mutations in these genes have been associated with a complex of diseases
termed epidermolysis bullosa simplex. The type II cytokeratins are clustered in a
region of chromosome 12q12-q13.
control: squamous/stratified squamous
20. CK16 Positive control
Human breast carcinoma tissue and HepG2 cell extracts.
Mouse monoclonal to CK16. Keratin 16 is expressed in keratinocytes,
which are undergoing rapid turnover in the suprabasal region ,also known
as hyperproliferationrelated keratins). Keratin 16 is absent in normal breast
tissue and in noninvasive breast carcinomas. Only 10% of the invasive
breast carcinomas show diffuse or focal positivity. Reportedly, a relatively
high concordance was found between the carcinomas immunostaining
with the basal cell and the hyperproliferationrelated keratins, but not
between these markers and the proliferation marker Ki67. This supports
the conclusion that basal cells in breast cancer may show extensive
proliferation, and that absence of Ki67 staining does not mean that (tumor)
cells are not proliferating.
http://www.biorbyt.com/ck16-antibody-3
human gullet cancer tissue using CK16
antibody
21. CYCLIN D1 antibody
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are
characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle.
Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation
patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and
functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition.
This protein has been shown to interact with tumor suppressor protein Rb and the expression of this gene is
regulated positively by Rb. Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle
progression, are observed frequently in a variety of tumors and may contribute to tumorigenesis.(RefSeqJul2008)
Aliases of CCND1
Cyclin D1
PRAD1 Oncogene
BCL1
Cyclin D1 (PRAD1: Parathyroid Adenomatosis 1)
PRAD1
G1/S-Specific Cyclin D1
D11S287E
Parathyroid Adenomatosis 1
B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 1
U21B31
B-Cell Lymphoma 1 Protein
G1/S-Specific Cyclin-D1
BCL-1 Oncogene
PRAD1 Oncogene
Immunogen Synthetic peptide corresponding to Human
Cyclin D1 (C terminal).
EpitopeC-terminus
Positive control Breast carcinomas, mantle cell lymphoma,
MCF7 cell lysate
http://www.abcam.com/cyclin-d1-antibody-sp4-ab16663.html#description_images_1
mouse testis tissue, staining Cyclin D1 with ab16663.
http://www.genecards.org/
22. ER
Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER Alpha) is a nuclear protein and member of the steroid hormone receptor
family. ER alpha possesses both DNA binding and ligand binding domains, and exerts a significant
role in activating the transcription of certain genes. Ligand-dependent dimerization and
phosphorylation both function to regulate the transcriptional activation of ER alpha.
http://www.epitomics.com/diagnostics/product/2156
23. PR
Present in hormone responsive tissue and their neoplasm. also reported in
carcinoma of lung,stomach and thyroid. STUMP (smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant
potential )and stromal sarcomas are positive for PR.
Handbook of Practical Immunohistochemistry: Frequently Asked Questions
edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard
PR y85
cellmarque.com/antibodies/Progesterone-Receptor-Y85 cellmarque.com/antibodies/Progesterone-Receptor-SP42
PR SP42
24. PR
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
human breast carcinoma stained with PR
antibody using peroxidase-conjugate and
AEC chromogen. Note nuclear staining of
tumor cells.
https://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/genome-database/antibody/Progesterone-Receptor-Antibody-hPRa-2-Monoclonal/MA5-12642
25. S100
Small dimeric member of the family of calcium-binding proteins.
Widely distributed in human tissues, including glia, neurons,chondrocytes, Schwann
cells,melanocytes,phagocytic or antigen-presenting mononuclear cells.
Langerhans,histiocytes,myoepithelial cells and various epithelia.
http://www.abcam.com/s100-beta-antibody-astrocyte-marker-ab41548.html
ab41548 staining S100 beta in mouse brain tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -
paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with formaldehyde
and blocked with 1% BSA for 10 minutes; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation in
citric acid. Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/10000 in TBS/BSA/azide)
for 2 hours at 21°C. A Biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal (1/250) was
used as the secondary antibody.
At this dilution factor, there is very good delineation of astrocyte processes.
26. p504s
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as p504s, is a mitochondrial and peroxisomal
enzyme that is involved in bile acid biosynthesis and beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. AMACR is
essential in lipid metabolism, and is expressed in normal liver (hepatocytes), kidney (tubular epithelial cells)
and gallbladder (epithelial cells). Expression has also been found in lung (bronchial epithelial cells) and colon
(colonic surface epithelium). Expression is granular and cytoplasmic. AMACR expression can also be found
in hepatocellular carcinoma and kidney carcinoma. Past studies have also shown that AMACR is expressed
in various colon carcinomas (well, moderately and poorly differentiated) and over expressed in prostate
carcinoma.
Human prostatic adenocarcinoma: immunohistochemical staining for
alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR, p504S) using NCL-L-
AMACR. Paraffin section.
http://www.leicabiosystems.com/ihc-ish-fish/novocastra-reagents/primary-antibodies/details/product/alpha-methylacyl-coa-racemase-amacr-
p504s/
27. TTF-1
This gene encodes a transcription termination factor that is localized to the nucleolus and plays a
critical role in ribosomal gene transcription. The encoded protein mediates the termination of RNA
polymerase I transcription by binding to Sal box terminator elements downstream of pre-rRNA coding
regions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for
this gene. This gene shares the symbol/alias 'TFF1' with another gene, NK2 homeobox 1, also known
as thyroid transcription factor 1, which plays a role in the regulation of thyroid-specific gene
expression. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]
In lung adenocarcinomas, positive and partial positive TTF-1 expression has a
significant positive correlation with EGFR mutations(exon 19 and 21). In clinical
practice, TTF-1 expression combine with EGFR mutations, especially exon 21
mutation can guide clinical treatment timely for lung adenocarcinomas.
Citation: Shanzhi W, Yiping H, Ling H, Jianming Z, Qiang L (2014) The Relationship between
TTF-1 Expression and EGFR Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinomas. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95479.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095479
TTF-1 positive expression in
adenocarcinoma cell (IHC×400).
transcription termination factor, RNA polymerase I
28. MART-1
A tumor-associated melanocytic differentiation antigen. Vaccination with MART-1
antigen may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells
expressing the melanocytic differentiation antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
Synonyms:
Antigen LB39-AA
Antigen SK29-AA
MART-1
MART-1 Tumor Antigen
Melan A
Melan-A Protein
Melanoma Antigen Recognized
by T-Cells 1
MLANA
MLANA Protein
● Commonly used melanocytic markers; MelanA also called A103; are separate antibodies that
occasionally have different staining properties
● Melanocytic Antigen Recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes from melanoma patients
● Cytoplasmic protein sensitive and specific for melanoma and melanocytic lesions
Uses by pathologists
=========================================================================
● Recommended for evaluating sentinel lymph nodes for melanoma (Am J Surg Pathol
2001;25:1039), although also stains benign nevi (Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1351) and normal
melanocytes
● Differentiate adrenal cortical tumors (MART1+) vs. renal cell carcinoma or pheochromocytoma
(MART1-)
● Differentiate neurotized melanocytic nevi (MelanA+) from neurofibroma (MelanA-, Arch Pathol
Lab Med 2012;136:810)
● Distinguish in situ and invasive melanoma, and measure thickness (Am J Dermatopathol
2012 Jun 8 [Epub ahead of print])
● Caution: may overestimate presence of lentigo maligna (Dermatol Surg 2011;37:657, J
Cutan Pathol 2011;38:775)
29. MART-1 mRNA (blue/purple color) is seen by RT in situ PCR
in melanophages with coarse pigment granules (Panels A&B).
Immunohistochemistry for MART-1 shows a weakly positive
signal in scattered large cells with “normal” nuclei and coarse
melanin granules, consistent with melanophages (Panel C).
Immunohistochemistry for HMB-45 shows a positive signal in
scattered large cells, consistent with melanophages (Panel D).
Double staining of MART-1 mRNA (blue/purple color) and
CD68 antigen (red color) shows that some cells co-express
both MART-1 mRNA and CD68 (arrow), while MART-1
mRNA and CD68 are separately expressed by other cells.
(Panels E&F). Sentinel node (Panel G) and NSN (Panel H)
from a breast cancer patient are negative for MART-1 mRNA.
Am J Surg Pathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Nov 1.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2011 Nov; 35(11): 1657–1665.
doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182322cf7
30. KAPPA/LAMBDAImmunohistochemical staining for kappa and lambda light chains is often performed on lymphoid tissue. Staining
for kappa and lambda light chain expression is notoriously problematic—some might say finicky. One complication
is the need for decalcification on some lymphoid tissue often stained for kappa and lambda, such as bone marrow
core biopsies. The more common fixatives currently in use have different effects on the various tissues under
study and may impart different properties to the protein targets in question.
Anti-kappa and anti-lambda detect surface light chain immunoglobulins on normal and neoplastic B-cells in
human lymphoid tissue. In normal lymphoid tissue the kappa and lambda cell ratio is approximately 2:1,
but values in excess of that ratio indicate monoclonality caused by either a lymphoproliferative disorder or
neoplasia such as lymphoma.
Both kappa (M) (brown) and lambda (P) (red) seen
on the same tissue section, thus allowing the end-
user a more accurate and easier assessment
of both stains. Image analysis of a digitally scanned
slide provides rapid highly accurate kappa and
lambda cell counts. The resulting whole slide section
determination of a kappa/lambda ratio enables easier
diagnosis of disease.
http://flagshipbio.com/lymph/kappalambda-in-lymphoma/