This document provides an agenda and materials for a training on chemistry for water treatment plant operators. The training covers basic chemistry concepts like the periodic table, ions in water, pH, and oxidation/reduction. It also discusses applications of chemical treatment including chemical precipitation, settling aids, and chemical spill response. The agenda includes introductions, refreshers on key concepts, and discussions of water treatment applications and safety.

1. Tighe&Bond
Chemistry for Water
Treatment Plant Operators

2. Tighe&Bond
Rules for the Training
■ 8:30am – 12:30pm
– Sign in
– Course evaluation
– We’re adult learners
■ 12:45pm – 1:45pm
– Chemical Systems Refresher

3. Tighe&Bond
AGENDA
■ Introduction
– Survey of chemicals in the work place
■ Basic Chemistry - Ions in Water
■ pH
■ Oxidation/Reduction
■ Periodic Table of Elements
■ Chemical Precipitation & Settling Aides
■ Water Treatment Applications
■ Chemical Spill Response
■ Chemical Feed – Design & Spill Prevention

4. Tighe&Bond
Introduction to Basic Chemistry
■ Everything that exists is made from 3 different
particles:
Particle Weight Electrical Charge
Protons 1 mass unit +1
Electrons 0.0005 mass unit -1
Neutrons 1 mass unit 0

5. Tighe&Bond
Atoms
■ The three basic particles are arranged in
structures called atoms.
■ There is a nucleus at the center, where the protons
and neutrons clump together.
■ Circling around the nucleus are the electrons in
orbits.

6. Tighe&Bond
Elements
■ There are 117 different arrangements of atoms.
■ Each different arrangement is a different element.

7. Tighe&Bond
Ions in Water

8. Tighe&Bond
Definition of an Ion
■ Ion - an atom or molecule
which has a positive or a
negative electrical charge.
■ Anion - an atom or molecule
which has a negative
electrical charge.
■ Cation - an atom or molecule
which has a positive
electrical charge.

9. Tighe&Bond
“Pure” Water
■ There is no such thing as
"pure" water!
■ Measured in megohms or
microSiemens or mhos
■ 18 megohm considered
achievable
– Pharmaceutical industry
– Metal finishing
– Chip manufacturing

10. Tighe&Bond
For example, if you read the nutrition facts of bottled water,
many times there will be ingredients other than pure water.

11. Tighe&Bond

12. Tighe&Bond
Water Molecules Bonded to Dissolved Ions
Photo Courtesy Of: USSC

13. Tighe&Bond
“Hard Water”
■ Water is solvent
■ Small amounts Calcium and Magnesium
■ Calcium and Magnesium = hardness of the water
Soft: 0–60 mg/L
Moderately hard: 61–120 mg/L
Hard: 121–180 mg/L
Very hard: ≥181 mg/L

14. Tighe&Bond
Dissolved Ions Found in Water
Dissolved Ion Basic Effects
Nitrogen
Algal Growth (Eutrophication),
Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Disease)
Phosphorus Algal Growth
Calcium Scale and incrustation in pipes and machinery
Chloride Taste affected
Iron Taste affected, color change
Sulfate Taste affected, gastro-intestinal problems
Manganese Taste affected, color affected

15. Tighe&Bond
Dissolved Ions Found in Water
Picture Courtesy Of: Water One

16. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements

17. Tighe&Bond

18. Tighe&Bond
What is the Periodic Table of Elements
■ Tabular method of
displaying the chemical
elements.
■ Generally credited to
Russian chemist Dmitri
Mendeleev in 1869.

19. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements
■ While Dmitri Mendeleev is most often cited as the
inventor of the modern periodic table, his table
was just the first to gain scientific
credibility ​and not the first table that organized the
elements according to periodic properties.
■ There are 94 elements on the periodic table that
occur in nature. All of the other elements are
strictly man-made.
■ Technetium was the first element to be made
artificially.

20. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements
■ The International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry,
IUPAC, revises the periodic table as new data
becomes available.
■ The rows of the periodic table are called periods.
An element's period number is the highest unexcited
energy level for an electron of that element.

21. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements
■ Columns of elements help to distinguish groups in
the periodic table. Elements within a group
share several common properties and often have
the same outer electron arrangement.
■ Most of the elements on the periodic table are
metals. The alkali metals, alkaline earths, basic
metals, transition metals, lanthanides and
actinides all are groups of metals.

22. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements
■ The present periodic table has room for 118
elements. Elements aren't discovered or created in
order of atomic number. Scientists are working on
creating and verifying element 120.
■ Although you might expect atoms of an element to
get larger as their atomic number increases, this
does not always occur because the size of an
atom is determined by the diameter of its electron
shell. In fact, element atoms usually decrease in
size as you move from left to right across a row or
period.

23. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements
■ Mendeleev's table arranged the elements in order
of increasing atomic weight while the modern
table orders the elements by increasing atomic
number.

24. Tighe&Bond
Current Standard Table
■ Current standard table contains 117 elements
■ 94 are found naturally on Earth, the rest are
synthetic
■ Elements listed in order of increasing atomic
number
■ Rows arranged so that elements with similar
properties fall into the same vertical columns

25. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table Groups
■ A group is a vertical column in the periodic table
of the elements.
■ Groups are considered the most important method
of classifying the elements.

26. Tighe&Bond
Periods within the Table
■ A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table of
the elements.
■ Elements in the same period show trends in
atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity,
and electronegativity.
■ Moving left to right across a period, atomic radius
usually decreases.

27. Tighe&Bond
Table Information
■ Element symbol
■ Atomic number
■ Atomic mass
■ Abbreviated electron configuration, electro-
negativity
■ Common valence numbers.

28. Tighe&Bond
Periodic Table of Elements

29. Tighe&Bond
Interactive Periodic Table of Elements
■ http://www.dayah.com/periodic/

30. Tighe&Bond
pH

31. Tighe&Bond
Water and pH
■ All substances are made up of millions of tiny
particles called atoms.
■ These atoms form small groups called molecules.
■ In water, for example, each molecule is made up of
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

32. Tighe&Bond
Water Molecule
■ The formula for a molecule of water is H2O. "H"
means hydrogen, "2" means 2 hydrogen atoms,
and the "O" means oxygen.

33. Tighe&Bond
Definition of pH
■ When an acid is poured into water, it gives up H
(hydrogen) to the water. When a base is poured
into water, it gives up OH (hydroxide) to the water.
■ pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a
solution.

34. Tighe&Bond
Acids vs. Bases
■ An acid can be defined as a proton donor, a
chemical that increases the concentration of
hydronium ions in solution.
■ A base is a proton acceptor, a chemical that
reduces the concentration of hydronium ions in
solution (and increases the concentration of
hydroxide ions).

35. Tighe&Bond
pH Scale
■ The pH scale
ranges from 0
to 14.
■ 7 is considered
neutral,
■ below 7 acidic
and,
■ above 7 basic.

36. Tighe&Bond

37. Tighe&Bond
■ Which of the following terms is used
synonymously with the term "base"?
A) Alkali
B) Caustic
C) Lye
D) All of the above

38. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Treatment
Neutralization
■ Acidic Substances
– Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
– Hydrochloric Acid HCI
– Carbonic Acid H2CO3
– Nitric Acid HNO3
– Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
■ Alkaline Substances
– Calcium Oxide (Lime) -
CaO/Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
– Magnesium Oxide -
MgO/Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
– Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
– Soda Ash - Na2CO3

39. Tighe&Bond
Safety Note
■ ALWAYS
A A A
Add Acid to water, not water to acid!

40. Tighe&Bond
pH effect
■ Effluent having a low or high
pH can be corrosive to sewer
facility components such as
pipes, filters and pumps.
■ Exothermic reactions
■ Evolve gases

41. Tighe&Bond
pH Measurement
pH Probe Usage &
Calibration

43. Tighe&Bond
Oxidation/Reduction

44. Tighe&Bond
Oxidation/Reduction
■ There are two twin
chemical reactions
which are often used in
treatment.
– oxidation reaction – atom
loses or donates electrons
– reduction reaction – atom
gains or accepts electron

45. Tighe&Bond
Reduction Reaction
■ Reduction occurs to an ion or atom when it picks
up one or more electrons from some other source;
and its electrical charge decreases
Cr+6 + 3 e = Cr+3

46. Tighe&Bond
Oxidation
■ Oxidation occurs when an ion or atom loses one
or more electrons, and the electrical charge on the
ion or atom increases.

47. Tighe&Bond
Rules of oxidation/reduction
■ Oxidation and reduction reactions must occur
together.
■ The amount of chemicals involved in these
reactions is proportional to the number of electrons
exchanged.

49. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Precipitation

50. Tighe&Bond
What is Chemical Precipitation
■ Precipitation is the
formation of a solid in
a solution during a
chemical reaction.

51. Tighe&Bond
Supernate and Precipitate
■ When the reaction
occurs, the solid
formed is called
the precipitate,
and the liquid
remaining above
the solid is called
the supernate. Precipitate
Supernate

52. Tighe&Bond
Water & Wastewater Chemical
Precipitation
■ Chemical Precipitation - remove dissolved
materials
■ Includes:
– neutralization
– precipitation
– coagulation/ flocculation
– solids/liquid separation
– dewatering

53. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Precipitation – cont.
■ Treatment chemicals are added to form particles
which settle and remove contaminants.
■ The treated water is then decanted and
appropriately disposed of or reused.
■ The resultant sludge can be de-watered to reduce
volume and must be appropriately disposed of.

54. Tighe&Bond
Purpose for Chemical Precipitation
■ Chemical precipitation can be used to remove
metals, fats, oils and greases (FOG), suspended
solids and some organics.
■ Chemical precipitation can also be used to remove
metals, fats, oils and greases (FOG).
■ It can also to be used to remove phosphorus,
fluoride, ferrocyanide and other inorganics.

55. Tighe&Bond
Mechanism of Precipitation
■ Precipitation can occur when an insoluble
substance is formed in the solution due to a
chemical reaction or when the solution has been
supersaturated by a compound.
■ The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a
chemical change.

56. Tighe&Bond
■ In most situations, the solid forms ("fall") out of
the solute phase, and sink to the bottom of the
solution (though it will float if it is less dense than
the solvent, or form a suspension).
■ The solid may reach the bottom of a container by
means of settling, sedimentation, or
centrifugation.
Mechanism of Precipitation – cont.

57. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Precipitation Effectiveness
■ The effectiveness of a chemical precipitation
process is dependent on several factors,
including:
– the type and concentration of ionic metals present in solution,
– the precipitant used,
– the reaction conditions (especially the pH of the solution),
– the presence of other constituents that may inhibit the
precipitation reaction.

58. Tighe&Bond
Solution
■ A solution is a homogenous mixture composed of
two or more substances.
■ In a mixture a solute is dissolved into a solvent.
■ All solutions are characterized by interactions and
ionic changes.

59. Tighe&Bond
Solubility
■ The ability for one compound to dissolve into
another compound. (example salt and water)
■ Factors that can have effect on solubility.
– Size of particle
– Stirring or agitation
– Temperature

60. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Treatment
■ pH Neutralization
■ Chemical
Precipitation
■ Oxidation –
Reduction

61. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Treatment
Neutralization
■ Acidic Substances
– Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
– Hydrochloric Acid HCI
– Carbonic Acid H2CO3
– Nitric Acid HNO3
– Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
■ Alkaline Substances
– Calcium Oxide (Lime) -
CaO/Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
– Magnesium Oxide -
MgO/Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
– Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
– Soda Ash/Sodium Carbonate -
Na2CO3

62. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Treatment
Neutralization

63. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Treatment
Neutralization

64. Tighe&Bond
Modular pH System Operation (Lab Waste)
Chemical Treatment
Neutralization

66. Tighe&Bond
Water Treatment

67. Tighe&Bond
Water and Impurities
■ Impurities in water are typically classified as
suspended, dissolved, or colloidal.

68. Tighe&Bond
Definitions
■ Suspended solids = particles which do not
dissolve
■ Dissolved solids = particles which are naturally
soluble in water and cannot be removed by
processes such as filtration
■ Colloids = dispersed particles which are not
visible under ordinary microscopes.

69. Tighe&Bond
Water Treatment Operations
■ Coagulation and
flocculation are
employed to
separate suspended
solids from water.

70. Tighe&Bond
What is Coagulation?
■ Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by
neutralizing the forces that keep them apart.

71. Tighe&Bond
What is Flocculation?
■ Flocculation is the action of polymers to form
bridges between the flocs. and bind the particles
into large agglomerates or clumps.

72. Tighe&Bond
Coagulation vs. Flocculation
■ Finely dispersed solids (colloids) suspended in
wastewaters are stabilized by negative electric
charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel
each other.
■ Since this prevents these charged particles from
colliding to form larger masses, called flocs, they
do not settle.
Pin Floc Corn Flakes

73. Tighe&Bond
Coagulation vs. Flocculation – cont.
■ To assist in the removal of colloidal particles from
suspension, chemical coagulation and flocculation
are required.
■ These processes, usually done in sequence, are a
combination of physical and chemical procedures.

74. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Agents
■ Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote
the aggregation of the suspended solids into
particles large enough to settle or be removed.

75. Tighe&Bond
Polymers
■ Synthetic polyelectrolytes which can function as
primary coagulants and/or flocculants
■ Carry a cationic, nonionic, or anionic charge
■ Can be liquids, powders, or emulsions

76. Tighe&Bond
Mixing
■ Mixing is an important unit operation in many
phases of chemical treatment.
■ It describes the specific blending, mingling, or
commingling of coagulation and flocculation
chemicals.

77. Tighe&Bond

78. Tighe&Bond
Parameters to Consider
■ pH
■ Chemical used to adjust the pH
■ The different types (and concentrations) of metals
present in solution.
■ The amount and types of chelants and complexing
agents present in the solution.
■ Amount of residual oxidizers present in the
solution.
■ Coagulants and flocculants used.
■ The sequence in which the chemicals are added.

79. Tighe&Bond
Typical Chemicals Used at a Treatment
Plant

80. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Specifics
■ Water Treatment
– Potassium Permanganate
– Ferric Chloride
– Aluminum Sulfate
– Sodium Hypochlorite
– Sodium Hydroxide
– Sulfuric Acid
– Chlorine

81. Tighe&Bond
Effective Completion
Date Requirement(s) Who
December 1, 2013 Training
•New Label Elements
•Safety Data Sheets
Employers
June 1, 2015 Manufacturer full compliance
HAZCOM plans updated
Chemical Manufacturers
Employers
December 1, 2015 Distribution Prohibitions for non
GHS labels
Chemical Manufacturers,
Importers and
Distributors
June 1, 2016 Updates to program and training
based on new hazard
classifications
Employers

82. Tighe&Bond
Potassium Permanganate
■ KMnO4
■ Warning: corrosive, oxidizer
■ Routes: eye, skin, inhalation,
ingestion
■ Symptoms: irritation, possible
chemical burns, pulmonary
edema, managanism
■ Hazards
– Strong oxidizer (avoid combustibles,
wooden pallets, acids)
– Large quantities of dust presents
inhalation hazard
– Chronic neurological effects

83. Tighe&Bond
Ferric Chloride
■ FeCl3
■ Warning: corrosive, harmful
■ Routes: eye, skin, ingestion
■ Symptoms: skin irritation,
possible skin burns
■ Hazards
– Slightly acidic depending on
concentration
– Serious harm to eyes if splashed
– Vomiting after swallowing
– Large exposures cause cadiovascular
distress
– Toxic on liver and kidneys

84. Tighe&Bond
Aluminum Sulfate
■ Al2(SO4)3
■ Warning: irritant
■ Routes: eye, skin,
inhalation, ingestion
■ Symptoms: irritation,
shortness of breath,
vomiting, diarrhea
■ Hazards:
– Avoid ingestion
– Hydrolyzes in water forming
sulfuric acid

85. Tighe&Bond
Sodium Hypochlorite
■ NaClO
■ Warning: oxidizer, corrosive
(caustic)
■ Routes: eye, skin, inhalation,
ingestion
■ Symptoms: irritation, chemical
burns, blood disease on chronic
overexposure
■ Hazards
– Reaction could generate chlorine gas
– Extremely slippery
– Oxidizing will cause accelerated burning

86. Tighe&Bond
Sodium Hydroxide
■ NaOH
■ Warning: corrosive
(caustic)
■ Routes: eye, skin,
inhalation, ingestion
■ Symptoms: irritation,
chemical burns, hair loss
■ Hazards:
– Extremely slippery
– Difficult to remove
– Reacts with acids

87. Tighe&Bond
Sulfuric Acid
■ H2SO4
■ Warning: corrosive
■ Routes: eye, skin, inhalation,
ingestion
■ Symptoms: irritation, chemical
burns, pulmonary edema
■ Hazards
– Highly reactive / generates fumes
– Inhalation effects may be delayed
– Neutralization enhances the reaction
– Adding water may not be effective

88. Tighe&Bond
Chlorine
Gas / Liquid
■ Corrosive / toxic by inhalation
– Vapors condense to form hydrochloric acid
– Toxic at relatively low airborne concentration
– Can cause pulmonary edema
■ Cryogenic as a liquid
■ Reactives
– Ammonia and fuel gas
– Explosive compounds
■ Strong odor,
good warning properties

89. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Sodium Hypochlorite
■ Chlorine Gas
■ Ammonia
■ Ferric Chloride
■ Sodium Hydroxide

90. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Sodium Hypochlorite
o Disinfection chemistry
o Dechlorination needs
o Replaced gaseous chlorine
As Chlorine Liquid (Gas Vapor > -31°F): Cl2 + H2O  H+ + Cl- + HOCl (pH drops)
As a Sodium Hypochlorite Liquid NaOCl + H2O  NaOH + HOCl (pH rises)

91. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Ammonia
o Disinfection chemistry
o Used with sodium hypochlorite
o Creates chloramines
1st form Monochloramines HOCl + NH3  NH2Cl + H2O
2nd form Dichloramines HOCl + NH2Cl  NHCl2 + H2O
3rd form Trichloramines HOCl + NHCl2  NCl3 + H2O

93. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Ferric Chloride
o Primarily used for
phosphorous removal
Iron (Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Chloride, Ferrous Sulfate – must be oxidized)
1. +3 3
4 4Fe PO FePO ( )s
 
2. +3 1
3Fe 3 OH Fe(OH) ( )s
 

94. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Sodium Hydroxide
o Alkaline chemical
o Raises pH
o Used for corrosion control

95. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Potassium Hydroxide
o Alkaline chemical
o Raises pH
o Used for corrosion control

96. Tighe&Bond
Chemicals
■ Zinc Orthophosphate
o Corrosion Control

97. Tighe&Bond
Safety Note
■ Bad smell????
Rotten Eggs
Hydrogen Sulfide!!!!

98. Tighe&Bond
Granulated Activated Carbon

99. Tighe&Bond
AGENDA
■ Define GAC
■ Illustrate GAC systems
■ Troubleshooting

100. Tighe&Bond
What does GAC do???
■ Removes soluble organics
– Solvents
■ Where’s it used?
– Tertiary treatment in advanced wastewater
treatment plants
– Secondary treatment process
– Independent physical/chemical treatment
plant
– Remediation sites

101. Tighe&Bond
Definitions
■ Absorption – assimilation of
molecules or other substances
into the physical structure of a
liquid or solid without chemical
reaction
■ Adsorption – physical adhesion of
molecules or colloids to the
surface of solids without chemical
reaction
■ GAC = Adsorption

102. Tighe&Bond
Properties
■ Made from wood, lignin,
bituminous coal, lignite, petroleum
residues
■ Varying pore sizes, surface area
and density based on source

103. Tighe&Bond
Analytical
Review
■ Varying sources
perform differently
depending upon
contaminant
concentrations

104. Tighe&Bond
Typical GAC
■ Canisters in
series that
require
backwash to
remove
particles and
regenerated via
a furnace (to
burn off the
captured
volatiles)

105. Tighe&Bond
Typical GAC
■ Media filters
installed
upstream to
remove solids
prior to GAC

106. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – Carbon Contactor
■ PROBLEM:
■ Hydrogen sulfide
generation in the
carbon contactor
■ SOLUTION
■ Maintain aerobic conditions;
aerating the influent; adding
chemicals such as sodium
nitrate to influent; and
increasing the frequency of
backwashing

107. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – Carbon Contactor
■ PROBLEM:
■ Corrosion of the
carbon contactor
■ SOLUTION
■ Carbon contactors should
have protective coatings; use
nonmetallic connectors within
the contactor; eliminate the
potential for hydrogen sulfide
generation

108. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – Carbon Contactor
■ PROBLEM:
■ Media clogging
■ SOLUTION
■ Use a surface wash system;
increase backwash frequency

109. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – Backwash System
■ PROBLEM:
■ Clogging of
backwash nozzles
■ SOLUTION
■ Install screens at the bottom
of the carbon bed to prevent
media migration; backwash
frequently, especially after
loading the carbon to remove
carbon fines

110. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – Carbon Regeneration
System
■ PROBLEM:
■ Excessive carbon
loss
■ SOLUTION
■ Operate carbon regeneration
furnace at the specified
conditions; store enough
spent carbon to permit more
continuous operation of the
regeneration furnace

111. Tighe&Bond
Troubleshooting – I&C System
■ PROBLEM:
■ Nonfunctioning
instrumentation &
control systems
■ SOLUTION
■ An adequate maintenance
program should be
established and followed

112. Tighe&Bond
Dosage Calculations

113. Tighe&Bond
FORMULA

114. Tighe&Bond
MAGIC CIRCLE
■ Used for Dosage Calculations
PPM

115. Tighe&Bond
Dosage Calculation Example
■ Why Do We Know?
– Plant flow is 640 gallons per minute
– Desired concentration of Chemical X is 7 mg/L
■ What are we looking for?
– Required pounds of Chemical X per day to maintain the desired
concentration?
Photo Credits: http://www.so-green.ca/images/garden18.jpg, http://theodoregray.com/PeriodicTableDisplay/Elements/015/index.s7.html

116. Tighe&Bond
MAGIC CIRCLE
Get the units straight!
Flow = 640 gallons per
minute
1,440 minutes in a day
Flow = 921,600 gallons
per day
Flow = 0.922 million
gallons per day
7 ppm
0.922 MGD
7 x 8.34 x 0.922 = 54 pounds per day Chemical X

117. Tighe&Bond
Dosage Calculation Breakout Session

118. Tighe&Bond
Question #1
1. Feeding 834 pounds per day of pure polymer into a 1
million gallon per day treatment system will result in
what concentration of polymer?
A. 1 ppm
B. 10 ppm
C. 100 ppm
D. 1,000 ppm

119. Tighe&Bond
Question #2
2. How much pure coagulant needs to be fed on a daily
basis to maintain a 2 ppm concentration in a 10
million gallon per day treatment system?
A. 17 pounds
B. 170 pounds
C. 83 pounds
D. 10 pounds

120. Tighe&Bond
Question #3
3. What is the daily flow rate for a treatment system
that feeds 500 pounds flocculant to maintain a 3
ppm concentration?
A. 834,000 gallons per day
B. 20,000,000 gallons per day
C. 1,000,000 gallons per day
D. 10,000 gallons per day

121. Tighe&Bond
Chemical Emergency Response

122. Tighe&Bond
Now we really
have a problem

123. Tighe&Bond
Contain Curtail
Call
THREE C’s

124. Tighe&Bond
■ Actions
– Remember your priorities
– Separate personnel from the hazard
– Assess risk
– Respond within your capability
– Notify the chain of command
– Follow your Emergency Response
Plan

125. Tighe&Bond
Protect
Yourself
Protect
Others
Protect the
Water
Supply
Protect the
Environment
Core Objectives

126. Tighe&Bond
Don’t get tunnel vision
■ Chemical
– Physical hazards
– Health hazards
– Incompatibles
– Ignition sources
– Heat
■ Other hazards?

127. Tighe&Bond
Safety Note
■ MSDS
Material Safety
Data Sheet

128. Tighe&Bond
Understanding Chemical Hazards
SDS Breakout Session

129. Tighe&Bond
Caustic Tank and Metering
Pumps
CausticTank

130. Tighe&Bond
Question #1
1. What “signal word” is used on the SDS for 50%
sodium hydroxide?
A. Caution
B. Danger
C. Notice
D. Holy Cow?!?!?!?

131. Tighe&Bond
Question #2
2. In the event of contact with the eyes, do what?
A. Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes
B. Remove contact lenses if easy to do
C. Get medical attention immediately
D. All of the above

132. Tighe&Bond
Question #3
3. What is the relative density (specific gravity) of
sodium hydroxide?
A. 1.00
B. 1.83
C. 1.53
D. 0.85

133. Tighe&Bond
Question #4
4. What does sodium hydroxide react violently with?
A. Oxidizers
B. Organics
C. Strong acids
D. Strong bases

134. Tighe&Bond
Question #5
5. What is the health-flammability-reactivity ratings for
sodium hydroxide on the NFPA diamond?
A. 3-3-3
B. 1-0-3
C. 3-0-1
D. 3-1-0

135. Tighe&Bond
Physical Hazard Health Hazard

136. Tighe&Bond
HAZARD TYPES
■ Physical
– Unstable Chemicals (Water Reactive)
– Flammables or Combustibles
– Explosives
– Stored at High Pressures
– Thermal Effects
■ Health
– Acute
– Chronic
– Latency Period

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Hazard
Classifications
Physical
Hazards

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Possibility for Confusion?
Flashpoint
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
NFPA / OSHA Flammable Combustible
NFPA 704 Diamond 4 3 2
EPA / DOT Flammable Combustible
GHS 1 or 2 3 4
Signal Word Danger Danger Warning
Hazard Statement
Extremely flammable liquid and
vapor
Highly flammable liquid and
vapor
Flammable liquid and vapor Combustible liquid
Pictogram Nothing

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Hazard
Classifications
Health
Hazards

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Bad Things Usually Happen
Fires
Explosions
Toxic
Gases

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Acids Caustics
Sulfuric acid
Aluminum sulfate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
VS
Exothermic! Heat, fumes, spattering
materials, pressure, fire
Incompatible Reactions

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Corrosive Oxidizer
Sulfuric acid
Aluminum sulfate
Sodium hypochlorite
Chlorine
Permanganate
VS
Heat, explosion, toxic gas (chlorine)
Incompatible Reactions

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Fuels/Solvents Oxidizer
Gasoline
Diesel fuel
Paint thinner
Sodium hypochlorite
Chlorine
Permanganate
VS
Violent reaction, heat, explosion
Incompatible Reactions

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Incompatible Reactions
Alcohols Corrosive
Methanol Sulfuric acid
Chlorine
VS
Heat, explosion

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Safety Note
■ HMIS
Hazardous Material
Information
System

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KEYS TO SAFE RESPONSE
■ Discipline
■ Command
■ Management
■ Don’t Let Time Become
Your Enemy
■ Don’t Cut Corners

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Respond Within Your Capabilities
■ First Responders –
Operations Level
– Defensive containment
– From a safe distance
■ Technician Level
– Aggressive operations
– Appropriate equipment and materials are
in-place
Annual refresher training
required

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Response Procedure
■ ER Coordinator ensures incident is properly
reported
– Local organizations
– State environmental agencies
– State health agencies
■ Communications coordinator to place internal
organizations on standby
– Responders
– Supervisors
– Quality control

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Actions At The Scene
■ ER Coordinator
– Directs responders
– Liaison to incident commander
– Maintains records at the scene
■ Response
– Based on threat to public safety
and treatment system

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Response To Threats To Public Safety
■ Actions
– Inform appropriate internal organizations
– Mobilize resources to the scene
– Initiate containment activities to protect critical infrastructure
– In concert with Incident Command

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Site Activities
■ Assessment of conditions
■ Identify trapped or injured
personnel
■ Ensure appropriate notification
■ Isolate environmental receptors
– Water
– Ground
■ Containment and curtailment
■ Defensive measures

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Isolate Environmental Receptors
■ As far away as reasonably
possible
■ Direction of spill migration
■ Drains, doors, etc.
■ Spills vs releases

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Site Conditions
■ Do not contact spilled materials
■ Illumination
■ Heat
■ Protrusions
■ Physical activity
■ Limited time
■ Use of stairs and ladders
■ Vision
■ Communication

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Conclusions / Key Points
■ Employee responsibilities
– Know the chemical hazards
– Use controls to prevent exposure
– Review MSDS / SDS during non-routine tasks
– Take action if symptoms of overexposure are felt
■ Response
– Know the 4 core objectives
– Chemicals can behave very differently when out in the open
– Don’t take anything for granted
– Get away and get the right resources to the situation
– Mistakes can be costly

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Chemical Feed
Design & Spill Prevention

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What’s the best way to respond to a
spill?
PREVENT IT FROM HAPPENING!!

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Chemical Feed System Designs
■ Good Engineering
Practices
– Regulatory Agencies
– Utility Standards
– Operator Preferences
– Economics
– Spatial Constraints

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Design Considerations/Flexibility
■ Bulk Tanks
■ Transfer Pumps
■ Day Tank
■ Metering Pumps
■ Containment

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Chemical Compatibility
■ ALWAYS check wetted material for
compatibility
■ Effect Ratings
– None – excellent
– Minor – good
– Moderate – fair
– Severe – not recommended
■ Resistance Charts

160. Tighe&Bond

161. Tighe&Bond
Simple System (Manufacturer Provided)

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Transfer Pump Design Considerations
■ Fill Time
■ Flooded Suction
■ Compatible Material
■ Viscosity of the
Chemical
■ Siphoning

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Metering Pump Design
■ Concentration
■ Specific gravity
■ Viscosity
■ Temperature
■ Suction Lift or
Flooded Suction
■ Injection
Pressure

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Chemical Feed System Operation
■ Best Management
Practices
■ Standard Operating
Procedures
■ Non-Structural Controls

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Secondary Containment
■ Concrete Berms with
Coating
■ Secondary Containment
Pallets
■ Fabricated Containment
Systems
■ 110% of Largest Bulk
Tank

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Spill Prevention Measures
■ Frequent Inspections
– Drums, tanks, mix
stations, pumps
■ Up to Date
Maintenance
■ Proper Oil & Chemical
Handling
■ Training

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Delivery Area Containment

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Five Effective Generic BMPs
■ Good Housekeeping
■ Visual Inspection
■ Employee Training
■ Spill Prevention &
Response Procedures
■ Preventative Maintenance

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THANK YOU!!!!