Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Determination of hardness and alkalinity of waste waterAakash Deep
This power point presentation illustrates the principles and methods of estimation of hardness and alkalinity of waste water.
I have included the principle, titration method, formulas and some sample problems based on them.
Treatment of water for domestic use,Screening,Sedimentation,Co-agulation,Filtration,Disinfection of water,Water softening
Permutit Process,Ion exchange method,Mixed bed Dimneralisation process, Lime- Soda process ,Desalination
RO Method, Electrodialysis
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Determination of hardness and alkalinity of waste waterAakash Deep
This power point presentation illustrates the principles and methods of estimation of hardness and alkalinity of waste water.
I have included the principle, titration method, formulas and some sample problems based on them.
Treatment of water for domestic use,Screening,Sedimentation,Co-agulation,Filtration,Disinfection of water,Water softening
Permutit Process,Ion exchange method,Mixed bed Dimneralisation process, Lime- Soda process ,Desalination
RO Method, Electrodialysis
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. Introduction
• water is said to be “hard”
when it contains Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions . These ions
react with soap to form an
insoluble substance called
“soap scum”.
5. Water
• Hardness of water is a total concentration of the calcium and
magnesium ions
• There are two types of hardness
1) Temporary hardness
2) Permanent hardness
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of
calcium and magnesium. it can be easily removed by boiling.
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness can not
be removed by boiling
6. Water
• Hardness of water
• Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions along with other metal ions such as
Fe3+ and Pb2+ can be removed from hard water by the
addition of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate acid).
• EDTA has a greater affinity for Ca2+ and Mg2+ when it is in
the form of the dihydrogen anion H2EDTA2- .This is the
ionic form of EDTA at pH 10.
7. Safety Considerations
• Keep the pH 10 buffer in
the hood. Avoid breathing
ammonia vapours from the
buffer.
• Eriochrome Black T will
stain skin and clothes.
• All waste materials can be
safely rinsed down the
sink.
10. Reagents
• 1. Buffer (pH 10): mixture
of ammonia and
ammonium chloride
solutions in water.
• 2.EDTA (Disodium salt of
EDTA) for precise end
point.
• 3. Erichrome Black T.
11. Solution Preparation
• pH buffer 10
• As a rule of thumb
• The higher the pH,more basic is the solution, the sharper
is the end point
• The higher the formation of constant the lower the
minimum pH
12. Using Apparatus
• Clean the apparatus with a brush,water,and a small
amount of detergent. Rinse it twice with water. Besure to
rinse the water to the tip
• Rinse the apparatus again with two 10 mL portions of the
titrant (EDTA in this experiment).
14. Procedure
• we added a 50 mL
sample of tap water
from different parts of
punjab (Ludhiana,
Kharar, Samrala)
• 5 mL of buffer solution
, and a pinch of
eriochrome Black T as
the indicator into the
cornical flask
16. • We noted that when the
colour changes from red to
blue. Repeated the
titration two more times to
get the accurate
measurement of the total
of Ca2+ and Mg2+
concentration in the
experiment
17. Ludhiana
• Average volume of titration: 4.10 mL
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final (mL) 3.90 4.10 3.90
Net Volume (mL) 3.90 4.10 4.10
18. Kharar
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final (mL) 4.30 4.00 4.00
Net Volume (ml) 4.30 4.00 4.00
Average Volume of the Titration=4.00 mL
19. Samrala
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final(mL) 4.20 4.20 4.70
Net Volume(mL) 4.20 4.20 4.70
Average Volume of the titrant: 4.20 mL
20. Total hardness of the water samples
LUDHIANA KHARAR SAMRALA
Total water
hardness
(mL)=average
title value *20.0 82.0 84.0 80.0
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT:
The total hardness of the sample (Ludhiana,Kharar,Samrala) of drinking water
are 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L and 80 mg/L respectively showing that they are
moderately hard.
21.
22. • The total hardness of the Ludhiana, Kharar and Samrala
samples was determined by using complexometric
titration. The total hardness was determined by using the
equation total water hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) = (titrant
volume) * 20.0 respectively. As expected, drinking water
from different sources are different. The difference
between the samples of the drinking watre from different
parts of Punjab is not significantly different. The hardness
hasn't exceeded 250 mg/L no harm involved in anyway
but in this case the water is moderately hard and it might
be fresh water cause the Total hardness in fresh water is
usually in the range of 15 to 375 mg/L as CaCO3.