The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. It describes how coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to neutralize negatively charged colloids in water. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles agglomerate into larger floc particles that can be removed through sedimentation or flotation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Various types of flocculators including hydraulic, mechanical, and differential settling designs are presented to gently mix water and promote floc formation and settling.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Concerned with the coagulation-flocculation-settling removal of colloidal and suspended solids.
Coagulation and flocculation is explained, and coagulating and flocculating agents and their functioning is described.
Design of different units including the clari-flocculator associated with the coagulation-flocculation-settling process is described.
Conducting a settling column test, plotting settling profile graph and using the settling profile graph in the design of a clarifier is described.
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
This material deals with type-II settling (Hindered settling), mechanism involved in arresting colloidal particles. Definitons, Types of mixing devices, flash mixing, and flocculators
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Introduction
The need to clarify water
Aesthetics and health
Colloids – impart color and
turbidity to water – aesthetical
acceptability
Microbes are colloids too
04/27/16 water treatment 2
3. 04/27/16 water treatment 3
COAGULATION &
FLOCCULATION
Removal of colloidal
substances from water
Potable water requirements
health, aesthetics, economic
Colloids
Size of colloids - light waves
Brownian motion
Stability of colloids
4. What is Coagulation?
04/27/16 water treatment 4
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
The chemicals are known as coagulants, usually higher valence
cationic salts (Al3+
, Fe3+
etc.)
Coagulation is essentially a chemical process
--
-
-
--- --
-
----
--
-
---- --
-
----
5. What is Flocculation?
04/27/16 water treatment 5
Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized particles into
a large size particles known as flocs which can be effectively removed
by sedimentation or flotation.
7. 04/27/16 water treatment 7
Why coagulation and flocculation?
Various sizes of particles in raw water
Particle diameter (mm) Type Settling velocity
10 Pebble 0.73 m/s
1 Course sand 0.23 m/s
0.1 Fine sand 0.6 m/min
0.01 Silt 8.6 m/d
0.00010.0001 (10 micron)(10 micron) Large colloidsLarge colloids 0.3 m/y0.3 m/y
0.000001 (1 nano)0.000001 (1 nano) Small colloidsSmall colloids 3 m/million y3 m/million y
Particle diameter (mm) Type Settling velocity
10 Pebble 0.73 m/s
1 Course sand 0.23 m/s
0.1 Fine sand 0.6 m/min
0.01 Silt 8.6 m/d
0.00010.0001 (10 micron)(10 micron) Large colloidsLarge colloids 0.3 m/y0.3 m/y
0.000001 (1 nano)0.000001 (1 nano) Small colloidsSmall colloids 3 m/million y3 m/million y
Colloids – so small: gravity settling not possible
GravItysettlIng
8. 04/27/16 water treatment 8
Colloid Stability
------ ------
Repulsion
Colloid - A Colloid - B
Colloids have a net negative surface charge
Electrostatic force prevents them from agglomeration
Brownian motion keeps the colloids in suspension
H2O
Colloid
Impossible to remove colloids by gravity settling
11. Colloid Destabilization
• Colloids can be destabilized by charge
neutralization
• Positively charges ions (Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+
etc.) neutralize the colloidal negative charges
and thus destabilize them.
• With destabilization, colloids aggregate in size
and start to settle
04/27/16 water treatment 11
12. 04/27/16 water treatment 12
Force analysis on colloids
The integral of the
combined forces is
the energy barrier
15. 04/27/16 water treatment 15
Jar Tests
Determination of optimum pH
The jar test – a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum pH
and the optimum coagulant dose
A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes
Fill the jars with raw water sample
(500 or 1000 mL) – usually 6 jars
Adjust pH of the jars while mixing
using H2SO4 or NaOH/lime
(pH: 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5)
Add same dose of the selected
coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar
(Coagulant dose: 5 or 10 mg/L)
Jar Test
16. 04/27/16 water treatment 16
Jar Test set-up
Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid mix
helps to disperse the coagulant throughout each container
Reduce the stirring speed to 25 to 30 rpm
and continue mixing for 15 to 20 mins
This slower mixing speed helps
promote floc formation by
enhancing particle collisions,
which lead to larger flocs
Turn off the mixers and allow
flocs to settle for 30 to 45 mins
Measure the final residual
turbidity in each jar
Plot residual turbidity against pH
Jar Tests – determining optimum pH
18. 04/27/16 water treatment 18
Optimum coagulant dose
Repeat all the previous steps
This time adjust pH of all jars at
optimum (6.3 found from first test)
while mixing using H2SO4 or
NaOH/lime
Add different doses of the selected
coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar
(Coagulant dose: 5; 7; 10; 12; 15; 20 mg/L)
Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid
mix helps to disperse the coagulant throughout each container
Reduce the stirring speed to 25 to 30 rpm for 15 to 20 mins
19. 04/27/16 water treatment 19
Turn off the mixers and allow flocs to settle for 30 to 45 mins
Then measure the final residual turbidity in each jar
Plot residual turbidity
against coagulant dose
Coagulant Dose mg/L
Optimum coagulant dose: 12.5 mg/L
The coagulant dose with
the lowest residual
turbidity will be the
optimum coagulant dose
Optimum coagulant dose
27. 04/27/16 water treatment 27
Aluminum Chemistry
1 mole of alum consumes 6 moles of bicarbonate (HCO3
-
)
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O + 6HCO3
-
⇔ 2Al(OH)3↓+ 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO4
-2
If alkalinity is not enough, pH will reduce greatly
Lime or sodium carbonate may be needed to neutralize the acid.
(Optimum pH: 5.5 – 6.5)
With alum addition, what happens to water pH?
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O ⇔ 2Al(OH)3↓+ 8H2O + 3H2SO4
-2
29. 04/27/16 water treatment 29
Alkalinity calculation
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O + 6HCO3
-
⇔ 2Al(OH)3↓+ 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO4
-2
594 mg 366 mg
If 200 mg/L of alum to be added to achieve complete coagulation.
How much alkalinity is consumed in mg/L as CaCO3?
594 mg alum consumes 366 mg HCO3
-
200 mg alum will consume (366/594) x 200 mg HCO3
-
= 123 mg HCO3
-
Alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3 = 123 x (50/61)
= 101 mg/L as CaCO3
30. 04/27/16 water treatment 30
Iron Chemistry
FeCl3+ 3HCO3
-
⇔ Fe(OH)3↓+ 3CO2 + 3Cl-
With iron salt addition, what happens to water pH?
(Wider pH range of: 4 – 9; Best pH range of 4.5 – 5.5)
1 mole of FeCl3 consumes 3 moles of bicarbonate (HCO3
-
)
If alkalinity is not enough, pH will reduce greatly due to hydrochloric
acid formation. Lime or sodium carbonate may be needed to neutralize
the acid. Lime is the cheapest.
If 200 mg/L of ferric chloride is added for coagulation, how
much alkalinity is consumed in mg/L as CaCO3?
Exercise: Alkalinity calculation
31. Fe species as a function of pH
04/27/16 water treatment 31
32. 04/27/16 water treatment 32
COAGULANT AIDS
Other substances than
coagulants used:
- Clay minerals
- Silicates
- Polymers
Polymers are often
either anionic or
cationic to aid
coagulation.
Polymers also
reinforce flocs
33. 04/27/16 water treatment 33
FLOCCULATION
Flocculation - agglomeration of colloids by collisions to form separable flocs
Examples - milk, blood, seawater
Mechanisms - perikinetic, collisions from Brownian motion
- orthokinetic, induced collisions through stirring
Orthokinetic flocculation
Velocity gradient, relative movement between colloids in a fluid body
velocity gradient
Camp No. Gt Typical 2x 104
- 105
35. Topics of Discussion
• The place of flocculation within a water
treatment process
• The use of coagulation and flocculation in
the water industry
• Softening
• Separation of flocs by settling
and flotation
04/27/16 water treatment 35
38. 04/27/16 water treatment 38
Transport Mechanisms
• Brownian motion: for relatively small
particles
which follow random motion and collide
with
other particles (perikinetic motion)• Differential settling: Particles with different
settling velocities in the vertical alignment
collide
when one overtakes the other (orthokinetic
motion)
Design of Flocculator (Slow & Gentle mixing)
Flocculators are designed mainly to provide enough
interparticle contacts to achieve particles agglomeration so
that they can be effectively removed by sedimentation or
flotation
39. 04/27/16 water treatment 39
Cross flow Flocculator (sectional view)
Plan (top view)
Transversepaddle
L
H
W
Mechanical Flocculator
40. 04/27/16 water treatment 40
Hydraulic Flocculation
• Horizontally baffled tank
Plan view (horizontal flow)
• Vertically baffled tank
L
Isometric View (vertical flow)
L
W
H
The water flows horizontally.
The baffle walls help to create
turbulence and thus facilitate mixing
The water flows vertically. The baffle
walls help to create turbulence and thus
facilitate mixing
41. 04/27/16 water treatment 41
http://www.environmental-center.com/magazine/iwa/jws/art4.pdf
Hydraulic Flocculation
58. 04/27/16 water treatment 58
Velocity Gradient: relative velocity of the two fluid particles/distance
G = dv/dy = 1.0/0.1 = 10 s-1
Mixing and Power
The degree of mixing is measured by Velocity Gradient (G)
Higher G value, intenser mixing
0.1m
1 m/s
In mixer design, the following equation is useful
G= velocity gradient, s-1;
P = Power input, W
V = Tank volume, m3
;
µ = Dynamic viscosity, (Pa.s)
59. 04/27/16 water treatment 59
G value for coagulation: 700 to 1000 S-1
; 3000 to 5000 S-1
for
Mixing time: 30 to 60 S in-line blender; 1-2 sec
G value for flocculation: 20 to 80 S-1
;
Mixing time: 20 to 60 min
In the flocculator design, Gt (also known Camp No.); a product
of G and t is commonly used as a design parameter
Typical Gt for flocculation is 2 x 104
- 105
Large G and small T gives small but dense floc
Small G and large T gives big but light flocs
We need big as well as dense flocs
which can be obtained by designing
flocculator with different G values 1 2 3G1:40 G2:30 G3:20
60. 04/27/16 water treatment 60
Power Calculation
What horsepower level do we need to supply to a flocculation
basin to provide a G value of 100s-1
and a Gt of 100,000 for 10
MGD flow? (Given: µ = 0.89 x 10-3
Pa.s; 1 hp = 745.7 watts)
Solution:
Retention time, t = Gt/G = 100,000/100 = 1000 secs
Volume of Flocculation basin, V = (0.438 m3
/sec) x (1000 sec)
= 438 m3
P = G2
V x µ
= 1002
x 438 x 0.89 x10-3
= 3900 W
= 3900/746 = 5.2 hp
61. 04/27/16
water treatment 61
WATER TREATMENT ENERGY CALCULATIONS
F = ma. In a gravity field, F = mg
Force in N, where a N is the force to accelerate 1kg @1m/s2
Force to move h, Potential energy = Fh = mgh
Dimensions MLT-2
L, kgm2
s-2
= Nm or J
Force moving at a certain speed, introduces time dimension
Dimensions here are MT-1
, L/s (1L=1kg)
Rate of energy usage, or power, P = mgh/t
Dimensions are now ML2
T-3
, or kgm2
s-3
= J/s or W.
Power (W) to pump water to h, flow rate in L/s (or kg/s)
W = kg/s x h x 9.8 m/s2
kW, divide by 1000 HP, divide by 746
62. 04/27/16 water treatment 62
Viscosity of water is a measure of its resistance to flow
The cgs unit is the Poise, 1 gcm-1
s-1
.
Water viscosity is c. 1cP = 0.01P = 0.001 Pa.s
Pa = N/m2
or kgms-2
m-2
, so Pa.s = kgms-2
m-2
s = kgm-1
s-1
This could also have been derived from going from
gcm-1
s-1
, multiplying by 100/1000.
Therefore 1cP = 0.001kgm-1
s-1
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
63. Calculation of Velocity Gradient
04/27/16 water treatment 63
Calculate the velocity gradient in a flocculator, where
the required energy is 1 J/L. Flow rate is 4ML/d,
retention time = 20 min
Volume, V = 4000/(24 x 60/20) = 55.5 m3
Flow rate = 4000 x 1000 = 46.3 L/s
24 x 60 x 60
_____ _________________
G = √ P/Vµ = √ 1 x 46.3/0.001x55.5
= 28 s-1
64. Calculate height required for hydraulic
flocculator
04/27/16 water treatment 64
Calculate the head difference in water through a
hydraulic flocculator, where the required energy
input is 1 J/L and the flow rate is 4 ML/d.
Power = energy/time
1 J x L/s = kg/s x 9.8 x h
Therefore, h = 1/9.8 m
= 0.102m
65. Calculate Camp No
04/27/16 water treatment 65
Calculate the Camp No for the hydraulic
flocculator in the previous example
Camp No = G.t
= 28 x 20 x 60
= 33,000
(within the boundaries of 20,000 – 200,000)
66. 04/27/16 water treatment 66
Where F = drag force, N
CD
= dimensionless drag coefficient for plates moving faces normal to direction of motion
A = cross-sectional area of the paddles, m2
υ = relative velocity between paddles and fluid, m/s
ρ = density, 1000 kg/m3
The power input can be computed as the product of drag force and velocity:
P = Fυ = CDAρν3
/2
If this is substituted in the equation for G, the mean velocity gradient G becomes
G2
= P/µV = CDAρν3
/ 2µV
CDAρυ2
2
F = CDAρν2
/2
PADDLE FLOCCULATORS
67. What you need to know
• How to determine the velocity
gradient and volume, chemical
and energy requirements for
flocculation
• Be able to size settling tanks on
the basis of particle settling
rates and identify important
zones in the settling tank
• Softening calculations04/27/16 water treatment 67
68. 04/27/16 water treatment 68
Disinfection Byproducts: A Reference Resource
Disinfection byproducts are formed when disinfectants used in water treatment plants react with bromide and/or natural
organic matter (i.e., decaying vegetation) present in the source water. Different disinfectants produce different types or amounts
of disinfection byproducts. Disinfection byproducts for which regulations have been established have been identified in drinking
water, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. ------------------------
Trihalomethanes (THM) are a group of four chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection byproducts when chlorine
or other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and
inorganic matter in water. The trihalomethanes are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.
EPA has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate total trihalomethanes (TTHM) at a
maximum allowable annual average level of 80 parts per billion. This standard replaced the current standard of a maximum
allowable annual average level of 100 parts per billion in December 2001 for large surface water public water systems. The
standard became effective for the first time in December 2003 for small surface water and all ground water systems.
------------------------
Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) are a group of chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection byproducts when chlorine or
other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic
matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acids, known as HAA5, are: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic
acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. EPA has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule
to regulate HAA5 at 60 parts per billion annual average. This standard became effective for large surface water public water
systems in December 2001 and for small surface water and all ground water public water systems in December 2003. -------------
Bromate is a chemical that is formed when ozone used to disinfect drinking water reacts with naturally occurring bromide found
in source water. EPA has established the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate bromate at annual
average of 10 parts per billion in drinking water. This standard will become effective for large public water systems by December
2001 and for small surface water and all ground public water systems in December 2003. ------------------------
Chlorite is a byproduct formed when chlorine dioxide is used to disinfect water. EPA has published the Stage1
Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate chlorite at a monthly average level of 1 part per million in drinking water.
This standard became effective for large surface water public water systems in December 2001 and for small surface water and
all ground water public water systems in December 2003