This document discusses factors that influence the castability and fluidity of metal alloys during casting processes. It summarizes research on how chemical composition, pouring temperature, grain refinement, mould material, coatings, and other variables impact the fluidity of aluminum alloys. Higher fluidity leads to better filling of moulds and fewer casting defects. The document analyzes several studies that examined the effect of parameters like alloying elements, superheat, modifiers, pressure head, and melt cleanliness on the fluidity of aluminum-silicon and other alloys. Maintaining good fluidity through control of these factors can improve cast product quality and reduce rejection rates in metal casting.
This document discusses a study of fluid flow behavior under different gases and flow rates during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). An analytical model was developed to estimate fluid flow in GMAW torch nozzles under varying shielding gases (100% CO2, 100% Ar, 80% Ar/20% CO2) and gas flow rates. Experiments evaluated the model's predictions of fluid behavior and weld quality at different flow rates. Results show that with CO2, turbulence occurs over 35 L/min, while with Ar and the Ar/CO2 blend, turbulence is seen above 70 L/min. Maintaining flow rates below these thresholds is recommended for effective shielding during GMAW. The model provides a way
IRJET-Estimation/Assessment of Oxygen Content in Copper by Metallographic MethodIRJET Journal
This document describes a new metallographic method for qualitatively and quantitatively estimating the oxygen content in copper. Existing methods to detect hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility caused by oxygen/copper oxide in copper have limitations. The new method involves developing a metallographic comparator by examining copper samples with known oxygen content levels to create an atlas of microstructures. Then, the microstructure of an unknown sample can be compared to the atlas to estimate its approximate oxygen content range, providing a faster alternative to existing techniques.
The document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of welds between 316L stainless steel and galvanized low carbon steel. Welding was performed with and without the galvanized coating using two shielding gas combinations: Ar + 2%O2 and Ar + 2%He + 2%O2. Mechanical tests including tensile, impact and bend tests were conducted on the welded samples. Microstructural characterization was also carried out to understand the mechanical behavior. The results showed that removing the galvanized coating and using Ar + 2%He + 2%O2 as shielding gas improved the ductility and impact strength of the welds. However, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths
Influence of alloying on hydrogen-assisted cracking and diffusible hydrogen c...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1) The study examined the influence of alloy content on hydrogen-assisted cracking susceptibility and diffusible hydrogen content in Cr-Mo steel welds.
2) Testing found that susceptibility to cracking increased and diffusible hydrogen content decreased with increasing alloy content under identical welding conditions.
3) Hydrogen permeation studies showed hydrogen diffusivity decreases and solubility increases with higher alloy content. This explains the decrease in diffusible hydrogen - more hydrogen remains in solid solution due to higher solubility and lower diffusivity.
INFLUENCE OF VARYING H2S CONCENTRATIONS AND HUMIDITY LEVELS ON ImAg AND OSP...IAEME Publication
Corrosion impacts electronic systems by attacking boards or individual components. Of particular concern is corrosion of the metallization on printed wiring board assemblies due to attack from sulfur-containing species, most notably sulfurous gases. Sulfurous gases are emitted by a diverse range of processes, ranging from paper and pulp bleaching to the warming of clay used in industrial modeling facilities. However, the impact of varying sulfur concentrations and humidity levels on corrosion needs further examination.
A study on characterization of Al-18%Si alloy by centrifuge castingdbpublications
Aluminum-silicon alloy are characterized by light weight, good strength –to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication of at reasonable cost, high strength at elevated temperature, good thermal conductivity, excellent castability, good weldability, excellent corrosion and wear resistance property. Thus, these types of alloys are well suited for automotive industries, aerospace structural and military applications. In centrifuge casting solidification rate is faster compared to gravity casting, but still solidification depends on various process parameters like, cooling temperature of molten metal, rotational speed of the die and also wall thickness of die. In centrifuge casting the silicon deposition in aluminum varies from top to bottom. Here Al-Si functionally graded material is used and developed under centrifuge casting. The method used in this work to produce functionally graded material is totally different from other centrifugal casting which helped in producing solid cylindrical parts. This report describes about mechanical characterization of Al-18%Si at different temperature. At 950°C casting shows good ultimate tensile strength and harder metal compared to other casting.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different quenching media (brine solution, water, diesel oil, and air) on the impact strength of single-vee butt welded mild steel joints. Samples of mild steel were welded using a coated electrode and then heat treated at temperatures from 2000°C to 6000°C before being quenched in the different media. Impact testing found that quenching in brine solution resulted in the lowest average impact strength, while quenching in air produced the highest average impact strength. Overall, the results indicated that air was the best quenching medium for welded mild steel, followed by diesel oil, water, and brine solution, when considering impact
This document discusses a study of fluid flow behavior under different gases and flow rates during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). An analytical model was developed to estimate fluid flow in GMAW torch nozzles under varying shielding gases (100% CO2, 100% Ar, 80% Ar/20% CO2) and gas flow rates. Experiments evaluated the model's predictions of fluid behavior and weld quality at different flow rates. Results show that with CO2, turbulence occurs over 35 L/min, while with Ar and the Ar/CO2 blend, turbulence is seen above 70 L/min. Maintaining flow rates below these thresholds is recommended for effective shielding during GMAW. The model provides a way
IRJET-Estimation/Assessment of Oxygen Content in Copper by Metallographic MethodIRJET Journal
This document describes a new metallographic method for qualitatively and quantitatively estimating the oxygen content in copper. Existing methods to detect hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility caused by oxygen/copper oxide in copper have limitations. The new method involves developing a metallographic comparator by examining copper samples with known oxygen content levels to create an atlas of microstructures. Then, the microstructure of an unknown sample can be compared to the atlas to estimate its approximate oxygen content range, providing a faster alternative to existing techniques.
The document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of welds between 316L stainless steel and galvanized low carbon steel. Welding was performed with and without the galvanized coating using two shielding gas combinations: Ar + 2%O2 and Ar + 2%He + 2%O2. Mechanical tests including tensile, impact and bend tests were conducted on the welded samples. Microstructural characterization was also carried out to understand the mechanical behavior. The results showed that removing the galvanized coating and using Ar + 2%He + 2%O2 as shielding gas improved the ductility and impact strength of the welds. However, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths
Influence of alloying on hydrogen-assisted cracking and diffusible hydrogen c...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1) The study examined the influence of alloy content on hydrogen-assisted cracking susceptibility and diffusible hydrogen content in Cr-Mo steel welds.
2) Testing found that susceptibility to cracking increased and diffusible hydrogen content decreased with increasing alloy content under identical welding conditions.
3) Hydrogen permeation studies showed hydrogen diffusivity decreases and solubility increases with higher alloy content. This explains the decrease in diffusible hydrogen - more hydrogen remains in solid solution due to higher solubility and lower diffusivity.
INFLUENCE OF VARYING H2S CONCENTRATIONS AND HUMIDITY LEVELS ON ImAg AND OSP...IAEME Publication
Corrosion impacts electronic systems by attacking boards or individual components. Of particular concern is corrosion of the metallization on printed wiring board assemblies due to attack from sulfur-containing species, most notably sulfurous gases. Sulfurous gases are emitted by a diverse range of processes, ranging from paper and pulp bleaching to the warming of clay used in industrial modeling facilities. However, the impact of varying sulfur concentrations and humidity levels on corrosion needs further examination.
A study on characterization of Al-18%Si alloy by centrifuge castingdbpublications
Aluminum-silicon alloy are characterized by light weight, good strength –to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication of at reasonable cost, high strength at elevated temperature, good thermal conductivity, excellent castability, good weldability, excellent corrosion and wear resistance property. Thus, these types of alloys are well suited for automotive industries, aerospace structural and military applications. In centrifuge casting solidification rate is faster compared to gravity casting, but still solidification depends on various process parameters like, cooling temperature of molten metal, rotational speed of the die and also wall thickness of die. In centrifuge casting the silicon deposition in aluminum varies from top to bottom. Here Al-Si functionally graded material is used and developed under centrifuge casting. The method used in this work to produce functionally graded material is totally different from other centrifugal casting which helped in producing solid cylindrical parts. This report describes about mechanical characterization of Al-18%Si at different temperature. At 950°C casting shows good ultimate tensile strength and harder metal compared to other casting.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different quenching media (brine solution, water, diesel oil, and air) on the impact strength of single-vee butt welded mild steel joints. Samples of mild steel were welded using a coated electrode and then heat treated at temperatures from 2000°C to 6000°C before being quenched in the different media. Impact testing found that quenching in brine solution resulted in the lowest average impact strength, while quenching in air produced the highest average impact strength. Overall, the results indicated that air was the best quenching medium for welded mild steel, followed by diesel oil, water, and brine solution, when considering impact
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
The document discusses several failure analysis cases of pressure equipment operating under complex environmental conditions. It summarizes:
1) Cracking of ethylene oxide reactors caused by stress corrosion cracking of high-strength steel due to residual welding stresses and alkali contamination in boiler feedwater.
2) Cracking of a hydrogenation reactor within 9 days of operation caused by overheating weakening the metal rather than cracks themselves.
3) The need to consider multiple failure mechanisms and how dominant mechanisms can change based on environmental factors, using examples of coking tower corrosion.
The document emphasizes that equipment often fails due to interactions between multiple mechanisms under complex environments, and analyzing only part of the evidence rather than the whole can
Casting with Al 7075 alloys is considered to have good mechanical properties. The
quality of casting products is also influenced by gating systems, riser use and
mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical
properties of propeller cast products using a riser, applying the use of risers to produce
flawless products. The research method is propeller casting using two gating systems
and using a riser. The results of this study indicate that from the two propeller casting
using a riser in the TIP section but the hardness value is different, namely directly gated
with the riser in the TIP section 73.24 HB, section HUB 72.24 HB. While on the upper
channel with risers at TIP 67.5 HB, HUB 75.44 HB. For the micro structure there is a
porosity defect on the channel directly with the riser caused by the freezing process
during the pouring process of metal liquid in the mold, the direct channel with the riser
is defect that occurs on the propeller leaves, while the upper duct with the riser is not
defective and the results are perfect.
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooli...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time
on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooling, Case Study:Khatoonabad Copper Smelter Plant by Esmaeil Rahimi and Neda Mohaghegh in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
The document discusses new technologies from companies like Clariant, Baker Hughes, and Modumetal for improving corrosion inhibition in offshore oil and gas projects. Clariant tested a new phosphate ester-based inhibitor that showed better inhibition than traditional imidazoline-based inhibitors, particularly in reducing anodic current. Baker Hughes developed antiagglomerant chemistry that addresses pitting corrosion risks while maintaining hydrate inhibition. Modumetal is working on nanolaminated metal coatings that could strengthen components and reduce the need for corrosion inhibitors by delaying electron exchange during corrosion.
Melt treatment of aluminum alloys are typically carried out in transfer furnaces prior to casting.
Depending on the size of the crucible and the volume of the castings, the melt may be led to remain in the liquid
state up to two hours. It is well known that as the holding period is increased, the effect of modifiers fade away.
In this work, the mechanism of this fading effect has been investigated for the first time by means of melt
cleanliness. Reduced pressure test was used to measure bifilm index of the melt. Al-19Si was used and two
temperatures were selected: 725oC and 800oC. Hydrogen content of the melt was measured by AlSPEK and
excess amount of Al-15Sr modifier was added once the desired temperature was reached. Samples were
collected every 20 minutes up to two hours and the microstructural results (i.e. efficiency of modification) was
correlated with bifilm index (melt quality).
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the effect of heat input on the tensile strength of butt weld joints using MIG welding. The researchers found that increasing heat input affected the microstructure of the base metal and heat affected zone. Tensile strength decreased with higher heat input. Microhardness was observed to increase in the weld pool but decrease in the heat affected zone with greater heat input. Optical microscopy showed smaller dendrite sizes and spacing at low heat input compared to larger dendrites and spacing at high heat input. The extent of grain coarsening in the heat affected zone also increased with higher heat input. In conclusion, welding heat input significantly influences the properties of welded joints.
simulation and experimentation in feeder design_secureDhaval Sukhadia
This document discusses a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report focuses on simulation and experimentation in casting feeder design. It begins with an acknowledgement section thanking those who provided guidance and support. The abstract provides a high-level overview, stating that the goal is to use solidification simulation and experimental pouring to optimize feeder design for an aluminum casting part to reduce defects during solidification. Key steps included simulating the part online, determining the feeder location and shape, and comparing experimental results to the simulation. It was concluded that properly selecting the feeder affects casting quality during solidification.
This document is a seminar report on orbital welding submitted by Anshad Ali in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes an abstract, table of contents, acknowledgements, introduction, literature review, fundamentals of orbital pipe welding, applications of orbital welding, advantages and disadvantages, conclusion, and future scope. It provides an overview of orbital welding technology and processes.
The computational study of a novel secondary steelmaking reactoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Heat Transfer, Hardenability and Steel Phase Transformations during Gas Quenc...YuanLu49
https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/399/
"Quenching is the rapid cooling process from an elevated temperature. Compared to water and oil quench medium, high pressure and velocity gas is preferred to quench medium and high hardenability steel, with the potential to reduce distortion, stress and cracks. Currently, no standard test exists to characterize the gas quench steel hardenability and measure the performance of industrial gas quench furnaces. In this thesis, the fundamental difference between the liquid and gas quenching, heat transfer coefficient, was emphasized. It has been proven that gas quenching with constant HTC cannot generate the similar cooling curves compared to liquid quenching. Limitations on current gas quench steel hardenability tests were reviewed. Critical HTC, a concept like critical diameter, was successfully proved to describe the gas quench hardenability of steel. An attempt to use critical HTC test bar and measure the HTC distribution of gas quench furnace was made. Gas quenching, usually with slow cooling rate, may reduce hardness and Charpy impact toughness, compared to water and oil quenching. Lattice parameter and c/a ratio of as-quenched martensite in steel was measured using high resolution X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. For AISI 4140, Charpy impact toughness decreases when the cooling rate decreases after quenching and tempering. Austenite percentage and carbon content in austenite is proposed as the dominated mechanism."
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Study and CFD Analysis on Different Test Plate Specimens with Different Nozzl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the simulation and analysis of thermal striping phenomenon, which occurs due to the mixing of hot and cold fluid streams in nuclear reactor cores. Thermal striping can cause thermal fatigue damage to reactor structures. The study involves experimentally simulating thermal striping using a water jet test setup with different nozzle designs. Temperature fluctuations are measured and input into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. CFD results are compared to experimental data. Power spectral density analysis is performed on copper, steel, and brass materials to determine their suitability for use in reactor cores, depending on whether fluctuations remain within 0.1-10 Hz. The objectives are to predict fluctuations, study nozzle and material effects, and develop thermal striping models for
INVESTIGATION OF HOLE QUALITY AND TOOL WEAR IN HIGH-SPEED DRILLING OF AL 7050 meijjournal
This paper investigated the feasibility of drilling aluminum 7050 with enhanced cutting speed. Two identical tools and two identical Al-7050 work-piece plates were utilised during the experiment. Wet
cooling drilling on both conventional and high cutting speeds was conducted to compare the results. A total of 338 holes were drilled towards the end of the experiment. Tests for tool wear, borehole diameter, and hole quality were carried out to observe the different drilling performances by drilling with different cutting speeds. The result shows that the proposed high speed drilling produced better diameter accuracy,better surface roughness but poor exit burr hole tendency.
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing EnvironmentIRJET Journal
The document discusses the sustainability of aluminum-based alloys in chloride ion-containing environments. Various aluminum-based alloys were produced using melting and casting. The alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and hardness testing. Corrosion resistance testing of the alloys was conducted in 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance was found to be highest for the alloy containing 0.5% Co, 0.5% Mo, 12% Si, 0.75% Sn, 0.75% Zn, and 6% Cu.
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
The document discusses several failure analysis cases of pressure equipment operating under complex environmental conditions. It summarizes:
1) Cracking of ethylene oxide reactors caused by stress corrosion cracking of high-strength steel due to residual welding stresses and alkali contamination in boiler feedwater.
2) Cracking of a hydrogenation reactor within 9 days of operation caused by overheating weakening the metal rather than cracks themselves.
3) The need to consider multiple failure mechanisms and how dominant mechanisms can change based on environmental factors, using examples of coking tower corrosion.
The document emphasizes that equipment often fails due to interactions between multiple mechanisms under complex environments, and analyzing only part of the evidence rather than the whole can
Casting with Al 7075 alloys is considered to have good mechanical properties. The
quality of casting products is also influenced by gating systems, riser use and
mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical
properties of propeller cast products using a riser, applying the use of risers to produce
flawless products. The research method is propeller casting using two gating systems
and using a riser. The results of this study indicate that from the two propeller casting
using a riser in the TIP section but the hardness value is different, namely directly gated
with the riser in the TIP section 73.24 HB, section HUB 72.24 HB. While on the upper
channel with risers at TIP 67.5 HB, HUB 75.44 HB. For the micro structure there is a
porosity defect on the channel directly with the riser caused by the freezing process
during the pouring process of metal liquid in the mold, the direct channel with the riser
is defect that occurs on the propeller leaves, while the upper duct with the riser is not
defective and the results are perfect.
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooli...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time
on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooling, Case Study:Khatoonabad Copper Smelter Plant by Esmaeil Rahimi and Neda Mohaghegh in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
The document discusses new technologies from companies like Clariant, Baker Hughes, and Modumetal for improving corrosion inhibition in offshore oil and gas projects. Clariant tested a new phosphate ester-based inhibitor that showed better inhibition than traditional imidazoline-based inhibitors, particularly in reducing anodic current. Baker Hughes developed antiagglomerant chemistry that addresses pitting corrosion risks while maintaining hydrate inhibition. Modumetal is working on nanolaminated metal coatings that could strengthen components and reduce the need for corrosion inhibitors by delaying electron exchange during corrosion.
Melt treatment of aluminum alloys are typically carried out in transfer furnaces prior to casting.
Depending on the size of the crucible and the volume of the castings, the melt may be led to remain in the liquid
state up to two hours. It is well known that as the holding period is increased, the effect of modifiers fade away.
In this work, the mechanism of this fading effect has been investigated for the first time by means of melt
cleanliness. Reduced pressure test was used to measure bifilm index of the melt. Al-19Si was used and two
temperatures were selected: 725oC and 800oC. Hydrogen content of the melt was measured by AlSPEK and
excess amount of Al-15Sr modifier was added once the desired temperature was reached. Samples were
collected every 20 minutes up to two hours and the microstructural results (i.e. efficiency of modification) was
correlated with bifilm index (melt quality).
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the effect of heat input on the tensile strength of butt weld joints using MIG welding. The researchers found that increasing heat input affected the microstructure of the base metal and heat affected zone. Tensile strength decreased with higher heat input. Microhardness was observed to increase in the weld pool but decrease in the heat affected zone with greater heat input. Optical microscopy showed smaller dendrite sizes and spacing at low heat input compared to larger dendrites and spacing at high heat input. The extent of grain coarsening in the heat affected zone also increased with higher heat input. In conclusion, welding heat input significantly influences the properties of welded joints.
simulation and experimentation in feeder design_secureDhaval Sukhadia
This document discusses a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report focuses on simulation and experimentation in casting feeder design. It begins with an acknowledgement section thanking those who provided guidance and support. The abstract provides a high-level overview, stating that the goal is to use solidification simulation and experimental pouring to optimize feeder design for an aluminum casting part to reduce defects during solidification. Key steps included simulating the part online, determining the feeder location and shape, and comparing experimental results to the simulation. It was concluded that properly selecting the feeder affects casting quality during solidification.
This document is a seminar report on orbital welding submitted by Anshad Ali in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes an abstract, table of contents, acknowledgements, introduction, literature review, fundamentals of orbital pipe welding, applications of orbital welding, advantages and disadvantages, conclusion, and future scope. It provides an overview of orbital welding technology and processes.
The computational study of a novel secondary steelmaking reactoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Heat Transfer, Hardenability and Steel Phase Transformations during Gas Quenc...YuanLu49
https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/399/
"Quenching is the rapid cooling process from an elevated temperature. Compared to water and oil quench medium, high pressure and velocity gas is preferred to quench medium and high hardenability steel, with the potential to reduce distortion, stress and cracks. Currently, no standard test exists to characterize the gas quench steel hardenability and measure the performance of industrial gas quench furnaces. In this thesis, the fundamental difference between the liquid and gas quenching, heat transfer coefficient, was emphasized. It has been proven that gas quenching with constant HTC cannot generate the similar cooling curves compared to liquid quenching. Limitations on current gas quench steel hardenability tests were reviewed. Critical HTC, a concept like critical diameter, was successfully proved to describe the gas quench hardenability of steel. An attempt to use critical HTC test bar and measure the HTC distribution of gas quench furnace was made. Gas quenching, usually with slow cooling rate, may reduce hardness and Charpy impact toughness, compared to water and oil quenching. Lattice parameter and c/a ratio of as-quenched martensite in steel was measured using high resolution X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. For AISI 4140, Charpy impact toughness decreases when the cooling rate decreases after quenching and tempering. Austenite percentage and carbon content in austenite is proposed as the dominated mechanism."
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Study and CFD Analysis on Different Test Plate Specimens with Different Nozzl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the simulation and analysis of thermal striping phenomenon, which occurs due to the mixing of hot and cold fluid streams in nuclear reactor cores. Thermal striping can cause thermal fatigue damage to reactor structures. The study involves experimentally simulating thermal striping using a water jet test setup with different nozzle designs. Temperature fluctuations are measured and input into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. CFD results are compared to experimental data. Power spectral density analysis is performed on copper, steel, and brass materials to determine their suitability for use in reactor cores, depending on whether fluctuations remain within 0.1-10 Hz. The objectives are to predict fluctuations, study nozzle and material effects, and develop thermal striping models for
INVESTIGATION OF HOLE QUALITY AND TOOL WEAR IN HIGH-SPEED DRILLING OF AL 7050 meijjournal
This paper investigated the feasibility of drilling aluminum 7050 with enhanced cutting speed. Two identical tools and two identical Al-7050 work-piece plates were utilised during the experiment. Wet
cooling drilling on both conventional and high cutting speeds was conducted to compare the results. A total of 338 holes were drilled towards the end of the experiment. Tests for tool wear, borehole diameter, and hole quality were carried out to observe the different drilling performances by drilling with different cutting speeds. The result shows that the proposed high speed drilling produced better diameter accuracy,better surface roughness but poor exit burr hole tendency.
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing EnvironmentIRJET Journal
The document discusses the sustainability of aluminum-based alloys in chloride ion-containing environments. Various aluminum-based alloys were produced using melting and casting. The alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and hardness testing. Corrosion resistance testing of the alloys was conducted in 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance was found to be highest for the alloy containing 0.5% Co, 0.5% Mo, 12% Si, 0.75% Sn, 0.75% Zn, and 6% Cu.
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
Analyzing the Effect of Alloying Addition in Steel samplesIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of alloying titanium (Ti) in steel samples. Ti was added to low carbon steel samples in amounts of 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6% to study its effects. Hardness testing showed that hardness increased with higher Ti content due to Ti's ability to refine grains. Corrosion testing in sulfuric acid found that corrosion resistance improved with increasing Ti, as evidenced by more positive corrosion potentials and lower corrosion currents. Micrographs also showed less corrosion on surfaces of Ti-containing samples. In conclusion, the addition of Ti increased both the hardness and corrosion resistance of the low carbon steel samples.
The document examines the effect of various inoculants on the properties of grey cast iron melted in an induction furnace. It finds that calcium silicide is the most effective inoculant, improving eutectic cell count by 8-10 times and increasing tensile strength by about 40%. Ferrosilicon also improves properties but to a lesser extent than calcium silicide. Aluminum silicon provides some benefits but does not modify the graphite structure. Silicon carbide shows little effect on properties and is not an effective inoculant for grey cast iron. Calcium silicide and ferrosilicon mixtures perform well but do not entirely prevent the formation of undesirable graphite types.
IRJET- Study of Fluid Flow Characteristics for the Flow of Air over a Hea...IRJET Journal
This study examines fluid flow characteristics for air flowing over a heated diamond-shaped tube using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The governing equations for steady, incompressible laminar flow are solved. Pressure drop and friction factor are analyzed for both diamond and circular tubes as the Reynolds number is varied from 438 to 1227. Results show that pressure drop increases and friction factor decreases with Reynolds number for both shapes, though the diamond tube exhibits higher values compared to the circular tube due to its larger frontal area. Velocity distributions also indicate a larger wake region behind the diamond tube. The study aims to provide insights into heat transfer for applications involving cross-flow over tubes such as heat exchangers.
The study investigates the effects of turbulence flow of molten metal on the walls of
the runner and the mould cavity during pouring via simulation approach. Effects of
temperature, solidification time, shrinkage porosity, thermal modulus, hot spot
formation and interfacial heat transfer coefficient were simulated under turbulent flow
condition. Turbulence kinetics and flow properties which include velocity and
viscosity were equally simulated. The result of temperature simulation showed an
ideal variation of temperature distribution during flow and in the cavity. Molten metal
at liquid state was observed to vary from 654.7-636.0 oC and became solid at 473.3-
492.0 oC for a total simulation time of 169.5838 seconds. Consequently, at higher
pouring temperature, diffusion of heat into the walls of the mould will occur due to the
momentum of flow thereby leading to erosion of the mould content. In addition to this,
velocity and viscosity of the molten metal was found to have effect on the turbulent
kinetics. Thus, this simulation technique will help the foundry industry in improving
the gating system design by studying the defects associated with turbulence flow and
incorporating filters to remove the inclusions in the gating system
Review on Erosion and Corrosion Studies on Steel WeldmentsIRJET Journal
This document provides an extensive literature review on erosion and corrosion studies carried out on various grades of steel weldments. It discusses different types of erosion and corrosion, parameters that affect erosion rates like particle size and impact angle. Methods to analyze erosion and corrosion rates like weight loss tests and SEM imaging are also summarized. The review focuses on erosion and corrosion behavior of carbon steels like A106 grade steel typically used in pipes under various environmental conditions like chemicals and high temperatures.
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal AnalysisIRJET Journal
The document discusses using thermal analysis to improve the quality of ductile iron castings by reducing shrinkage defects. It presents the results of an experiment where cooling curves were recorded for ductile iron castings with different section thicknesses. Nine castings were produced with variations in chemical composition, inoculation amount, and pouring temperature. The cooling curves were analyzed to understand the solidification behavior and identify conditions that led to shrinkage. The results showed that thermal analysis is effective for controlling melt quality in ductile iron and avoiding shrinkage, with nil undercooling indicating sufficient inoculation for a given composition and thickness.
The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-f...IOSR Journals
Spray forming, also called spray casting or spray deposition, is the inert gas atomization of a liquid metal stream into variously sized droplets. These droplets are interrupted by a substrate which collects and solidifies the droplets into coherent, near fully dense perform. The present work concerns with this techniques. This technology was applied to produce Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloys. The spray droplets were deposited over a copper substrate to achieve a disc shape perform. After spray deposition samples were rolled at room temperature on two high rolling mills and total porosity and wear characteristic of spray deposits were studies. The total porosity decreases with the increase in the percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples. Thickness of the samples in both middle and peripheral region. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled Al-Si-Pb alloy were investigated on a pin on disc type wear machine. Wear rate behavior with applied load and increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of samples was observed. Wear rate increased with increasing the load and decreased with increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of the sample.
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of annealing process on the corrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. Samples of the alloy were annealed at 400°C for durations of 4, 8, and 12 hours. Testing showed that annealed samples had lower corrosion resistance and higher corrosion rates than the base metal in 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical polarization revealed that electrode potentials decreased with increasing annealing time. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the most severe intergranular corrosion on samples with the longest annealing time. In general, annealing the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy reduced its corrosion resistance.
Microstructural and mechanical behaviour of zinc aluminium cast alloysIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the microstructural and mechanical behavior of zinc-aluminum (ZA27) cast alloys with varying amounts of nickel (1-3% wt). Key findings include:
1) Increasing the nickel content resulted in higher tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness due to solid strengthening and formation of intermetallic phases along grain boundaries.
2) Ductility decreased with more nickel due to intermetallics acting as barriers to elongation.
3) Microstructural analysis revealed the presence of intermetallic compounds like AlNi3 and the formation of a metastable epsilon phase with increasing nickel content.
Effect of silicon oxide sio2 reinforced particles on ageing behavior of al 20...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of silicon oxide (SiO2) particles on the aging behavior of an Al-2024 alloy. Key points:
- Al-2024 composites were produced with 0%, 3%, and 6% SiO2 via stir casting and subjected to heat treatments.
- Hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance were tested for the composites in as-cast and heat treated conditions.
- Heat treatments included solutionizing at 550°C for 2 hours followed by artificial aging at 150°C for times between 1-5 hours.
- The existence of SiO2 particles was found to increase the peak hardness of the alloy and accelerate the aging kinetics compared
This document provides a literature review of submerged arc welding (SAW) research. It discusses the history and process of SAW. Key points include:
- SAW involves an electric arc between a consumable electrode and the workpiece, with the arc surrounded by a bed of granular flux that prevents atmospheric contamination and increases weld pool size.
- Many studies have analyzed the effects of various SAW process parameters like current, voltage, and wire feed rate on weld properties and microstructure of steels. Properties examined include hardness, toughness, bead geometry, and heat-affected zone characteristics.
- Research has optimized SAW parameters using techniques like Taguchi methods and developed mathematical models relating inputs
IRJET- Investigation of Fluid Flow Characteristics for the Forced Convect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate fluid flow characteristics over heated elliptical and circular shaped tubes. The study varied the Reynolds number from 438 to 1227 and found that elliptical tubes had lower pressure drop and friction factor values than circular tubes. Velocity distributions showed smaller wakes behind elliptical tubes. Pressure drop and friction factor both increased with Reynolds number but elliptical tubes performed better in both areas. The study concluded elliptical tubes provided better heat transfer characteristics than circular tubes of the same hydraulic diameter.
The document discusses the effects of adding strontium and silicon carbide on the mechanical properties of an aluminum alloy (LM6). Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.5 wt% strontium and 10 wt% silicon carbide improved the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the aluminum alloy the most compared to other concentrations tested.
2) The microstructure was modified by adding strontium, changing the silicon morphology from needle-like to fibrous and increasing the amount of alpha-aluminum dendrites, leading to enhanced properties.
3) While strengths increased with the additions, the tensile strength of the composites did not increase dramatically due to weak particle-matrix interfaces. Heat
IRJET- Synthesis and Characterization of AL 1100-CU Alloy Reinforced with AL ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on aluminum 1100-copper alloy reinforced with aluminum oxide particulate composites. The composites were produced using stir casting with 0-4% alumina by weight. Tensile strength and hardness increased with higher alumina content while ductility decreased. Wear resistance also improved with more alumina particles. Microstructure analysis found better alumina dispersion with increased content. Overall, the composites exhibited higher strength and wear resistance than the base aluminum alloy.
IRJET- Study on Process Parameters of Diffusion Bonding of Titanium with ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the process parameters for diffusion bonding of titanium to stainless steel 304 and aluminum 6061. Diffusion bonding is a solid-state joining process that occurs through atomic transfer at the interface when materials are bonded under heat and pressure. The key parameters that influence bonding are temperature, time, and pressure. Experiments explored bonding titanium to stainless steel at 900°C for 90 minutes at 5MPa and bonding titanium to aluminum at 450°C for 90 minutes at 10MPa. Microhardness tests found these parameter combinations produced the highest bonding strengths at the interfaces. Optimization of diffusion bonding parameters is important for joining dissimilar metals like titanium.
Corrosion Effects of Cr and Ni in Thermo-Mechanical Treated Steel Bar in Mari...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the corrosion effects of chromium and nickel in thermo-mechanically treated steel bars used in marine environments. Two different steel bars were tested - one containing copper, phosphorus, chromium, and nickel (Steel 1), and one containing just carbon, sulfur, and manganese (Steel 2). Tests were conducted to analyze the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the steel bars. The Steel 1 bar exhibited a composite microstructure and better balance of mechanical properties. Corrosion tests in salt water found that Steel 1 had a more noble free corrosion potential and lower corrosion current, indicating better corrosion resistance attributed to its alloying elements, which formed a denser rust layer. The
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research into the effect of chemical composition on the total carbon equivalent and properties of grey iron castings. It discusses how the carbon equivalent value is calculated based on carbon, silicon, and phosphorus content. Experimental results showed that a carbon equivalent of 4.3 produced Type A graphite flakes and maximum tensile strength for a 15mm diameter bar. A casting trial produced an impeller with the desired properties and microstructure using a chemical composition from the experiment with a carbon equivalent of 4.3. In conclusion, adopting this chemical composition promoted the desired Type A graphite formation.
Similar to Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.