The study investigates the effects of turbulence flow of molten metal on the walls of
the runner and the mould cavity during pouring via simulation approach. Effects of
temperature, solidification time, shrinkage porosity, thermal modulus, hot spot
formation and interfacial heat transfer coefficient were simulated under turbulent flow
condition. Turbulence kinetics and flow properties which include velocity and
viscosity were equally simulated. The result of temperature simulation showed an
ideal variation of temperature distribution during flow and in the cavity. Molten metal
at liquid state was observed to vary from 654.7-636.0 oC and became solid at 473.3-
492.0 oC for a total simulation time of 169.5838 seconds. Consequently, at higher
pouring temperature, diffusion of heat into the walls of the mould will occur due to the
momentum of flow thereby leading to erosion of the mould content. In addition to this,
velocity and viscosity of the molten metal was found to have effect on the turbulent
kinetics. Thus, this simulation technique will help the foundry industry in improving
the gating system design by studying the defects associated with turbulence flow and
incorporating filters to remove the inclusions in the gating system
An optimal design approach for adamite hot rolling mill rollLaukik Raut
In this paper, micro-structural, mechanical and tribological behaviors of roll materials i.e. high speed steel
(HSS), high chromium iron (HiCr), indefinite chill irons (IC) and other have been reviewed. The technological process of
the rolling consists of many factors that influencing the fatigue life of rolls like rolling temperature, roll groove design,
rolling speed and turning due to wearing. These parameters are analyzed to advance maximum fatigue life of the rolls as
well as to shrink overall energy consumption, increase production and decrease overall costs. Finite element analysis of
adamite roll is carried out by applying process parameters and variables at high temperature those are responsible for
roll wear. According to appropriate chemical properties, microstructure and mechanical property some new wearresistant roll grades for conventional hot rolling process is suggested.
STUDY OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF GRAVITY DIE CASTING DEFECTSIAEME Publication
In today’s world a casting production without any defect is almost impossible. After the application of various optimization techniques and process we still are not able to get the defect free castings. So it is critically important to analyze the root cause of casting defect with in the process itself, so that any changes which can hamper the defect intensity can be invoked at the time of manufacturing or foundry shop production. The gravity die casting process is governed by its process parameters so it is required to study its process parameters and its effects. In this paper an effort has been incorporated to study the change in process parameters and their consequent effects on casting defects.
The document discusses porosity in castings. It defines two types of porosity - macro and micro - based on pore size. Micro porosity forms due to gas pores when gas pressure exceeds external pressure during solidification. The document also discusses properties of aluminum alloys LM25 and LM6, types of feeding during solidification, and models for predicting microporosity evolution and grain structure evolution. It provides equations to calculate porosity based on hydrogen content and presents results showing increased porosity with higher hydrogen and slower cooling rates.
Friction Stir Welding, a type of welding which was
discovered in the year of 1991 with a few countable methods
and processes. But today it is one of the necessary and
important type of welding techniques. To develop it, several
researchers showed their interests in this technique. Today,
it acts as the heart of welding of automobiles. Thousands of
inventions has been made in field of Friction Stir Welding
and also successfully being implemented. If a researcher
tries to make some research in this field, he has to go
through thousands of journals where hours of time is being
consumed. To solve that problem several Re-view journals
are being published and also successfully solved this issue
of time consumption. In this paper, similarly a re-view of
several important and different types of papers are discussed
with their results, outcomes, the parameters being performed
for analysis.
This paper also discusses about various methods and various
metals as tools and job materials. It will be much easier and
lenient to understand from this paper to research. The
authors of the papers also clearly explained about the usages
and applications of their methods and provided several
statistical data for clear observation of their methods
The document reviews friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state welding technique. It discusses FSW's advantages over fusion welding in avoiding issues like porosity and cracking. The document then summarizes several studies on FSW of titanium and other alloys, examining effects of parameters like rotational speed on microstructure and properties of the welds. It investigates FSW of titanium to steel and aluminum to titanium, describing interfacial structures formed under different welding conditions.
The document provides the portfolio of Amanpreet Kochhar which includes her education qualifications and engineering design projects. It summarizes her Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and relevant coursework. It also lists her qualifications such as industrial experience in CAD and modeling. Some of her design projects involving Solidworks, ANSYS, MATLAB and control systems are briefly described. Her capstone conference paper on critical design parameters to prevent pressure vessel failures is summarized in 3 sentences. It discusses stresses in pressure vessels from liquids/gases and common failure causes. It also outlines the paper's failure elimination strategies through material selection, crack identification, welding and FEA to design a safer pressure vessel.
Foundry industries in developing countries suffer from poor quality and productivity due to involvement of number of
process parameter. Even in completely controlled process, defect in casting are observed and hence casting process is also
known as process of uncertainty which challenges explanation about the cause of casting defects. In order to reduce warpage
defects and problem related to warpage defects, the study is aimed in this paper. Many products are made by using casting
process as it is economical and has the ability to produce intricate shapes. So far, casting defect analysis has been carried out
using techniques like finite element method and modulus method to reduce defects. . Casting software can optimize the virtual
castings so that real castings can be produced ‘right first time and every time’.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
An optimal design approach for adamite hot rolling mill rollLaukik Raut
In this paper, micro-structural, mechanical and tribological behaviors of roll materials i.e. high speed steel
(HSS), high chromium iron (HiCr), indefinite chill irons (IC) and other have been reviewed. The technological process of
the rolling consists of many factors that influencing the fatigue life of rolls like rolling temperature, roll groove design,
rolling speed and turning due to wearing. These parameters are analyzed to advance maximum fatigue life of the rolls as
well as to shrink overall energy consumption, increase production and decrease overall costs. Finite element analysis of
adamite roll is carried out by applying process parameters and variables at high temperature those are responsible for
roll wear. According to appropriate chemical properties, microstructure and mechanical property some new wearresistant roll grades for conventional hot rolling process is suggested.
STUDY OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF GRAVITY DIE CASTING DEFECTSIAEME Publication
In today’s world a casting production without any defect is almost impossible. After the application of various optimization techniques and process we still are not able to get the defect free castings. So it is critically important to analyze the root cause of casting defect with in the process itself, so that any changes which can hamper the defect intensity can be invoked at the time of manufacturing or foundry shop production. The gravity die casting process is governed by its process parameters so it is required to study its process parameters and its effects. In this paper an effort has been incorporated to study the change in process parameters and their consequent effects on casting defects.
The document discusses porosity in castings. It defines two types of porosity - macro and micro - based on pore size. Micro porosity forms due to gas pores when gas pressure exceeds external pressure during solidification. The document also discusses properties of aluminum alloys LM25 and LM6, types of feeding during solidification, and models for predicting microporosity evolution and grain structure evolution. It provides equations to calculate porosity based on hydrogen content and presents results showing increased porosity with higher hydrogen and slower cooling rates.
Friction Stir Welding, a type of welding which was
discovered in the year of 1991 with a few countable methods
and processes. But today it is one of the necessary and
important type of welding techniques. To develop it, several
researchers showed their interests in this technique. Today,
it acts as the heart of welding of automobiles. Thousands of
inventions has been made in field of Friction Stir Welding
and also successfully being implemented. If a researcher
tries to make some research in this field, he has to go
through thousands of journals where hours of time is being
consumed. To solve that problem several Re-view journals
are being published and also successfully solved this issue
of time consumption. In this paper, similarly a re-view of
several important and different types of papers are discussed
with their results, outcomes, the parameters being performed
for analysis.
This paper also discusses about various methods and various
metals as tools and job materials. It will be much easier and
lenient to understand from this paper to research. The
authors of the papers also clearly explained about the usages
and applications of their methods and provided several
statistical data for clear observation of their methods
The document reviews friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state welding technique. It discusses FSW's advantages over fusion welding in avoiding issues like porosity and cracking. The document then summarizes several studies on FSW of titanium and other alloys, examining effects of parameters like rotational speed on microstructure and properties of the welds. It investigates FSW of titanium to steel and aluminum to titanium, describing interfacial structures formed under different welding conditions.
The document provides the portfolio of Amanpreet Kochhar which includes her education qualifications and engineering design projects. It summarizes her Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and relevant coursework. It also lists her qualifications such as industrial experience in CAD and modeling. Some of her design projects involving Solidworks, ANSYS, MATLAB and control systems are briefly described. Her capstone conference paper on critical design parameters to prevent pressure vessel failures is summarized in 3 sentences. It discusses stresses in pressure vessels from liquids/gases and common failure causes. It also outlines the paper's failure elimination strategies through material selection, crack identification, welding and FEA to design a safer pressure vessel.
Foundry industries in developing countries suffer from poor quality and productivity due to involvement of number of
process parameter. Even in completely controlled process, defect in casting are observed and hence casting process is also
known as process of uncertainty which challenges explanation about the cause of casting defects. In order to reduce warpage
defects and problem related to warpage defects, the study is aimed in this paper. Many products are made by using casting
process as it is economical and has the ability to produce intricate shapes. So far, casting defect analysis has been carried out
using techniques like finite element method and modulus method to reduce defects. . Casting software can optimize the virtual
castings so that real castings can be produced ‘right first time and every time’.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimmizeIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimize casting defects in steel castings. It summarizes research on defects like shrinkage, gas pores, and hot tearing. The study was conducted at Akaki Basic Metal Industries in Ethiopia, which produces steel castings using no-bake sand casting. Four process parameters were analyzed at three levels using factorial experiments: sand-binder ratio, mold permeability, pouring temperature, and de-oxidizer amount. The goal is to determine the influence of each parameter on porosity and optimize the parameters to minimize defects. Literature on casting defects and causes like binder composition, pouring temperature, and gating is reviewed to inform the study. Tests were done to check moisture in sands
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF AA6063- EXPERIMENTATION AND TESTINGijiert bestjournal
Generally,for joining process for soft materials s uch as aluminum alloys and also for hard materials like steels friction stir welding is usedas it avoids ma ny of the common problems obtained in fusion weldin g. Also if we gone through joining of aluminum alloys could be usually faced problems in many cases available in various fields like automotive,aerosp ace,ship building industries,electronics etc. whe re fusion welding is not possible due to large differe nce in physical and chemical properties of the components to be joined. Mainly the problems occurr ed in the welding processes like porosity formation,solidification cracking,and chemical reaction may arise during fusion welding of dissimilar materials . Even if good welded joints may be obtained in some limited cases with special attentions to the joint design and preparation,process parameters and fill er metals. For avoiding the drawbacks of fusion welding friction stir welding (FSW) seems to be a v ery reliable technique as it permits welding of aluminum alloys.To avoid the majorly obtained healt h defects observed during traditional welding methods or fusion welding it can be used. The produ ctions of ultraviolet rays and the gases produced i n the process which are harmful to human beings are minim ized to large extent. The parts produces in FSW of aluminum alloys have been becoming increasingly sig nificant in industrial applications because of thei r technical and economicbenefits.
The document describes an experiment to determine how corrosion affects the geometric characteristics and theoretical ultimate load-capacity of steel samples. Steel samples were subjected to accelerated electrochemical corrosion in cycles and measured after each cycle. The corrosion caused a non-linear decrease in diameter along the sample length. Theoretical calculations using these geometric data showed that while corrosion caused a slight decrease, it significantly reduced the ultimate load-capacity. The results provide insight into how corrosion progressively impacts steel strength over time.
This document reviews the critical casting defect of sand inclusion in cast iron. Sand inclusion occurs in 30-40% of total defects and weakens the casting strength and surface finish. It is caused by over 100 parameters making it difficult to control. The literature review covers 51 papers from 1961-2014 discussing causes like insufficient mould strength from improper compaction, gating issues, and high pouring velocities. Remedies suggested include improving mould strength through resin-bonded sands, redesigning gating systems, controlling pouring parameters, and machine settings to reduce inclusions from high melt flow rates. While many causes are identified, eliminating sand inclusion fully remains a challenge due to the numerous influencing parameters.
Effect Of Process Parameters On Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir.Welded...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an advance joining process for different similar and dissimilar materials. It is
commonly used for joining of Aluminum alloys. However it is necessary to overcome some challenges for its
wide-spread uses. Tool design and the selection of process parameters are critical issues in the usage of this
process. This study focuses on the process parameters that is required for producing effective friction stir
welding of two similar aluminum alloys (AA6101T6 to AA6101T6) and dissimilar Aluminum alloys
(AA6101T6 alloy to AA6351T6) . Three different tool diameters such as 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm with three
different tool rotational speeds such as 600 rpm, 800 rpm and 1200 rpm have been used to weld the joints. The
welded samples were tested for mechanical properties as well as microstructure. It was observed that 30 mm
tool gives better weld quality for friction stir welding of similar aluminum alloy but 25 mm tool with 1200 rpm
rotational speed gave satisfactory weld quality for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It is one
of the important welding process that can adopted for welding of aluminum alloys with excellent mechanical
properties. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
Blow Hole Defect Analysis in Die CastingRamesh Raja
This document summarizes an analysis of blow hole defects in die casting. The objectives were to minimize defects using design of experiments. Process parameters like metal temperature, die temperature, and die holding time were identified as factors affecting blow hole defects. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design with three factors at three levels. Analysis of variance showed die temperature was the most significant factor. Optimization found the best parameters were a metal temperature of 700°C, die temperature of 300°C, and die holding time of 75 seconds. This was predicted to increase casting density by 4.13% and reduce blow holes.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding for Similar He-30...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of similar HE-30 aluminium alloy. It begins with an abstract that describes the friction stir welding process and the objectives of using Taguchi methods to optimize welding parameters to achieve high tensile strength. It then provides background on friction stir welding, describing how it is a solid-state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plasticize materials without melting. The document discusses how process parameters like rotational speed, travel speed, and tool geometry can affect joint quality and properties. It aims to use an experimental design and analysis approach to determine the optimum welding conditions for high tensile strength when joining HE-30 aluminium alloy.
Accelerted testing of deteriorated concrete structures due to carbonationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
This thesis examines non-metallic inclusions in steel and their effect on steel properties. Chapter 1 introduces the need to study inclusions such as aluminum oxide, as their presence can negatively impact steel production processes and qualities. Inclusions form during steel deoxidation and solidification and remain challenges despite secondary metallurgy refinement. The goal of producing clean steel is discussed, as all steel contains some inclusions but their size and number influence properties. Upcoming chapters will review literature on inclusion formation, classification, and morphology, as well as experimental analysis of inclusions using microscopy and spectroscopy to characterize inclusions and understand steel cleanliness. The relationship between inclusions and steel properties will also be explored.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of friction conditions on the formability of DC01 steel sheets using incremental sheet forming (ISF). Various tool coatings (uncoated, TiN, TiAlN, CrCN) and lubricants (boron oil, water soluble drawing oil, forming and drawing oil) were tested. Measurements of part thickness distribution and geometric accuracy found that using a CrCN coated tool with forming and drawing oil produced the best results with minimum thinning and closest geometry to the target form. In general, coating the tool and using a lubricant with good lubrication properties improved formability in ISF of DC01 steel sheets.
Cutting of hardened steel is a topic of high interest for toda 's industrial production and scientific research.
Machine parts consisting of hardened steel are high peiormance components which are often loaded
near their physical limits. The functional behavior of machined parts is decisively influenced by the fine
finishing process which represents the last step in the process chain and can as well be undertaken by
cutting as grinding. An overview of the mechanisms of chip removal in hard cutting and the thermomechanical
influence of the work area is presented. Furthermore, several models of chip removal in hard
turning are introduced and discussed summarizing the metallurgical fundamentals and giving an overview
on stress and temperature distributions in the work area. Boundary conditions for hard cutting as e.g.
machine tools, cutting materials and others are subject to discussion to determine the achievable
workpiece quality and economic efficiency of hard cutting processes in comparison with grinding.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitrid...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a review of the microstructure and mechanical properties of silicon nitride reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) fabricated using stir casting.
2) Key findings from previous studies on AMMCs produced via different methods are summarized, focusing on the effects of processing parameters and reinforcement content and type on mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness, as well as wear resistance.
3) The current study aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of AMMCs with aluminum oxide and silicon nitride reinforcements fabricated by stir casting and determine how properties vary with different cutting speeds and feeds during machining.
This document summarizes recent developments in friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique developed for joining difficult-to-weld aluminum alloys. It has been implemented commercially in industries like shipbuilding, train manufacturing, and aviation. The document reviews the microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloys and how weld parameters influence these properties. It also discusses developments in friction stir welding tool designs and applications of the technique beyond aluminum alloys.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses fundamentals of casting and solidification processes. It begins with an overview of casting, including its definition as a process where molten material is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify. It then covers classifications of manufacturing processes and different types of casting processes like sand casting and die casting. The document dives into details of the casting process including patterns, molds, melting, pouring considerations, and solidification effects.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
Investigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The quality of casting in the foundry can be measured by the rate at which solidification of the
molten metal takes place, which is consequent upon the rate the mould, is able to dissipate the heat of
solidification to the surroundings. The faster or slower the heat removal process during solidification the
structure of the grains formed by the casting is either finer of coarser. An experimental investigation was
carried out to compare the rate of solidification of commercially pure aluminium in metallic moulds. The rate at
which solidification occurred was compared with the rate at which the mould absorbed and dissipates heat. The
experiments conducted recorded the temperature fields at different casting location and that of the moulds
respectively. The results showed that there is a direct relation of the rate of heat absorption by the mould and
the rate of solidification in metallic moulds.
Keywords – Aluminium, casting, heat, mould, solidification, temperature.
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to model and simulate casting defects in thin-walled aluminum pump impeller structures. Various simulations were run to analyze factors like metal flow, heat transfer, solidification temperatures, and defect formation under different conditions. Actual castings were also produced and tested. The results showed that increasing the number of risers from one to three reduced blow holes and other defects, indicating the importance of proper gating and feeding systems to minimize defects in thin-walled castings. Comparisons between simulation temperatures and experimental temperatures also showed good agreement.
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that influence the castability and fluidity of metal alloys during casting processes. It summarizes research on how chemical composition, pouring temperature, grain refinement, mould material, coatings, and other variables impact the fluidity of aluminum alloys. Higher fluidity leads to better filling of moulds and fewer casting defects. The document analyzes several studies that examined the effect of parameters like alloying elements, superheat, modifiers, pressure head, and melt cleanliness on the fluidity of aluminum-silicon and other alloys. Maintaining good fluidity through control of these factors can improve cast product quality and reduce rejection rates in metal casting.
Statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimmizeIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimize casting defects in steel castings. It summarizes research on defects like shrinkage, gas pores, and hot tearing. The study was conducted at Akaki Basic Metal Industries in Ethiopia, which produces steel castings using no-bake sand casting. Four process parameters were analyzed at three levels using factorial experiments: sand-binder ratio, mold permeability, pouring temperature, and de-oxidizer amount. The goal is to determine the influence of each parameter on porosity and optimize the parameters to minimize defects. Literature on casting defects and causes like binder composition, pouring temperature, and gating is reviewed to inform the study. Tests were done to check moisture in sands
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF AA6063- EXPERIMENTATION AND TESTINGijiert bestjournal
Generally,for joining process for soft materials s uch as aluminum alloys and also for hard materials like steels friction stir welding is usedas it avoids ma ny of the common problems obtained in fusion weldin g. Also if we gone through joining of aluminum alloys could be usually faced problems in many cases available in various fields like automotive,aerosp ace,ship building industries,electronics etc. whe re fusion welding is not possible due to large differe nce in physical and chemical properties of the components to be joined. Mainly the problems occurr ed in the welding processes like porosity formation,solidification cracking,and chemical reaction may arise during fusion welding of dissimilar materials . Even if good welded joints may be obtained in some limited cases with special attentions to the joint design and preparation,process parameters and fill er metals. For avoiding the drawbacks of fusion welding friction stir welding (FSW) seems to be a v ery reliable technique as it permits welding of aluminum alloys.To avoid the majorly obtained healt h defects observed during traditional welding methods or fusion welding it can be used. The produ ctions of ultraviolet rays and the gases produced i n the process which are harmful to human beings are minim ized to large extent. The parts produces in FSW of aluminum alloys have been becoming increasingly sig nificant in industrial applications because of thei r technical and economicbenefits.
The document describes an experiment to determine how corrosion affects the geometric characteristics and theoretical ultimate load-capacity of steel samples. Steel samples were subjected to accelerated electrochemical corrosion in cycles and measured after each cycle. The corrosion caused a non-linear decrease in diameter along the sample length. Theoretical calculations using these geometric data showed that while corrosion caused a slight decrease, it significantly reduced the ultimate load-capacity. The results provide insight into how corrosion progressively impacts steel strength over time.
This document reviews the critical casting defect of sand inclusion in cast iron. Sand inclusion occurs in 30-40% of total defects and weakens the casting strength and surface finish. It is caused by over 100 parameters making it difficult to control. The literature review covers 51 papers from 1961-2014 discussing causes like insufficient mould strength from improper compaction, gating issues, and high pouring velocities. Remedies suggested include improving mould strength through resin-bonded sands, redesigning gating systems, controlling pouring parameters, and machine settings to reduce inclusions from high melt flow rates. While many causes are identified, eliminating sand inclusion fully remains a challenge due to the numerous influencing parameters.
Effect Of Process Parameters On Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir.Welded...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an advance joining process for different similar and dissimilar materials. It is
commonly used for joining of Aluminum alloys. However it is necessary to overcome some challenges for its
wide-spread uses. Tool design and the selection of process parameters are critical issues in the usage of this
process. This study focuses on the process parameters that is required for producing effective friction stir
welding of two similar aluminum alloys (AA6101T6 to AA6101T6) and dissimilar Aluminum alloys
(AA6101T6 alloy to AA6351T6) . Three different tool diameters such as 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm with three
different tool rotational speeds such as 600 rpm, 800 rpm and 1200 rpm have been used to weld the joints. The
welded samples were tested for mechanical properties as well as microstructure. It was observed that 30 mm
tool gives better weld quality for friction stir welding of similar aluminum alloy but 25 mm tool with 1200 rpm
rotational speed gave satisfactory weld quality for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It is one
of the important welding process that can adopted for welding of aluminum alloys with excellent mechanical
properties. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
Blow Hole Defect Analysis in Die CastingRamesh Raja
This document summarizes an analysis of blow hole defects in die casting. The objectives were to minimize defects using design of experiments. Process parameters like metal temperature, die temperature, and die holding time were identified as factors affecting blow hole defects. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design with three factors at three levels. Analysis of variance showed die temperature was the most significant factor. Optimization found the best parameters were a metal temperature of 700°C, die temperature of 300°C, and die holding time of 75 seconds. This was predicted to increase casting density by 4.13% and reduce blow holes.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding for Similar He-30...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of similar HE-30 aluminium alloy. It begins with an abstract that describes the friction stir welding process and the objectives of using Taguchi methods to optimize welding parameters to achieve high tensile strength. It then provides background on friction stir welding, describing how it is a solid-state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plasticize materials without melting. The document discusses how process parameters like rotational speed, travel speed, and tool geometry can affect joint quality and properties. It aims to use an experimental design and analysis approach to determine the optimum welding conditions for high tensile strength when joining HE-30 aluminium alloy.
Accelerted testing of deteriorated concrete structures due to carbonationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
This thesis examines non-metallic inclusions in steel and their effect on steel properties. Chapter 1 introduces the need to study inclusions such as aluminum oxide, as their presence can negatively impact steel production processes and qualities. Inclusions form during steel deoxidation and solidification and remain challenges despite secondary metallurgy refinement. The goal of producing clean steel is discussed, as all steel contains some inclusions but their size and number influence properties. Upcoming chapters will review literature on inclusion formation, classification, and morphology, as well as experimental analysis of inclusions using microscopy and spectroscopy to characterize inclusions and understand steel cleanliness. The relationship between inclusions and steel properties will also be explored.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of friction conditions on the formability of DC01 steel sheets using incremental sheet forming (ISF). Various tool coatings (uncoated, TiN, TiAlN, CrCN) and lubricants (boron oil, water soluble drawing oil, forming and drawing oil) were tested. Measurements of part thickness distribution and geometric accuracy found that using a CrCN coated tool with forming and drawing oil produced the best results with minimum thinning and closest geometry to the target form. In general, coating the tool and using a lubricant with good lubrication properties improved formability in ISF of DC01 steel sheets.
Cutting of hardened steel is a topic of high interest for toda 's industrial production and scientific research.
Machine parts consisting of hardened steel are high peiormance components which are often loaded
near their physical limits. The functional behavior of machined parts is decisively influenced by the fine
finishing process which represents the last step in the process chain and can as well be undertaken by
cutting as grinding. An overview of the mechanisms of chip removal in hard cutting and the thermomechanical
influence of the work area is presented. Furthermore, several models of chip removal in hard
turning are introduced and discussed summarizing the metallurgical fundamentals and giving an overview
on stress and temperature distributions in the work area. Boundary conditions for hard cutting as e.g.
machine tools, cutting materials and others are subject to discussion to determine the achievable
workpiece quality and economic efficiency of hard cutting processes in comparison with grinding.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitrid...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a review of the microstructure and mechanical properties of silicon nitride reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) fabricated using stir casting.
2) Key findings from previous studies on AMMCs produced via different methods are summarized, focusing on the effects of processing parameters and reinforcement content and type on mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness, as well as wear resistance.
3) The current study aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of AMMCs with aluminum oxide and silicon nitride reinforcements fabricated by stir casting and determine how properties vary with different cutting speeds and feeds during machining.
This document summarizes recent developments in friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique developed for joining difficult-to-weld aluminum alloys. It has been implemented commercially in industries like shipbuilding, train manufacturing, and aviation. The document reviews the microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloys and how weld parameters influence these properties. It also discusses developments in friction stir welding tool designs and applications of the technique beyond aluminum alloys.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses fundamentals of casting and solidification processes. It begins with an overview of casting, including its definition as a process where molten material is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify. It then covers classifications of manufacturing processes and different types of casting processes like sand casting and die casting. The document dives into details of the casting process including patterns, molds, melting, pouring considerations, and solidification effects.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
Investigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The quality of casting in the foundry can be measured by the rate at which solidification of the
molten metal takes place, which is consequent upon the rate the mould, is able to dissipate the heat of
solidification to the surroundings. The faster or slower the heat removal process during solidification the
structure of the grains formed by the casting is either finer of coarser. An experimental investigation was
carried out to compare the rate of solidification of commercially pure aluminium in metallic moulds. The rate at
which solidification occurred was compared with the rate at which the mould absorbed and dissipates heat. The
experiments conducted recorded the temperature fields at different casting location and that of the moulds
respectively. The results showed that there is a direct relation of the rate of heat absorption by the mould and
the rate of solidification in metallic moulds.
Keywords – Aluminium, casting, heat, mould, solidification, temperature.
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to model and simulate casting defects in thin-walled aluminum pump impeller structures. Various simulations were run to analyze factors like metal flow, heat transfer, solidification temperatures, and defect formation under different conditions. Actual castings were also produced and tested. The results showed that increasing the number of risers from one to three reduced blow holes and other defects, indicating the importance of proper gating and feeding systems to minimize defects in thin-walled castings. Comparisons between simulation temperatures and experimental temperatures also showed good agreement.
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that influence the castability and fluidity of metal alloys during casting processes. It summarizes research on how chemical composition, pouring temperature, grain refinement, mould material, coatings, and other variables impact the fluidity of aluminum alloys. Higher fluidity leads to better filling of moulds and fewer casting defects. The document analyzes several studies that examined the effect of parameters like alloying elements, superheat, modifiers, pressure head, and melt cleanliness on the fluidity of aluminum-silicon and other alloys. Maintaining good fluidity through control of these factors can improve cast product quality and reduce rejection rates in metal casting.
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal AnalysisIRJET Journal
The document discusses using thermal analysis to improve the quality of ductile iron castings by reducing shrinkage defects. It presents the results of an experiment where cooling curves were recorded for ductile iron castings with different section thicknesses. Nine castings were produced with variations in chemical composition, inoculation amount, and pouring temperature. The cooling curves were analyzed to understand the solidification behavior and identify conditions that led to shrinkage. The results showed that thermal analysis is effective for controlling melt quality in ductile iron and avoiding shrinkage, with nil undercooling indicating sufficient inoculation for a given composition and thickness.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
An investigation of Effect of Mould Vibrations on Mechanical and Metallurgica...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Casting is one of the oldest and mostly used production processes in industry. The traditional casting has certain disadvantages like poor strength due to hot tears, shrinkage and poor surface finish. The property of casting process mostly depends on the microstructure after solidification. Providing Mould vibration during casting is one of the latest techniques employed in order to get better structure in the solidified casting. Mould vibration during casting gives reduced amount of shrinkage, better morphology, surface finish, and less chances of hot tear. In this research work, the effect of mould vibration during solidification of Aluminum 356alloys for different values of wavelengths at a fixed pouring temperature investigated to understand the modification in microstructure and mechanical properties of casting. The Al356 casting has been prepared in a graphite mould with and without vibrations. The frequencies are varied from 0 Hz to 20 Hz during the casting process. A casting has been made without vibration as well to compare the results of castings with vibration. The experimental results showed significant grain refinement and remarkably improvement in compression strength and hardness of castings with mechanical mould vibration during solidification. Key words: Mould Vibrations, Stir casting, Vibrating table, Ultimate tensile strength, hardness and microstructure.
Extrusion process and parameters involved in the experimental and numerical i...IJERD Editor
This document reviews extrusion processes and parameters for investigating aluminum alloys Al6061, Al6063, and Al7075. It discusses experimental and numerical methods used to study the effects of parameters like die angle, billet temperature, speed, and geometry. Taguchi methods were used to optimize parameters for Al6061 extrusion. Numerical analysis found the maximum stresses occur at square tube corners. The document concludes that smaller extrusion ratios and stresses result from thicker products and fixed billet dimensions. Parameters like die angle, temperature, speed, and geometry influence load, strength, and deformation during aluminum extrusion.
Understanding the melt flow behaviour of za alloys processed through centrifu...IAEME Publication
1. The document analyzes the melt flow behavior of zinc-aluminum (ZA) alloys processed through centrifugal casting at different rotational speeds and alloy compositions.
2. Testing found that ZA8 and ZA12 alloys produced a uniform cast tube at 600 rpm, while ZA27 did not produce a uniform tube at any speed due to its higher aluminum content limiting fluidity.
3. Microstructure analysis showed dendritic structures at low speeds and finer structures at 600 rpm for ZA8 and ZA12, while ZA27 consistently showed coarse grains reflecting its lower fluidity. Hardness was also most uniform across samples cast at 600 rpm.
This document provides a literature review of submerged arc welding (SAW) research. It discusses the history and process of SAW. Key points include:
- SAW involves an electric arc between a consumable electrode and the workpiece, with the arc surrounded by a bed of granular flux that prevents atmospheric contamination and increases weld pool size.
- Many studies have analyzed the effects of various SAW process parameters like current, voltage, and wire feed rate on weld properties and microstructure of steels. Properties examined include hardness, toughness, bead geometry, and heat-affected zone characteristics.
- Research has optimized SAW parameters using techniques like Taguchi methods and developed mathematical models relating inputs
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF WELDING IN STEEL PIPES AND PLATESIjorat1
Welding is a common joint type in the fabrication of structural members in aerospace, aeronautical and
pressure vessel industries. Welding is highly reliable and efficient metal joining process. The thermal response of
materials to a welding heat source sometimes causes mechanical problems, e.g. residual stresses and distortion and
changes in mechanical properties due to changes in the microstructure. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most
commonly used numerical technique, which provides accurate estimates of thermal parameters for this analysis. Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) is a tool used especially in determining the thermal stresses and temperature distribution of
the welded models, which are difficult to analyze by hand calculations. The objective of the current work is to study
transient temperature in both arc welded pipe and welded plate of 304L stainless steel. The object is modeled in 3D and
analyzed using FEA with an element type of SOLID70 and heat density of the moving circular area heat source is used.
Knowledge of temperature distribution patterns is useful in any welding process to predict microstructure and
distortion. In the current work a model has been developed to predict the thermal cycles during welding of 304L
pipeline steel
This document summarizes research on producing dissimilar metal composites of pure copper foil and 1050 aluminium using a process called Composite Metal Foil Manufacturing (CMFM). CMFM uses metal foils layered with a brazing paste, then heated and pressed to join the foils. Tests were conducted on lap shear joints of varying thickness, peel specimens, and tensile dog-bone specimens made by CMFM. Microstructural analysis showed a large proportion of bonded area between the foils. Comparative tensile tests found the CMFM aluminium-copper composite fractured at a load 11% higher than aluminium alone but lower than copper. This created a new composite material with properties between the original
This technical article summarizes a study that used x-ray imaging to observe complex flow patterns during tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. The study found that molten metal flow in the weld pool impacts microstructure evolution and defects, determining weld performance. However, limited data on internal flow behavior has hindered understanding. The study used in situ x-ray imaging with tracking particles to visualize flow evolution during solid-liquid-solid transformation. Results showed flows becoming more complicated as the melt pool expanded, and pool shape changing according to flow. Analysis found buoyancy had more effect on peripheral pool flow than other regions.
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
IRJET- Material Characterization on Functionally Graded AL-CU Alloy Fabricate...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized the material properties of an Al-Cu alloy fabricated using centrifugal casting at different rotational speeds. Specifically:
- An Al-Cu alloy was centrifugally cast at 400rpm, 600rpm, and 800rpm to produce functionally graded materials with varying properties along the radial direction.
- Testing found that hardness and tensile strength increased with rotational speed, with the 800rpm alloy exhibiting the finest grain structure and highest properties.
- Microstructures showed finer grains and higher hardness at the inner and outer surfaces due to more rapid solidification, with coarser grains and lower hardness in the middle.
IRJET- Investigation on Dissimilar Metal Welding of Stainless Steel 316 L and...IRJET Journal
The document investigates dissimilar metal welding of stainless steel 316L and mild steel A-2062 using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Sixteen samples were prepared with variations in welding speed, current, and gas pressure based on a Taguchi experimental design. Tensile testing found ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 394 to 454 MPa. Microhardness was slightly higher than the base materials in the weld zone and heat-affected zone. Microstructure analysis was conducted on samples with the highest ultimate tensile strength, highest heat input, and lowest heat input. The depth of penetration averaged 5.8484 mm and bead width averaged 4.8243 mm across samples.
A study on characterization of Al-18%Si alloy by centrifuge castingdbpublications
Aluminum-silicon alloy are characterized by light weight, good strength –to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication of at reasonable cost, high strength at elevated temperature, good thermal conductivity, excellent castability, good weldability, excellent corrosion and wear resistance property. Thus, these types of alloys are well suited for automotive industries, aerospace structural and military applications. In centrifuge casting solidification rate is faster compared to gravity casting, but still solidification depends on various process parameters like, cooling temperature of molten metal, rotational speed of the die and also wall thickness of die. In centrifuge casting the silicon deposition in aluminum varies from top to bottom. Here Al-Si functionally graded material is used and developed under centrifuge casting. The method used in this work to produce functionally graded material is totally different from other centrifugal casting which helped in producing solid cylindrical parts. This report describes about mechanical characterization of Al-18%Si at different temperature. At 950°C casting shows good ultimate tensile strength and harder metal compared to other casting.
a survey on submerged arc welding (saw) reviewNEERAJKUMAR1898
This document provides a review of submerged arc welding (SAW). It begins with an introduction to SAW, describing it as a process where the arc is shielded by a blanket of granular and fusible flux. It then reviews prior literature on SAW, discussing studies on the effects of process parameters on weld geometry and quality, and post-weld heat treatments. The document also outlines the principles of SAW, including the continuously-fed wire electrode and use of flux to shield the arc from atmosphere and increase heat efficiency. It provides diagrams illustrating the SAW process.
The document reviews research on thermal, thermo-mechanical, and thermal stress distribution during friction stir welding (FSW). Several studies have used experimental, theoretical, numerical, and analytical methods to analyze temperature distribution, heat generation, residual stresses, and other thermal effects during FSW. Finite element modeling has been widely used to model thermal phenomena and compare results to experimental data. The research shows that temperature, heat input, and process parameters significantly impact weld properties. Understanding thermal effects is important for optimizing FSW parameters and conditions.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
This document summarizes a study that investigated the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA1100 aluminum alloy joints. Different welding parameters were tested, including tool rotation speed (800-1400 rpm) and material positioning (advancing vs. retreating side). Microhardness, tensile, and fracture surface tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Optical and SEM microscopy were used to analyze the microstructural evolution. The goal was to understand how processing parameters affect properties and defect development in similar AA1100 alloy joints.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. Turbulence Flow Simulation of Molten Metals In Runners For Defect Control in Casting
of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1922 editor@iaeme.com
metals poised great effect on a runner in casting process and this include the erosion of the
mould constituents such as sand, water and even the binders. Consequently, filling of the
mould cavity under turbulent condition becomes a difficult task [2]. Previous study by Cui et
al. [3] revealed that molten TiAl consist of physical erosion after solidification and the rate of
the erosion depend on the temperature at which the liquid was poured into the mould cavity.
A thermal-fluid model was developed by [4], to investigate the mass flow, momentum and
energy flow of Ti–6Al–4V ingot cast neglecting turbulence. Although the model was able to
predict the thermal flow pressure fields at steady state conditions. Study has showed [5] that
turbulence kinetics is crucial to the quality of solidification and this is evidenced by the heat
transfer and latent heat evolved during solidification. Thus, turbulence kinetics is critical to
the accurate prediction of casting quality when simulating [6]. According to [7], improper
control of turbulence and heat transfer of molten metals would result into surface erosion and
entrapment of slag particles which subsequently lead to poor quality in castings. Based on
this, Khan et al. [8], developed a multiphase flow model to reduce the effect of turbulence of
molten metal during pouring process using different Tundish system. The computational fluid
dynamic model was validated via simulation and the result showed that dam and weir reduced
the effect of turbulence during pouring. In a similar vein, Jafar-Salehi et al. [9] carried out the
effect of fluid flow and heat transfer on molten metal solidification using a numerical
simulation approach. The result showed that thermodiffusion affected the mass transfer rate
which have a considerable impact on turbulence kinetics of the fluid flow. Furthermore,
metals at liquid state exhibit some level of complexity such as pressure change during flow
thereby causing variations like expansion and contraction of runner’s geometry and eventual
erosion of the walls [10,11]. Moreso, turbulence flow is noted with high momentum and this
is critical in the filling process of the mould especially when complex parts are to be
produced. Over reliance on experimental knowledge becomes a problem [12]. Obviously, the
turbulence kinetics of molten metals has both microstructural and tribological effects on the
filling process [13]. According to Kermanpur et al. [14], shrinkage in the casting of
automotive brake pad was inevitable using experimental approach, however from simulation
of the same process, decrease in temperature of the molten metal will significantly reduce
shrinkage problems. Thus, experimental and simulation of filling processes of mould cavity
contribute greatly to the final shape of the product [15,16]. For instance, the stress developed
by spur gears in most machines are usually attributed to internal flaws in the manufacturing
process especially when casting method is used. This will result to increased downtime,
material wastage and low product quality [17,18,19]. In this study, a general purpose
simulation software called PROCAST was used to simulate the thermal properties of the flow
of molten metals during spur gear blank casting. Based on the integrated Finite Element
method, it can predict internal distortions and stresses and can address more casting problems
such as solidification time, turbulence kinetics and time to solidus. The simulation result was
used to investigate the thermal behaviour of the molten metal in the runner.
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Molten metals are usually associated with unsteady turbulent flow especially at high pouring
temperature. This problem usually causes casting defects which includes to mention a few hot
spots and shrinkage porosity. Hot spots referred to the regions of thermal isolation which cool
last to form cavities in the final product. Turbulence and intense density of molten metals
lead to oxide formation and mould erosion and eventual formation of porosity in the final
casting. A typical example of effect of turbulence is illustrated in figure1.
3. Enesi Y. Salawu, Oluseyi O. Ajayi, A.O Inegbenebor
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1923 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Shrinkage and porosity [20]
The analysis of failed track shoes revealed the presence of shrinkage and porosity during
solidification of molten metal. Thus it becomes imperative to understand the processes of
filling via simulation approach before casting the parts.
3. METHODOLOGY
cylindrical gear blank and gating system was modelled in Solidworks 2018 version. This was
imported into PROCAST 2017 to simulate the various thermal properties of the molten metal.
This includes temperature, fraction solid, solidification time, time to solidus, shrinkage
porosity chvorinov’s thermal modulus presence of hot spots and interfacial heat transfer
coefficient. Moreso, certain fluid properties of the molten metal were simulated which
includes fluid velocity magnitude and directions, pressure, turbulent energy, turbulent
dissipation, turbulent viscosity, filling time, air entrapment flow length and oxide formation.
Figure 2 presents the Solidworks model of the gear blank and the gating system.
Figure 2 Gear blank and Gating System Design
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE DURING POURING
Figure 3 presents the simulation result of temperature variation in molten metal during
pouring. The molten metal temperature at liquid state was seen to vary from 654.7-636.0 o
C
and became solid at 473.3-492.0 o
C for a total simulation time of 169.5838 seconds.
4. Turbulence Flow Simulation of Molten Metals In Runners For Defect Control in Casting
of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1924 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 Temperature variation of molten metal during pouring
Pouring molten metal at high temperature leads to distortion along the walls of the runner
or cavity and reduction in the volume filled because molten metal diffuse heat more than
momentum and erosion of the mould content due to turbulent.
Figure 4a Variation in fraction of solid
5. Enesi Y. Salawu, Oluseyi O. Ajayi, A.O Inegbenebor
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1925 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 4b Variation in fraction of solid
4.2. Fraction Solid formation profile
Figures 4a and 4b showed the variation in the formation of fraction solid during molten metal
flow. Point 0 indicates no fraction of solid was formed during pouring. As pouring continued
with time, different level of fraction of solid were formed and total solidification of the
molten metal was completed. It can be observed from figure 4a that with percentage filling of
about 81.9, no fraction solid was observed. But 100% fraction solid was achieved with 98%
volume filled in figure 4b. Though, this can be attributed to the time factor.
4.3. Variation of Solidification Time
Figure 5a Solidification Time
6. Turbulence Flow Simulation of Molten Metals In Runners For Defect Control in Casting
of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1926 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5b Time to Solidus
Figures5a and 5b revealed the variation in the solidification time and time to solidus.
From figure 5a, it could be observed that the solidification time took about 148.9seconds
while from figure5b, it took the molten metal a total of 153.8seconds to become completely
solidified. The longer the solidification time, the more the level of porosity in the casting,
especially in aluminium alloy casting.
4.4. Effect of Shrinkage porosity and Chvorinov’s Thermal modulus
Figure 6 Effect of Shrinkage Porosity
7. Enesi Y. Salawu, Oluseyi O. Ajayi, A.O Inegbenebor
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1927 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 7 Chvorinov’s Thermal modulus
Moreso, figure 6 presents the result of variations in the shrinkage porosity along the
runner and mould cavity in a turbulent flow condition. It can be observed that shrinkage
occurred both in the runner and the mould cavity. However, the size of the shrinkage porosity
and location determines its influence on the quality of casting. If it is bigger and located at the
edge of thick sections, then it will ultimately distort or weakens the casting. Also figure 7
showed the Chvorinov’s thermal modulus result which is the equivalent modulus during the
period of casting and was evaluated from the solidification time using the Chvorinov’s rule.
From the result and based on this rule, it can be depicted that casting with small volume and
increased surface area cools more rapidly compared with casting with small surface area and
probably large volume. This implies that the time taken for the molten metal to solidify is a
function of the section modulus.
4.5. Hot spot formation and Interfacial heat transfer coefficient
Figure 8 Hot spot formation
8. Turbulence Flow Simulation of Molten Metals In Runners For Defect Control in Casting
of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1928 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 9 Interfacial heat transfer coefficient
Figure 8 revealed different hot spots formed in the mould and the runner. Turbulence flow
resulted to formations of regions which are thermally isolated and eventually cools last and
form cavities in the casting. This isolated molten metal is sometimes formed in the solidified
casting and the shrinkage effect would be observed at the top of the hot spot as seen from
figure 8. Also, figure 9 is a result of variation in the interfacial heat transfer coefficient under
turbulent flow conditions. This is vital in predicting a reliable casting process that can reveal
the formation of hot spot and residual stress [20]. However, the linear variation in the heat
transfer coefficient as compared to the variation in temperature of casting can be associated
with the formation of air gap between the mould surface and the casting. Thus, the heat
distribution profile has helped in accurate simulation and prediction of the solidification
process during casting.
4.6. Analysis of molten metal velocity and magnitude
Figure 10-13 presents the result of velocity variation under turbulent flow condition. We can
assume that the fluctuation in turbulent flow are the same in all direction, hence the turbulent
flow velocity variation can be treated as isotropic. Thus, figure 11-13 showed that frequency
in velocity variation is a function of the height of the sprue. Increase in sprue height will
result to reduction in turbulence velocity and less defect. Fluctuation in velocity magnitude
and direction at the runner due to turbulent flow will result to shrinkage porosity both at the
runner and in the mould.
9. Enesi Y. Salawu, Oluseyi O. Ajayi, A.O Inegbenebor
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1929 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 10 Fluid velocity magnitude
Figure 11 Fluid velocity in U-direction
Figure 12 Fluid velocity in V-direction
10. Turbulence Flow Simulation of Molten Metals In Runners For Defect Control in Casting
of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1930 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 13 Fluid velocity in W-direction
4.7. Turbulence Analysis
Figure 14 Turbulent Energy
Figure 15 Turbulent Dissipation
11. Enesi Y. Salawu, Oluseyi O. Ajayi, A.O Inegbenebor
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1931 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 16 Turbulent Viscosity
Figure 14-16 presents the kinetic energy fluctuation and turbulence viscosity of the molten
metal due to the swirling motion of the fluid through the runner. The results showed the
momentum increase throughout the runner to the mould due to fluctuations in turbulent
velocity. In turbulent flow, we expect that the velocity of the fluid should be higher and this is
a function of the viscosity which implies that lower viscosity increases the liquid velocity and
high turbulence energy dissipation. At higher temperature increase in turbulence is noticed
and this is detrimental to the mould content.
5. CONCLUSION
Pouring and solidification of molten metal in the mould is a critical design step in casting
process. This is because the liquid behaviour as it solidifies and cools determine the quality of
the cast. Based on this, this study critically examined the thermal behaviour of molten metal
with emphasis on the turbulence kinetics via simulation approach. The thermal properties
which include temperature, thermal modulus, shrinkage porosity, hot spot formation,
interfacial heat transfer were simulated. More so, several factors that influence flow were
equally considered which include; velocity, viscosity and the various turbulence motion were
simulated. The result showed an increased turbulence was achieved due to increase in velocity
and also very obvious at increased temperature. Thus pouring of liquid metal at higher
temperature erodes the wall of the runner and reduce the volume of the liquid metal due to
higher momentum and heat diffused by the molten metal. The study has revealed the various
defects associated with turbulence flow especially when the thermal effects of the molten is
considered. The approach will be useful to the foundry industries by incorporating filters to
separate dirt and inclusions in the gating system design so as to have smooth and minimum
turbulence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to appreciate the management of Covenant University for the part
sponsorship of this research.
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of a Spur Gear Blank
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1932 editor@iaeme.com
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