The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
A review of effect of welding and post weld heat treatment on microstructure ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today getting high thermal efficiency in thermal and nuclear power plant is a big challenge. Many new material are developed. SA 335 grade 91 steel is modified high chrome-moly martenstitic steel. This material is having excellent toughness and high temperature creep strength. During welding, this material is having tremendous change in its microstructure and hence mechanical property. Many research works were done in this area. This paper discusses weld ability of P91 material. Effect of different welding process, type of filler wire, its chemical composition and type of flux is discussed in this paper. PWHT is necessary after welding of P91 steel. PWHT temperature and its duration affects phase transformation and mechanical properties of weld metal, HAZ and parent metal. Major focus is given on hardness, creep resistance and notch toughness.
Keywords - P91, Welding, Microstructure, Toughness, Creep, Hardness, PWHT
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review of effect of welding and post weld heat treatment on microstructure ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today getting high thermal efficiency in thermal and nuclear power plant is a big challenge. Many new material are developed. SA 335 grade 91 steel is modified high chrome-moly martenstitic steel. This material is having excellent toughness and high temperature creep strength. During welding, this material is having tremendous change in its microstructure and hence mechanical property. Many research works were done in this area. This paper discusses weld ability of P91 material. Effect of different welding process, type of filler wire, its chemical composition and type of flux is discussed in this paper. PWHT is necessary after welding of P91 steel. PWHT temperature and its duration affects phase transformation and mechanical properties of weld metal, HAZ and parent metal. Major focus is given on hardness, creep resistance and notch toughness.
Keywords - P91, Welding, Microstructure, Toughness, Creep, Hardness, PWHT
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Effects of welding current and arc voltage on fcaw weld bead geometryeSAT Journals
Abstract Flux cored arc welding(FCAW) process is characterized with its high deposition rate and productivity. Control of the operating parameters in FCAW is essential to obtain high production rates and good quality welds. Bead on plate welds were carried out on mild steel plates to study the influence of welding current and arc voltage on weld bead geometry parameters. The weld bead coss-sections were metallographically investigated. The effects of these welding parameters were evaluated by measuring penetration depth, reinforcement height, bead width, wetting angle, electrod deposit area and plate fusion area. The bead cross-section area and the weld shape factor were calculated from the measured results. The effects of welding parameters on weld bead geometry have been presented by histograms. Key Words: Flux cored arc welding, arc welding parameters, weld bead geometry, weld shape factor
A REVIEW STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON WELD BEAD GEOMETRY AND ...Editor IJMTER
submerged arc welding is most efficient welding process in any fabrication industry. It is
a common arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating application with an
electric arc or arcs set up model between a bare metal electrode and the work piece. The arc end of
the metal electrode and molten pool are invisible. They are invisible being submerged under a
blanket of the granular material (flux). Selection of process parameters has great influence on the
weld bead geometry. Welding input parameters play a significant role in determining the quality of a
weld joint. Here, this joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry
and flux consumption. All the welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint
with the desired weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with maximum metal
deposition rate and minimum distortion rate. This paper presents the review of the effect of input
parameters on weld bead geometry and flux consumption in submerged arc welding process.
SMAW is one of the basic and most common of all welding processes. this presentation is geared towards helping the general public in understanding the fundamentals of SMAW process. Look out for my next series of publications...
This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
Metal Joining Processes: Welding, Riveting, Bolting, Brazing, SolderingJJ Technical Solutions
The presentation is a mechanical engineering presentation on the basics of metal joining processes. The basics of metal joining processes such as welding, riveting is explained in detail.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of heat effected zone and weld metal of mild steel material is investigated in this paper. Mild steel weldment was welded under varying welding current i.e. 80, 85, 90, 95 & 100 ampere by using MMAW process in 1G position. The edge preparation, electrode diameter and electrode type, CCV, welding technique, polarity and welder remained constant during the test. The test specimen was then grinded and hardness of each specimen was measured at three point i.e. parent metal, HAZ and weld metal by using Brinell hardness tester. It was observed that with increase in welding current melting rate of electrode was increased hence welding time was reduced. So welding speed was increased. With increase in welding current hardness of HAZ and weld metal was also decreased due to increase in heat input. With increase in welding speed heat input decreased and hardness of the joint increased.
Keywords - MMAW, welding current, welding speed, Hardness, Parent metal, HAZ, weld metal, cooling rate
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld...IJSRD
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process (GTAW) is widely used in fabrication of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy material when precision is considered as a prime importance. Deformations in the object undergoing welding are one of the foremost problems encountered in the welding industry. Thus it is often required to study the factors which affect the deformations produced during welding to avoid errors in the geometry. Present investigation highlights Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of a Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld Pool Geometry of Aluminium Alloy Plate under Different Joint Parameters.Finite Element Method (FEM) has been employed to do the transient thermal and structural analysis of the assembly. The Finite Element Analysis has been done on ANSYS 14.5 Workbench. Number of factors is liable to produce effects in the job during the welding operation. Aim of this paper is the effect of welding parameters like as welding current, shielding gas flow rate and welding speed with mechanical Properties like tensile strength and hardness. After that finite element analysis for temperature distribution and distribution of the stresses in the welded Aluminium alloy plate. The results show that the larger the Welding current and smaller welding speed will lead to the maximum residual tensile stress. Therefore a residual stress will arise from the restraint position. The ultimate residual stress of weldment is determined by material yield strength at different temperature. The higher yield strength at different temperature has higher material residual stress. Because of its higher thermal conductivity, aluminium alloy test specimens have small temperature differential.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding by Taguchi M...ijsrd.com
Tungsten Inert Gas welding (TIG) is one of the most important joining technologies in welding-related fabrication. High quality weld joints without spattering and slags qualify this welding technology for the major part of metals. As the filler-metal supply is separated from the arc, the molten pool can be controlled in the best way possible an advantage which ensures the quality of the execution of the weld but entails a relatively low deposition rate and welding speed. When manufacturing consumer products where appearance is of importance; then the choice has to be TIG welding. Jobs that call for code requirements such as nuclear work, piping, and high profile consumer goods often require at least the first weld in the pipe joint to be TIG welding for an effective bond. In some cases all the passes on a multi-pass pipe weld may have to be TIG welding, if demand has high quality and code requirements.
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF WELDING IN STEEL PIPES AND PLATESIjorat1
Welding is a common joint type in the fabrication of structural members in aerospace, aeronautical and
pressure vessel industries. Welding is highly reliable and efficient metal joining process. The thermal response of
materials to a welding heat source sometimes causes mechanical problems, e.g. residual stresses and distortion and
changes in mechanical properties due to changes in the microstructure. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most
commonly used numerical technique, which provides accurate estimates of thermal parameters for this analysis. Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) is a tool used especially in determining the thermal stresses and temperature distribution of
the welded models, which are difficult to analyze by hand calculations. The objective of the current work is to study
transient temperature in both arc welded pipe and welded plate of 304L stainless steel. The object is modeled in 3D and
analyzed using FEA with an element type of SOLID70 and heat density of the moving circular area heat source is used.
Knowledge of temperature distribution patterns is useful in any welding process to predict microstructure and
distortion. In the current work a model has been developed to predict the thermal cycles during welding of 304L
pipeline steel
Similar to Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property (Hardness) Of Mild Steel Weld Joint by MMAW Process (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property (Hardness) Of Mild Steel Weld Joint by MMAW Process
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 34|
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and
Mechanical Property (Hardness) Of Mild Steel Weld Joint by
MMAW Process
Merchant Samir Y.1
1
Lecturer, Fabrication Technology Department, Sir. B.P. Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
symerchant72 @ gmail.com
I. Introduction
Welding is most common metal joining process. MMAW welding process was used from early
1930’s.[1]. In MMAW process metal is joined by application of heat. This heat is produced by establishing an
electric arc between flux coated electrode and base metal. Welding arc is a sustained electrical discharge
through an ionized gas. The electric discharge through ionized gas produces high amount of heat which is
sufficient for melting the metal.[2]. The process is shown in fig-1[3]. Mild steel is widely used for fabrication of
process equipment, structure, ships, pipes etc. Welding of mild steel is very much sensitive to heal flow.
Mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength and hardness are changed during welding due to
change in microstructure. Generally mild steel is having ferrite microstructure but after welding it changes to
pearlite, bainite or martensite. Hardness of weld joint increases from alteration of microstructure from ferrite to
martensite. This change depends on heat input and cooling rate in welding. Fig-2 shows effect of heat input on
cooling rate[4]. The factors affecting on heat input are welding current, arc voltage, welding speed and thermal
efficiency of mild steel. Factors affecting cooling rate are thickness of metal, heat input, welding speed,
preheating temperature, post weld heat treatment. Among these variables welding current, welding voltage and
welding speed are primary variable which controls the fusion, depth of penetration, shape of weld puddle,
reinforcement and heat input. Electrode polarity, inclination angle and welding technique are secondary variable
which affect on energy absorbed, melting rate of base metal and weld metal.
Fig.-1 MMAW welding process Fig. 2 Effect of Heat input on cooling rate
ABSTRACT: The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Keywords - MMAW, welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, cooling rate
2. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 35|
1.1 Heat input
Heat input rate or energy of arc was an important parameter in welding which can be calculated by
following formula[5][6]
Heat input
J
min
=
V × A × 60
S
Where V = arc voltage
A = welding current
S = welding speed or arc travel speed (mm/min)
But for MMAW process the heat transfer efficiency is 0.65 to 0.85 [2]. So we have to multiply this equation by
heat transfer efficiency then we will get actual heat input during welding.
1.2 Cooling rate
Cooling rate was another important parameter during welding. The microstructure obtained in weld
joint depends on cooling rate. As welding current increased the heat input also increased. Hence cooling rate
also decreased. As welding speed increased heat input will decreased due to less arcing time on specific region
hence cooling rate will also increased. So hardness of weld joint was also increased. Cooling rate can be
calculated from following formulas [6][7].
Step-1 first we have to calculate the relative plate thickness t1
𝑡1 =
𝜌 × 𝐶 × (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑜)
𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡
Where t = plate thickness
ρ = density of material g/mm3
C = specific heat of solid material J/g℃
ρC = volumetric specific heat J/ mm3
℃
Tc = temperature near the pearlite nose on TTT diagram
Hnet = Heat input J/min
Step-2 If t1 > 0.75 then
Cooling Rate R =
2 × ᴨ × k × Tc− To 2
Hnet
Where R= cooling rate ℃/sec
K = thermal conductivity J/mm,s℃
To = Initial temperature of plate to be welded ℃
Step-3 If t1<0.75 then
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅 = 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑘 × 𝜌𝐶 × 𝑡
𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡
2
× 𝑇𝑐 − 𝑡𝑜 3
1.3 Various zones of weld joint
The steel weld joint mainly divided in three zones i.e. Weld metal zone, Heat affected zone (HAZ) and
base metal zone. The HAZ was further classified in three region i.e. grain growth region, grain refined region
and transition region [7]. The hardness during weld joint is not uniform. The steel is sensitive for thermal cycle
and the metal of weld joint was having highest temperature i.e. above melting point and the parent metal was
having temperature very less below the lower critical line. Due to high temperature difference between these
two regions the cooling rate was very fast and the solidification of weld metal was under non equilibrium
conditions. Due to this from austenite to pearlite micro constituents transformation was not occurred and
austenite to martensite or binatic lathe micro constituents transformation was occurred. So hardness of this
region was very high and HAZ was become more susceptible to cracking. [1][2][8]. Types of microstructure
obtained and its hardness is depend on cooling rate which is shown in fig.-3[9].
3. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 36|
Fig-3 TTT diagram
II. Literature Review
DR.Evance had concluded in his study that with increase in heat input the number of beads per layer
varied and the nugget and recrystallised area increased. The hardness of as-deposited weld metal decreased. the
average width of columnar grains increased. Yield strength and tensile strength decreased. optimum charpy-v
impact properties achieved at 2 KJ/mm. grain size increased and proeutectoid ferrite in weld metal increased at
the cost of acicular ferrite.[5].
Sindo kuo As the heat input and welding speed both increase, the weld pool becomes more elongated,
shifting from elliptical to teardrop shaped. The higher the welding speed, the greater the length–width ratio
becomes and the more the geometric center of the pool lags behind the electrode tip. The cooling rate decreases
with increasing heat input and preheating[10].
As per AWS the thermal condition in welding affect metallurgical structure of weldment, mechanical
properties, thermal stresses and distortion. The major factors are (1) the solidification rate of weld metal (2) the
distribution of maximum temperature in weld heat affected zone (3) the cooling rate in weld metal and HAZ (4)
the distribution of heat in weldmetal and HAZ[6].
Bhaskar vishvakarma, Manish verma & Tribhuwasn kishor Mishra had concluded in their
research that with increased in welding current impact strength of weldmetal increased while hardness
decreased[11].
Rakesh kumar, Satish kumar had invstigated on mechanical properties of mild steel 1018 during
MIG welding. They concluded welding current was the most significant parameter affecting the mechanical
properties and hardness of weld joint. They found that no matrensite formation during MIG welding[12].
Prof. Rohit Jha, Dr. A.K.Jha had concluded in their research with increase in welding current the
UTS will increase until an optimum value, increase in further welding current optimum value will result in
decreasing UTS[13].
Ajay N. Boob and Prof. G.K.Gattani, have investigated on MMAW welding process parameter of
heat affected zone (HAZ) for mild steel 1005. They found that during welding austenite microstructure was
refined and converted into bainite so strength and impact toughness of base metal was improved. Heat input rate
was most significant parameter for controlling width of HAZ and with increase in welding speed width of HAZ
was decreased, proper control on welding speed was became the important parameter for controlling the
HAZ[14].
Riyad Mohammed Ali Hamza, Abdulkareem Aloraier, Emad Abdulradh Al-Faraj had
investigated effect of welding polarity in joint bead geometry and mechanical properties of MMAW process.
They concluded that highest hardness measurement was recorded when welding was performed using DC-
polarity. Hardness value was dropped down as the metal moving through the HAZ to the parent metal. The
lowest hardness recorded when welding was performed using the AC polarity [15].
4. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 37|
III. Experimental Methodology
3.1 Experiment procedure – Specimen of 100 mm long x 50 mm width x 10 mm thick cut from mild steel flat
bar. Chemical composition of base metal was as shown in table-1. 30° single V edge preparation was made on
these specimens as shown in Fig.-4. Set-up was made by tack welding. Root gap and root face kept 2 mm each.
Welding of different specimens was performed using 1G welding position as shown in Fig-5. Flux coated
electrode used for welding was AWS/SFA 5.1 E-6013 of 3.15 mm diameter and 350 mm long. Chemical
composition of electrode used was shown in table-2. The Welding ampere were 80, 90, 100 by keeping welding
speed 1.52 mm/sec and arc voltage 21 volts constant. Technical specification of welding power source used was
mentioned in table-3 and photograph of welding power source used was shown in fig-6. Welding polarity was
kept DCEP. Then Welding of different specimens was performed using 1G welding position as shown in Fig-5.
The observations were recorded in table-5. Welding voltage 21, 23, 25 by keeping welding current 90 amp and
speed 1.52 mm/sec constant. Welding polarity was DCEP. Arc voltage was measured as shown in fig.-7 by
using multimeter. Welding of different specimens was performed using 1G welding position as shown in Fig-5.
The observations were recorded in table-6.Welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82 mm/sec by
keeping welding current 90 amp and voltage 21 volts constant. Welding polarity was DCEP. The observations
were recorded in table-7. After welding, weld reinforcement was ground and weld joint face made flat. All the
specimens were tested on Rockwell hardness testing machine and hardness was measured at three points i.e. at
base metal (before and after welding at 50 mm distance from weld center line), HAZ at near to fusion boundary
and weld metal center line as shown in fig-8. The readings were noted in observation table-5,6 & 7. Technical
specification of Rockwell hardness tester used was as per table-4.
Fig-4 Dimensional sketch of weld joint Fig-5 Experimental setup
TABLE -1 Chemical Composition Of Base Metal
Element C Mn Si S P
percent 0.16-0.18 0.70-0.90 0.40 max 0.40 max 0.40 max
TABLE -2 Chemical Composition of E-6013 Electrode
Element C Mn Si S P
percent 0.07 0.44 0.22 0.02 0.02
TABLE – 3 Technical Specification of welding machine
Model G-200
Range 0 – 200 Amp
KVA 5
Duty Cycle 50 %
Primary Voltage 230 V
Primary current 25 Amp
5. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 38|
Fig-6 Welding Machine Fig- 7 Measurement of arc voltage using multimeter
Fig-8 Hardness Testing
TABLE – 4 Technical specification of hardness testing machine
IV. Result & Discussion
4.1 Effect of changing welding current:
Heat input is increased with increase from 942 J/mm to 1178 J/mm with increase in welding current
from 80 amp to 100 amp. Hardness of base metal was increased after welding in all specimens. The maximum
hardness observed at 90 amp. Hardness of weld metal, HAZ and base metal increased upto 90 amp then it was
decreased. This shows that increased in welding current up to optimum level, hardness of weld joint increased
than it was decreased. In weld joint hardness of HAZ was greater than weld joint and base metal in all
specimens as shown in Fig-8(A). With increase in welding current cooling rate decrease in parabolic curve
pattern as shown in Fig.-8(B) and solidification time increased in straight line pattern as shown in Fig-8(C). Due
to this increase in welding current up to 90 amp weld joint remains more time between temperature zone of 800
°C to 500 °C. So more binatic lathe formation instead of pearlite hence hardness increased. But then after further
increased in welding current increased more heat input rate and these results in extra normalizing effect on weld
joint which results in decrease in hardness.
Model TRS
Type Rockwell Hardness Tester
Max. Test Height 216 mm
Throat depth 133 mm
Make MCS
Capacity 2500 N
Height 630 mm
Net Weight 77 Kgs
6. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 39|
TABLE – 5 Effect of heat input controlled by change in welding current
(A) (B) (C)
Fig-8 (A) change in hardness zone wise in weld joint (B) change in cooling rate (C) change in solidification
time
4.2 Effect of changing welding arc voltage:
Heat input was increased from 1060 J/mm to 1262 J/mm with increased in arc voltage from 21 to 25
volts. Arc voltage was having more influence on heat input than arc current. Hardness of base metal was
increased after welding in all specimens. Maximum difference in base metal hardness change observed at 21
volts. Hardness of HAZ was greater than base metal and weld metal in all specimens as shown in Fig.9(A). With
increase in arc voltage hardness of weld joint was decrease in all three regions. Cooling rate decreased in
parabolic pattern with increased in welding arc voltage as shown in fig.9(B). Weld solidification time increased
with increase in welding arc voltage in straight line pattern as shown in fig. 9(C). With increase in welding arc
voltage width of weld joint increased and its penetration decreased. More spatters were observed on the weld
surface.
TABLE – 6 Effect of heat input controlled by change in welding arc voltage
(A) (B) (C)
Fig-9 (A) change in hardness zone wise in weld joint (B) change in cooling rate (C) change in solidification
time
Specimen
No.
Current
Amp Voltage
Welding
Time sec.
Welding
Speed
mm/sec
Hnet
J/mm
Cooling
Rate
C/sec
solidifica
tion time
sec
Weld
Metal
HRB
HAZ
HRB
Base
Metal
After
welding
HRB
Base
Metal
Before
welding
HRB
1 80 21 66 1.52 942 18.88 0.721 88 89 77 74
2 90 21 66 1.52 1060 14.91 0.811 89 90 84 74
3 100 21 66 1.52 1178 12.08 0.901 87 88 76 74
Cooling Rate
18.88
14.91
12.08
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Welding Current
C/Sec
80 amp
90 amp
100 amp
Solidification time
0.721
0.811
0.901
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
Welding Ampere
Seconds
80 amp
90 amp
100 amp
Specimen
No.
current
Amp voltage
welding
time sec.
welding
speed
mm/sec
Hnet
J/mm
Cooling
Rate
C/sec
solidifica
tion time
St. sec
Weld
Metal
HRB
HAZ
HRB
Base
Metal
After
welding
HRB
Base
Metal
Before
welding
HRB
1 90 21 66 1.52 1060 14.91 0.811 89 90 84 74
2 90 23 66 1.52 1161 12.43 0.889 87 89 76 74
3 90 25 66 1.52 1262 10.52 0.966 84 87 75 74
7. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 40|
4.3 Effect of changing welding speed:
With increase in welding speed heat input was decreased due to less arcing time. With increase in
welding speed hardness of HAZ and weld metal was increased but hardness of base metal after welding was
decreased as shown in fig. 10(A). The reason for decrease in hardness of base metal after welding was less time
of base metal between 800 °C to 500 °C. With increase in welding speed cooling rate increase as shown in fig.
10(B). With increase welding speed weld solidification time reduce very rapidly so more chances of martensite
formation in HAZ and weld metal hence hardness of this region increases with increase in welding speed. Width
of weld joint decrease with increase in welding speed. Penetration of weld increase up to optimum welding
speed and then it decreased.
TABLE – 7 Effect of heat input controlled by change in welding speed
(A) (B) (C)
Fig-10 (A) change in hardness zone wise in weld joint (B) change in cooling rate (C) change in
solidification time
V. Conclusion
Following conclusions can be obtained from this investigation:
1. Heat input is one of the primary factor affects the hardness of weld joint.
2. Welding current, arc voltage and welding speed are major factors affects the heat input in welding.
3. Heat input affects the cooling rate and solidification time of weld joint.
4. Hardness of all three regions i.e. weld metal, HAZ and base metal alters due to heat input and cooling
rate.
REFERENCES
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Specimen
No.
current
Amp voltage
welding
time sec.
welding
speed
mm/sec
Hnet
J/mm
Cooling
Rate
C/sec
solidifica
tion time
St. sec
Weld
Metal
HRB
HAZ
HRB
Base
Metal
After
welding
HRB
Base
Metal
Before
welding
HRB
1 90 21 66 1.52 1060 14.91 0.811 89 90 84 74
2 90 21 60 1.67 964 18.05 0.738 90 91 78 74
3 90 21 55 1.82 884 21.48 0.676 91 92 76 74
8. Investigation On Effect Of Heat Input On Cooling Rate And Mechanical
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 41|
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