Corrosion impacts electronic systems by attacking boards or individual components. Of particular concern is corrosion of the metallization on printed wiring board assemblies due to attack from sulfur-containing species, most notably sulfurous gases. Sulfurous gases are emitted by a diverse range of processes, ranging from paper and pulp bleaching to the warming of clay used in industrial modeling facilities. However, the impact of varying sulfur concentrations and humidity levels on corrosion needs further examination.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
The document discusses corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in chloride and sulfate solutions. It studies using a combination of dichromate, molybdate, and nitrite inhibitors to provide high corrosion inhibition. Testing involved immersing steel coupons in synthetic solutions with chloride and sulfate ions and measuring corrosion rates. Results found that a combination of 1 ppm sodium dichromate, 250 ppm sodium molybdate, and 50 ppm sodium nitrite provided the best corrosion inhibition while meeting environmental regulations. Further testing examined the effects of changing inhibitor concentrations and environmental parameters like chloride concentration, rotation speed, and pH. The inhibitor combination performed well except being sensitive to increases in sulfate concentration.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
The document discusses new technologies from companies like Clariant, Baker Hughes, and Modumetal for improving corrosion inhibition in offshore oil and gas projects. Clariant tested a new phosphate ester-based inhibitor that showed better inhibition than traditional imidazoline-based inhibitors, particularly in reducing anodic current. Baker Hughes developed antiagglomerant chemistry that addresses pitting corrosion risks while maintaining hydrate inhibition. Modumetal is working on nanolaminated metal coatings that could strengthen components and reduce the need for corrosion inhibitors by delaying electron exchange during corrosion.
Aging is one of the real issues
service life of pavement. The
change after a period of time
service life and when exposed to the
this study local materials
including asphalt cement,
Portland cement and silica fume were used as mineral filler. Two types of specimens
were prepared and tested
mineral filler and the second
fume as mineral filler. The optimum asphalt content of mixture
to Marshall Design method. Optimum asphalt c
specimens that contain 100 % Portland cement as mineral filler and it was 5.1 % for
specimens that contain 50 % Portland cement and 50 % silica fume as mineral filler
Fifty one (51) of asphalt concrete specimens (Marshall Spe
For the purpose of studying the effect of short term aging, part of specimens was
placed in the oven and subjected it to a temperature of 135 ºC for (2 and 4 hr), while
for the long term aging, another part of specimens was placed in
subjected it to a temperature of 85 ºC for 72 hr (3 days) and 120 hr (5 days) according
to AASHTO R30. The results of Marshall Test showed that the stability
was increased by 13.63%, 27.27%, 51, 81 and 63.63% after
after L.T.A(3 and 5) days, respectively. Flow
and 4) hr and after L.T.A (
respectively. Also, the results showed that the air voids in total mixture were
after short and long term aging. Generally, the results showed that the use of 50%
silica fume as a mineral filler with 50 %Portland cement leads to
of aging on properties of Marshall
The document summarizes an investigation into using thiophene derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for an aluminum-silicon alloy in sulfuric acid solution. Three thiophene derivatives were tested as inhibitors using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polarization studies showed the inhibitors were anodic and increased inhibition efficiency with increasing concentration. Impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the inhibitors increased charge transfer resistance and formed a protective film. Theoretical calculations supported the experimental results showing the inhibitors adsorb on the alloy surface. In summary, the thiophene derivatives were found to effectively inhibit corrosion of the aluminum-silicon alloy in sulfuric acid.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The document investigates the inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements including polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that hydralazine hydrochloride acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, reducing both the anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution reactions. Maximum inhibition efficiency of around 72% was achieved. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the inhibitor is adsorbed onto the mild steel surface via chemisorption. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of a protective film on the steel surface when the inhibitor was present.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
The document discusses corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in chloride and sulfate solutions. It studies using a combination of dichromate, molybdate, and nitrite inhibitors to provide high corrosion inhibition. Testing involved immersing steel coupons in synthetic solutions with chloride and sulfate ions and measuring corrosion rates. Results found that a combination of 1 ppm sodium dichromate, 250 ppm sodium molybdate, and 50 ppm sodium nitrite provided the best corrosion inhibition while meeting environmental regulations. Further testing examined the effects of changing inhibitor concentrations and environmental parameters like chloride concentration, rotation speed, and pH. The inhibitor combination performed well except being sensitive to increases in sulfate concentration.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
The document discusses new technologies from companies like Clariant, Baker Hughes, and Modumetal for improving corrosion inhibition in offshore oil and gas projects. Clariant tested a new phosphate ester-based inhibitor that showed better inhibition than traditional imidazoline-based inhibitors, particularly in reducing anodic current. Baker Hughes developed antiagglomerant chemistry that addresses pitting corrosion risks while maintaining hydrate inhibition. Modumetal is working on nanolaminated metal coatings that could strengthen components and reduce the need for corrosion inhibitors by delaying electron exchange during corrosion.
Aging is one of the real issues
service life of pavement. The
change after a period of time
service life and when exposed to the
this study local materials
including asphalt cement,
Portland cement and silica fume were used as mineral filler. Two types of specimens
were prepared and tested
mineral filler and the second
fume as mineral filler. The optimum asphalt content of mixture
to Marshall Design method. Optimum asphalt c
specimens that contain 100 % Portland cement as mineral filler and it was 5.1 % for
specimens that contain 50 % Portland cement and 50 % silica fume as mineral filler
Fifty one (51) of asphalt concrete specimens (Marshall Spe
For the purpose of studying the effect of short term aging, part of specimens was
placed in the oven and subjected it to a temperature of 135 ºC for (2 and 4 hr), while
for the long term aging, another part of specimens was placed in
subjected it to a temperature of 85 ºC for 72 hr (3 days) and 120 hr (5 days) according
to AASHTO R30. The results of Marshall Test showed that the stability
was increased by 13.63%, 27.27%, 51, 81 and 63.63% after
after L.T.A(3 and 5) days, respectively. Flow
and 4) hr and after L.T.A (
respectively. Also, the results showed that the air voids in total mixture were
after short and long term aging. Generally, the results showed that the use of 50%
silica fume as a mineral filler with 50 %Portland cement leads to
of aging on properties of Marshall
The document summarizes an investigation into using thiophene derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for an aluminum-silicon alloy in sulfuric acid solution. Three thiophene derivatives were tested as inhibitors using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polarization studies showed the inhibitors were anodic and increased inhibition efficiency with increasing concentration. Impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the inhibitors increased charge transfer resistance and formed a protective film. Theoretical calculations supported the experimental results showing the inhibitors adsorb on the alloy surface. In summary, the thiophene derivatives were found to effectively inhibit corrosion of the aluminum-silicon alloy in sulfuric acid.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The document investigates the inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements including polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that hydralazine hydrochloride acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, reducing both the anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution reactions. Maximum inhibition efficiency of around 72% was achieved. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the inhibitor is adsorbed onto the mild steel surface via chemisorption. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of a protective film on the steel surface when the inhibitor was present.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
Urea fertilizer was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel in simulated concrete pore solution containing chloride ions. Open circuit potential measurements showed that steel samples immersed in solutions with urea moved to a more positive potential compared to the control, indicating urea forms a protective film. Polarization tests after 2 hours showed corrosion current and rate decreased with urea, with 0.5% urea providing 85.5% inhibition efficiency. After 7 days, 0.5% urea still gave the highest inhibition at 86.15%, though performance dropped at 1% concentration, suggesting an optimal amount is required. Urea was found to be an effective corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel.
IRJET - Anti-Corrosion Effect of Curcuma Longa on Petroleum Drilling Equipmen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using turmeric to inhibit corrosion of petroleum drilling equipment exposed to acidic environments. Mild steel samples were immersed in 0.1M hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid solutions both with and without turmeric for one month. Visual observation, weight loss measurements, and SEM analysis were used to analyze corrosion. Results showed turmeric reduced corrosion in both acid solutions as indicated by less visible corrosion, lower weight loss, and smoother steel surfaces compared to acid solutions without turmeric. This suggests turmeric has potential as a natural corrosion inhibitor that could help maintain drilling equipment integrity in acidic downhole conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
- The document examines the inhibition effect of the antibiotic drug amoxicillin on the corrosion of reinforced steel samples immersed in a simulated concrete pore solution containing chloride ions.
- Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that as the concentration of amoxicillin increased, the corrosion potential shifted positively, corrosion current density and corrosion rate decreased, and inhibition efficiency increased, indicating amoxicillin forms a protective film on the steel surface.
- After 7 days, measurements showed the lowest corrosion current density, corrosion rate, and highest inhibition efficiency of 95.03% at a 2.5g/L concentration of amoxicillin, demonstrating it maintains effective corrosion inhibition of reinforced steel in the presence of
1991_Sensitivity to Iron Impurity Content of Corrosion Rate of Mg-15Al_Cotton...James D. Cotton
The corrosion rates of extrusions produced from rapidly-solidified Mg-15wt%AI alloy powder containing varying levels of iron (Fe) impurity (0.003-0.020wt%) were studied. Trace amounts of Fe were found to have a strong exponential effect on the corrosion rate, consistent with previous studies. However, the sensitivity to Fe content was markedly lower for the rapidly-solidified alloys compared to conventionally-cast alloys. This effect is explained by the microstructural refinement produced by rapid solidification, which decreases the scale of microstructure and distributes corrosion more evenly. Both pitting and filiform corrosion were observed and characterized using various microscopy techniques.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the electrochemical characteristics of coated and uncoated aluminum samples in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution. Open circuit potential measurements showed that the coated aluminum sample had a slightly more positive potential, indicating it was less susceptible to dissolution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the coated sample had a larger capacitive loop, meaning it had higher corrosion resistance. Potentiodynamic polarization testing confirmed that the epoxy coating increased the corrosion resistance of the aluminum by lowering the cathodic and anodic reaction rates in the acidic solution. Overall, the coating acted as a barrier to decrease the dissolution of the protective aluminum oxide layer and increase corrosion resistance in the acidic electrolyte.
- The document examines the corrosion behavior of API 5L X42 carbon steel samples immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solutions of different concentrations (0.5M and 1.0M) for 1008 hours.
- Experimental results showed the highest corrosion occurred in the 1.0M Na2CO3 solution, as this environment did not form a protective film on the steel samples. The next highest corrosion was in the 0.5M NaCl solution.
- Generally, corrosion rates were higher in environments like Na2CO3 that do not form protective oxide films, and increased with higher concentrations. Corrosion was lower in environments like NaCl that can form
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooli...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time
on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooling, Case Study:Khatoonabad Copper Smelter Plant by Esmaeil Rahimi and Neda Mohaghegh in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Emilia sonchifolia extract as green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aci...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the corrosion inhibition properties of Emilia Sonchifolia extract for mild steel in 1.0M sulfuric acid. Key findings include:
1) Emilia Sonchifolia extract was found to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in acidic solution, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher concentrations of the extract.
2) The extract was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm models, suggesting it adsorbs physically on the steel surface.
3) Thermodynamic analysis revealed the adsorption process was spontaneous and consistent with physisorption, with negative heat of adsorption values ranging from -9 to -28 kJ/mol.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Este documento discute varios factores que pueden llevar a alguien a ser un "outlier" o excepción, incluyendo oportunidades disponibles, ventajas acumulativas, dedicar 10,000 horas a una habilidad, legados culturales, y factores como la época y lugar en que se nació. Algunos ejemplos mencionados son los Beatles y su éxito luego de años de práctica, y Bill Gates programando computadoras desde los 13 años.
The document provides a critical evaluation of the 1987 study "Injuries in Runners" by Lysholm and Wiklander. It summarizes the key findings of the original study regarding common injury sites among different groups of runners. However, it notes that some of these findings contradict other literature. It also analyzes weaknesses in the original study's methodology, such as lack of detail on training protocols and potential inconsistencies in defining injuries. Overall, the evaluation questions some of the reliability and conclusions of the original study due to its methodological limitations.
1. Goal analysis is a technique used to analyze a goal to identify the steps required to achieve it. It involves classifying the goal statement and identifying the major steps.
2. Educational goals describe the competencies, skills, and attitudes students will have upon completing a course or program. Educational objectives are shorter-term goals students will achieve within a course.
3. Gagne identified five categories of learning - verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes, and motor skills. His nine instructional events provide a framework for designing instruction based on the conditions needed for different types of learning.
Jennifer earned a Bachelor's in Biology and is pursuing a Master's in Spanish and certificate in translation from the University of Texas at San Antonio. She served in various campus organizations and committees. After graduating, Jennifer joined AXA Advisors to focus on retirement and estate planning, helping individuals and businesses plan for the future. In her career and community involvement, Jennifer aims to serve and support others.
Stacie Jason is seeking a customer service or department specialist position that allows growth. She has over 15 years of retail experience in roles like package handler, shift leader, and photo specialist. Stacie has a background in graphic design and strong skills in organization, teamwork, creativity, and building relationships with customers. Her references can attest to her strong work ethic and leadership abilities.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
Urea fertilizer was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel in simulated concrete pore solution containing chloride ions. Open circuit potential measurements showed that steel samples immersed in solutions with urea moved to a more positive potential compared to the control, indicating urea forms a protective film. Polarization tests after 2 hours showed corrosion current and rate decreased with urea, with 0.5% urea providing 85.5% inhibition efficiency. After 7 days, 0.5% urea still gave the highest inhibition at 86.15%, though performance dropped at 1% concentration, suggesting an optimal amount is required. Urea was found to be an effective corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel.
IRJET - Anti-Corrosion Effect of Curcuma Longa on Petroleum Drilling Equipmen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using turmeric to inhibit corrosion of petroleum drilling equipment exposed to acidic environments. Mild steel samples were immersed in 0.1M hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid solutions both with and without turmeric for one month. Visual observation, weight loss measurements, and SEM analysis were used to analyze corrosion. Results showed turmeric reduced corrosion in both acid solutions as indicated by less visible corrosion, lower weight loss, and smoother steel surfaces compared to acid solutions without turmeric. This suggests turmeric has potential as a natural corrosion inhibitor that could help maintain drilling equipment integrity in acidic downhole conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
- The document examines the inhibition effect of the antibiotic drug amoxicillin on the corrosion of reinforced steel samples immersed in a simulated concrete pore solution containing chloride ions.
- Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that as the concentration of amoxicillin increased, the corrosion potential shifted positively, corrosion current density and corrosion rate decreased, and inhibition efficiency increased, indicating amoxicillin forms a protective film on the steel surface.
- After 7 days, measurements showed the lowest corrosion current density, corrosion rate, and highest inhibition efficiency of 95.03% at a 2.5g/L concentration of amoxicillin, demonstrating it maintains effective corrosion inhibition of reinforced steel in the presence of
1991_Sensitivity to Iron Impurity Content of Corrosion Rate of Mg-15Al_Cotton...James D. Cotton
The corrosion rates of extrusions produced from rapidly-solidified Mg-15wt%AI alloy powder containing varying levels of iron (Fe) impurity (0.003-0.020wt%) were studied. Trace amounts of Fe were found to have a strong exponential effect on the corrosion rate, consistent with previous studies. However, the sensitivity to Fe content was markedly lower for the rapidly-solidified alloys compared to conventionally-cast alloys. This effect is explained by the microstructural refinement produced by rapid solidification, which decreases the scale of microstructure and distributes corrosion more evenly. Both pitting and filiform corrosion were observed and characterized using various microscopy techniques.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the electrochemical characteristics of coated and uncoated aluminum samples in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution. Open circuit potential measurements showed that the coated aluminum sample had a slightly more positive potential, indicating it was less susceptible to dissolution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the coated sample had a larger capacitive loop, meaning it had higher corrosion resistance. Potentiodynamic polarization testing confirmed that the epoxy coating increased the corrosion resistance of the aluminum by lowering the cathodic and anodic reaction rates in the acidic solution. Overall, the coating acted as a barrier to decrease the dissolution of the protective aluminum oxide layer and increase corrosion resistance in the acidic electrolyte.
- The document examines the corrosion behavior of API 5L X42 carbon steel samples immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solutions of different concentrations (0.5M and 1.0M) for 1008 hours.
- Experimental results showed the highest corrosion occurred in the 1.0M Na2CO3 solution, as this environment did not form a protective film on the steel samples. The next highest corrosion was in the 0.5M NaCl solution.
- Generally, corrosion rates were higher in environments like Na2CO3 that do not form protective oxide films, and increased with higher concentrations. Corrosion was lower in environments like NaCl that can form
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooli...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The Effect of Bed Thickness and Cooling Time
on the Rate of Copper Slag Cooling, Case Study:Khatoonabad Copper Smelter Plant by Esmaeil Rahimi and Neda Mohaghegh in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Emilia sonchifolia extract as green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aci...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the corrosion inhibition properties of Emilia Sonchifolia extract for mild steel in 1.0M sulfuric acid. Key findings include:
1) Emilia Sonchifolia extract was found to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in acidic solution, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher concentrations of the extract.
2) The extract was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm models, suggesting it adsorbs physically on the steel surface.
3) Thermodynamic analysis revealed the adsorption process was spontaneous and consistent with physisorption, with negative heat of adsorption values ranging from -9 to -28 kJ/mol.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Este documento discute varios factores que pueden llevar a alguien a ser un "outlier" o excepción, incluyendo oportunidades disponibles, ventajas acumulativas, dedicar 10,000 horas a una habilidad, legados culturales, y factores como la época y lugar en que se nació. Algunos ejemplos mencionados son los Beatles y su éxito luego de años de práctica, y Bill Gates programando computadoras desde los 13 años.
The document provides a critical evaluation of the 1987 study "Injuries in Runners" by Lysholm and Wiklander. It summarizes the key findings of the original study regarding common injury sites among different groups of runners. However, it notes that some of these findings contradict other literature. It also analyzes weaknesses in the original study's methodology, such as lack of detail on training protocols and potential inconsistencies in defining injuries. Overall, the evaluation questions some of the reliability and conclusions of the original study due to its methodological limitations.
1. Goal analysis is a technique used to analyze a goal to identify the steps required to achieve it. It involves classifying the goal statement and identifying the major steps.
2. Educational goals describe the competencies, skills, and attitudes students will have upon completing a course or program. Educational objectives are shorter-term goals students will achieve within a course.
3. Gagne identified five categories of learning - verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes, and motor skills. His nine instructional events provide a framework for designing instruction based on the conditions needed for different types of learning.
Jennifer earned a Bachelor's in Biology and is pursuing a Master's in Spanish and certificate in translation from the University of Texas at San Antonio. She served in various campus organizations and committees. After graduating, Jennifer joined AXA Advisors to focus on retirement and estate planning, helping individuals and businesses plan for the future. In her career and community involvement, Jennifer aims to serve and support others.
Stacie Jason is seeking a customer service or department specialist position that allows growth. She has over 15 years of retail experience in roles like package handler, shift leader, and photo specialist. Stacie has a background in graphic design and strong skills in organization, teamwork, creativity, and building relationships with customers. Her references can attest to her strong work ethic and leadership abilities.
Pas de Coton is a cotton-free clothing company. They aim to provide comfortable, sustainable clothing made from natural materials like linen, hemp and bamboo instead of cotton. By avoiding cotton, which requires large amounts of pesticides and water to grow, Pas de Coton hopes to lessen the environmental impact of the fashion industry.
El documento describe los pasos para descargar e instalar la plataforma Moodle 2.2 en un computador local. Estos incluyen buscar Moodle en Google, descargar el archivo .zip, extraer el contenido en una carpeta local, ejecutar el programa de inicio y acceder a la plataforma a través del navegador ingresando a localhost. Finalmente, se registra un usuario administrador para configurar y agregar cursos en Moodle.
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan teknis tentang penyusunan Rencana Induk Pelabuhan yang mencakup tahapan penyusunan, sistematika penulisan, dan prosedur penetapan rencana induk pelabuhan sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan."
The document describes a logo created by LBJ Productions to represent their action film genre. The logo features a bullet with a smoke trail to symbolize the fast pace, action, and visual effects of their films. The targets within the word "productions" represent the precision and detail of their work. Popular studio logos like Marvel, DC, and Sony that specialize in action inspired aspects of the design. The logo was created in Photoshop by editing a stock image to mold it into the desired design with lighting, shape, colors, and a 3D effect, resulting in a logo that successfully captures their film style.
O documento descreve o Cerrado Brasileiro, o segundo maior bioma da América do Sul, cobrindo cerca de 22% do território nacional. Ele destaca a rica biodiversidade da região, incluindo mais de 10 mil espécies de plantas e diversos animais como ema, lobo e anta. O clima é tropical sazonal com inverno seco e temperaturas médias de 22-23°C, e a paisagem é caracterizada por planaltos e chapadões a altitudes entre 300-600m.
Evaluation Of Factors Affecting Sliding Wear Behaviour Of Al-Flyash Metal Mat...IJMER
The document discusses a study on the sliding wear behavior of aluminum-fly ash metal matrix composites produced by squeeze casting. Squeeze casting is a hybrid process that combines casting and forging. The study uses Taguchi design of experiments to evaluate the effects of fly ash weight percentage (5-12.5%), squeeze pressure (30-120 bar), and squeeze time (5-20 minutes) on wear resistance. Composites were produced via stir casting followed by squeeze casting. Testing found that inclusion of fly ash and increased squeeze pressure improved the wear resistance of the composites. Microstructural analysis showed good bonding between the fly ash particles and the aluminum matrix.
1. Corrosion is a major challenge in oil production and refining due to its economic and safety impacts. It is primarily caused by mineral acids like hydrogen chloride formed by hydrolysis of salts in crude oil.
2. Significant research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials and procedures to reduce water content and neutralize acids in crude oil. This has resulted in new coatings, chemical reagents, and surface-active substances that neutralize acids and break emulsions.
3. Various organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and phosphorus are commonly used as corrosion inhibitors in the oil industry. They function through mechanisms like forming protective films on metal surfaces through adsorption or precipitation.
- The document discusses the resistance of fly ash-based and slag-based geopolymer concrete to sulfate and acid attack.
- Specimens of both geopolymer concretes and ordinary Portland cement concrete were subjected to 5% sodium sulfate and 5% sulfuric acid solutions.
- Test results found that both types of geopolymer concrete underwent very little change in compressive strength under acid and sulfate attack, suggesting their durability is much superior to ordinary cement concrete in these environments.
This document reviews materials for corrosion prevention in the oil industry. It discusses how corrosion impacts oil production, transportation, and processing. Common causes of corrosion include mineral acids formed from salts in crude oil. Recent research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials, chemicals to remove water and neutralize acids, and surface-active substances. Various amines, nitrogen compounds, and commercial inhibitors like HERCULES-30617 and DEOL-4241 are used to inhibit corrosion in different operations. The review aims to analyze existing approaches and develop new materials for applications in corrosion prevention.
Statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimmizeIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical methods to optimize process parameters to minimize casting defects in steel castings. It summarizes research on defects like shrinkage, gas pores, and hot tearing. The study was conducted at Akaki Basic Metal Industries in Ethiopia, which produces steel castings using no-bake sand casting. Four process parameters were analyzed at three levels using factorial experiments: sand-binder ratio, mold permeability, pouring temperature, and de-oxidizer amount. The goal is to determine the influence of each parameter on porosity and optimize the parameters to minimize defects. Literature on casting defects and causes like binder composition, pouring temperature, and gating is reviewed to inform the study. Tests were done to check moisture in sands
This document summarizes a study that investigated using laser texturing and electrophoretic deposition of graphene to increase the wear resistance of copper substrates. Specifically, it tested different pretreatment methods on copper samples, including electropolishing, sandblasting, pickling, laser cleaning, and laser dot texturing. It then used a factorial experimental design to deposit graphene coatings using electrophoresis at varying voltages on the pretreated samples. Wear tests evaluated how the pretreatments and coating affected friction coefficient and coating durability. The results showed that laser pretreatments, particularly laser dots, improved wear resistance the most by up to 4 times compared to other pretreatments.
IRJET- Influence of Coal Tar Epoxy Paint on Concrete Exposed to Sulfate E...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the influence of coal tar epoxy paint on concrete exposed to sulfate exposure. Concrete specimens with and without coal tar epoxy paint coating were exposed to 4% Na2SO4 solution for 12 months. The study found that concrete with coal tar epoxy paint coating showed excellent resistance to sulfate attack compared to uncoated concrete. Even concrete made with pozzolanic materials like fly ash and GGBS showed more damage than concrete with a coal tar epoxy paint surface coating. The coal tar epoxy paint effectively protected the concrete from sulfate ingress and attack.
Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects of Green Corrosion Inhibitors in Ac...ijtsrd
Mild steel a low carbon steel is an affordable engineering material used for many purposes in various environments including mild acidic environment with some precautions. The corrosion behaviour of mild steel MS in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M HCl, in the temperature range 303–323 K without and with the inhibitor N 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl methyleneamino 4 hydroxy benzamide DMHB , was investigated using Potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS techniques supplementing with surface characterization study using scanning electron microscope SEM and atomic force spectroscopy AFM . Experimental observations were found to be in agreement with Density functional theory DFT calculations. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in DMHB concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency of 86 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 81 in 0.5 M HCl, respectively, at concentration of 3 × 10 3 M at 303 K. The inhibition efficiency of DMHB obtained relatively at its lower concentration 3 × 10 3 M compared to other reported related compounds confirms its potential towards corrosion inhibition. Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey "Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects of Green Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidic Media at Mild Steel Surfaces" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50128.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50128/thermodynamic-and-electrochemical-aspects-of-green-corrosion-inhibitors-in-acidic-media-at-mild-steel-surfaces/dr-rakesh-kumar-dubey
Modeling and optimization of corrosion penetration rate(CPR)Rania Elrifai
This document outlines a thesis on modeling and predicting pipeline corrosion penetration rates during crude oil transportation. The objectives are to review previous studies, model the effects of transportation variables using response surface methodology and fuzzy logic, compare prediction techniques using mean absolute error, and determine optimal variable values. The scope involves collecting field data from a Libyan oil company to calculate actual penetration rates using the NORSOK model and design experiments to model the rate based on temperature, pressure, pH, and shear stress ranges. The results will be analyzed using ANOVA and discussed to show the effects of variables and determine optimal conditions.
This document summarizes an experimental study on Al 7075-Al2O3 metal matrix composites fabricated by stir casting. Microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, SEM, EDX and XRD confirmed uniform distribution of Al2O3 reinforcement in the Al 7075 matrix for the 10% composite, with some agglomeration in the 15% composite. Corrosion behavior was investigated in seawater and industrial environments, with results showing increased corrosion rate with higher Al2O3 content in seawater. Tafel polarization measurements were used to evaluate corrosion rates of the composites.
This document provides a review of recent advances in dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum alloys to magnesium alloys. It summarizes the progress of research in this area from 2002 to 2018. The review finds that friction stir welding has enabled the joining of high-strength, lightweight aluminum and magnesium alloys that were previously considered unweldable. However, formation of intermetallic compounds at the weld interface is inevitable due to the limited solubility between aluminum and magnesium. Researchers have investigated various techniques to mitigate intermetallic compound formation, but success in eliminating such compounds has not yet been achieved. The review addresses theories for intermetallic compound formation and their correlation with process parameters. It also discusses microstructural evolution, defects,
Transmission structure painting is a physically demanding job that requires specialized training due to the dangerous and energized nature of the work. Most tower painters retire around age 35 due to the toll on the body. Traditional coating methods for corroded structures involve multiple climbs to complete surface preparation and apply primer, intermediate, and finish coats. Using the most cost-effective method can reduce the number of climbs and thereby reduce labor costs. Standards such as ISO and SSPC provide guidance on selecting coatings and surface preparation methods suited for transmission structures.
Thermal spray coatings can enhance the wear resistance of materials. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is particularly effective due to producing very dense coatings with low porosity and high hardness. HVOF spraying involves melting or softening powder using a high-velocity oxy-fuel flame and projecting it onto a substrate. HVOF coatings have exceptional wear resistance, high bond strength, and are more cost-effective than other coating methods. Studies have shown that HVOF sprayed ceramic oxide and carbide coatings can significantly reduce wear in applications, performing better than uncoated materials. HVOF sprayed chromium carbide and tungsten carbide coatings are commonly used for their high wear resistance and ability to
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of different types and amounts of carbon black filler on the mechanical and physical properties of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). Five types of carbon black (ISAF, HAF, FEF, GPF, SRF) were incorporated into NBR at concentrations from 0 to 100 parts per hundred rubber. The Young's modulus was found to increase with the carbon black content for all filler types. Percolation thresholds were detected in both the mechanical and physical behavior. Oxygen ion beam irradiation was also found to further increase the Young's modulus of NBR nanocomposites by 2-3 times for samples near the percolation threshold loading.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
EFFECT OF GRAPHITE ON MECHANICAL AND MACHINING PROPERTIES OF Al-BRONZE PREPAR...IAEME Publication
The document discusses a study that investigated the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Samples containing 0-3% graphite by weight were tested. Testing showed that adding 0.3% graphite increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62% compared to the base alloy. Machining tests found that 0.3% graphite reduced surface roughness by 22.65-32.38% compared to the base alloy when turning under various conditions. The study suggests 0.3% graphite provides the greatest improvement to the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy.
The document describes an experiment to determine how corrosion affects the geometric characteristics and theoretical ultimate load-capacity of steel samples. Steel samples were subjected to accelerated electrochemical corrosion in cycles and measured after each cycle. The corrosion caused a non-linear decrease in diameter along the sample length. Theoretical calculations using these geometric data showed that while corrosion caused a slight decrease, it significantly reduced the ultimate load-capacity. The results provide insight into how corrosion progressively impacts steel strength over time.
Study of Concrete Properties under Acid Attacksijtsrd
Acidic attack on concrete imparts a unique set of damage mechanisms and manifestations compared to other durability issues of concrete. Sulfuric acid attack limits the service life of concrete elements and, thus, results in increased expenditures for the repair or in some cases replacement of the whole structure. To date, there is lack of standardized tests for specifically evaluating the resistance of concrete to sulfuric acid attack, which has caused great variability, for example in terms of solution concentration, pH level control, etc., among previous studies in this area. Accordingly, there are conflicting data about the role of key constituents of concrete e.g. supplementary cementitious materials SCMs , and uncertainty about building codes' stipulations for concrete exposed to sulfuric acid. Hence, the first objective of this thesis was to assess the behaviour of the same concretes, prepared with single and blended binders, to incremental levels mild, severe and very severe of sulfuric acid solutions over 36 weeks. The test variables included the type of cement general use GU or portland limestone cement PLC and SCMs fly ash, silica fume and nano silica . The severe 1 , pH of 1 and very severe aggression 2.5 , pH of 0.5 phases caused mass loss of all specimens, with the latter phase providing clear distinction among the performance of concrete mixtures. The results showed that the penetrability of concrete was not a controlling factor, under severe and very severe damage by sulfuric acid attack, whereas the chemical vulnerability of the binder was the dominant factor. Mixtures prepared from PLC performed better than that of counterparts made from GU. While the quaternary mixtures comprising GU or PLC, fly ash, silica fume and nano silica showed the highest mass losses after 36 weeks, binary mixtures incorporating GU or PLC with fly ash had the lowest mass losses. S. Durgasravanthi | M. Krishna Kumar "Study of Concrete Properties under Acid Attacks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26392.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26392/study-of-concrete-properties-under-acid-attacks/s-durgasravanthi
Similar to INFLUENCE OF VARYING H2S CONCENTRATIONS AND HUMIDITY LEVELS ON ImAg AND OSP SURFACE FINISHES (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Influence of Varying H2s Concentrations and Humidity Levels on Imag and OSP Surface
Finishes
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 19 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Electronic products are being used in a broad range of applications. They are
increasingly replacing traditionally used mechanical components, especially in the
fields of control and actuation, and they are finding greater demand in expanding
markets around the world. Many of these markets have different atmospheric
conditions, including higher temperatures, humidity levels, or corrosive gas levels
than the conditions found in North America and Western Europe [1]. Furthermore, in
an effort to reduce energy consumption, controls over temperature, relative humidity,
and contaminants from the environment to which the electronics are exposed are
being relaxed, such as in the cases of data centers with free air cooling [2] [3]. Finally,
the materials used to fabricate electronic products are changing due to restrictions on
the use of certain materials through government regulations, such as the Restriction of
Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive [4]. Different environmental conditions
combined with an elevated sulfur content and increased restrictions on the selection of
engineering materials are negatively affecting product reliability, as evidenced by the
increased number of reports on electronic product failures in the field due to attacks
from sulfur compounds such as H2S [5].
The corrosion of metallization in electronic equipment can destroy conductive
paths, resulting in electrical opens, or create unintended conductive paths between
electrically isolated metallization. The latter may result in unacceptable current
leakage or electrical shorting. Corrosion can also impact signal integrity in processor
and memory applications by dampening the signal’s amplitude and adding noise [6].
Corrosion may result in permanent failure of a product. It can also cause intermittent
failure, as corrosion can create a temporary open or short that may not be found
through further testing of the returned product [6]-[15]. Sulfur-driven corrosion has
been documented to take place in different industrial applications that emit sulfurous
species [5] [12].
Copper is widely used as a metallization material in electronics, but it oxidizes
rapidly upon exposure to the environment [16]. Surface finishes are applied to protect
the exposed copper on printed wiring boards (PWBs) from forming oxides and thus
preserve the solderability of the surface metallization during assembly [16] [17]. PWB
surface finishes include Hot Air Solder Leveling (HASL), Electroless
Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG), Immersion Silver (ImAg), Immersion Tin (ImSn),
and Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP). Prior to implementation of the RoHS
directive, SnPb HASL was the most commonly used surface finish [10], and corrosion
due to reaction with sulfurous gases in the atmosphere was not an issue because of the
thick coating layer of HASL and the inherent corrosion resistance of its SnPb build-up
[11] [13]. But as system manufacturers have converted to lead-free products to
comply with the requirements set forth in the RoHS directive, they have struggled to
find a suitable alternative to HASL, since each finish has its own set of advantages
and disadvantages.
ImAg and OSP are preferred for many applications [11]. Previous work [10] [12]
[18] has shown that early ImAg chemistries were weaker than OSP in terms of
protecting the underlying metallization from corrosion and were susceptible to sulfur
creep corrosion and electrochemical migration. Another study [11] found that both
ImAg and OSP provide comparable protection for the metallization against sulfur
attack. However, these studies were limited in scope and cannot be generalized to all
finish chemistries. Veale [12] tested one ImAg chemistry and admitted the possibility
that other ImAg chemistries may have different effects on corrosion. Schueller et al.
3. Amer Charbaji, Michael Osterman, and Michael Pecht
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 20 editor@iaeme.com
[10] [18] reported that ImAg suppliers are working on improving corrosion resistance.
Zhang et al. [19] ran single gas H2S exposure tests on boards with an ImAg finish at
different temperatures, relative humidities, gas concentrations, and exposure times to
see the effects of the different parameters on ImAg, but they did not attempt to
compare ImAg exposure to other surface finishes.
Several different tests have been developed and used to qualify the corrosion
resistance of PWB surface finishes [10]-[22], including mixed flowing gas (MFG)
chamber tests, clay tests [10] [21] [22], flowers of sulfur [23], sulfur chambers [10]
[19], and sulfur powder [10]. Of these corrosion-testing techniques, MFG testing
allows for continuous monitoring of test parameters and for modification of system
settings to allow for a consistent value, or a change within an acceptable tolerance
range, of these parameters. MFG testing is conducted in a chamber where gases of
different concentrations are mixed at different chamber temperature and humidity
conditions. In addition to surface finish characterization [10]-[16], MFG test setups
have also been used to study the corrosion of electrical components [1] [24] [25],
electrical connectors [26]-[29], and pure and plated copper [30]-[32]. Many variables,
such as temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentration determine how
corrosive the MFG testing is. For a more in-depth analysis and description of the
variables affecting MFG testing, the reader is referred to [33].
The majority of MFG studies have used multiple corrosive gases inside the
chamber, but concerns over the adequacy of the acceleration of these tests have been
rising [10] [25] [34], and experience has shown that some resistors passed the Battelle
MFG qualification tests but failed in the field [25]. One way to address this concern is
to use higher concentrations of H2S than called are for in standards on MFG testing
[1] [6] [9] [11] [19] [20] [25] [29] [35] [36]. Clean copper coupons are placed inside
MFG chambers and are used as verification tools for identifying the environmental
corrosion class. The thickness of the corrosion layer on copper coupons is a
commonly used metric for classifying the environmental class. The use of silver
coupons in addition to copper coupons in corrosion monitoring is gaining popularity
because silver is more readily affected by sulfur and less affected by moisture [30]
[37]-[39]. All coupons that go into the MFG chamber are cleaned prior to the test to
remove oil, hydrocarbons, and oxides from the surface [40]-[42].
This paper compares the corrosion response of two commonly used surface
finishes, OSP and ImAg, with exposure to different humidity levels and sulfur
concentrations. First, the MFG testing procedure is introduced. Then, results from
several single H2S gas tests that were run using an MFG test setup are shown. Finally,
the test results are discussed and compared to results from previous corrosion studies.
2. EXPERIMENT
In order to examine the impact of H2S concentration and humidity on the corrosion of
the metallization on printed wiring boards with ImAg and OSP surface finishes,
unpopulated printed wiring boards were exposed to three separate corrosive
environmental conditions. Table 1 documents the three test conditions. The first test
examined the effect of a low concentration of gas (H2S at 250 ppb) combined with
high humidity (75% relative humidity (RH)). The second test studied the effect of a
high concentration of gas (H2S at 1800 ppb) combined with low humidity (20% RH).
The third test looked at the effect of a high concentration of gas (H2S at 1800 ppb)
combined with high humidity (75% RH). The term “low” is added before gas
concentration to signify that this concentration is considered low as compared to the
4. Influence of Varying H2s Concentrations and Humidity Levels on Imag and OSP Surface
Finishes
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 21 editor@iaeme.com
1800 ppb concentration also used in this study. All test conditions used H2S
concentrations higher than those used in 10 out of the 11 MFG test methods
mentioned in [44]. The tests we conducted lasted for 10 days at a temperature of 40°C
with interruptions on days three and six to pull out some of the samples for
documentation. The interruptions included shutting off the H2S gas supply into the
chamber while maintaining the flow of filtered air until the H2S gas concentration
became zero. The samples were then pulled out of the chamber, the chamber door was
sealed, and the H2S gas was pumped back into the chamber. Flushing the chamber,
removing the samples, sealing the chamber, and bringing the gas concentration back
to test conditions took somewhere around 2 to 3 hours.
Table 1 Test Conditions for 10 days at 40°C
Test number H2S Gas Concentration Relative Humidity
I 250 ppb 75%
II 1800 ppb 20%
III 1800 ppb 75%
Each test involved subjecting a set of unpopulated printed wiring boards and
copper coupons to a specific corrosive environment. The surface finishes of the test
boards were either immersion silver (ImAg) or organic solder preservative (OSP) and
all test boards underwent a lead-free reflow process. The thickness of the ImAg finish
ranged from 0.201 to 0.377 μm with a mean of 0.304 μm and a standard deviation of
0.056 μm as detected by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The copper coupons were
cut from an ultra pure Oxygen-Free High Conductivity Copper (Alloy 101/ 99.99%
pure) sheet into 1.4 × 1.4 × 0.4 cm square coupons using a wire electrical discharge
machine.
Prior to exposing the test boards to the corrosive environment, select features of
each board, such as mounting pads and printed through-holes, were documented
under a high magnification optical microscope (up to 200×) for post exposure
comparisons. Prior to being placed inside the chamber, the copper coupons were
abraded sequentially using 400X, 600X, and 1200X grit abrasive paper to remove
surface oxides. Then the coupons were rinsed with isopropyl alcohol and deionized
water, and then they were dried using filtered air. After the initial surface preparation
and after each exposure, the coupons were placed next to a calibrated balance to allow
them to equilibrate with the environment before being weighed as recommended in
[41]. The temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentration were monitored
several times during the day to ensure the stability of these parameters inside the
chamber.
Each test was initiated with two ImAg test boards, two OSP test boards, and a
minimum of six copper coupons being placed inside the MFG chamber. After three
days under the corrosive environment test conditions, one ImAg and one OSP board
were removed. The remaining two boards were removed after being exposed to ten
days under the assigned corrosive test conditions. Ten copper coupons were placed
under the first test conditions; four were removed on day three, and three were
removed on days six and ten. Six copper coupons were placed in each of the second
and third test conditions, and two coupons were removed on days three, six, and ten.
After removal from the corrosive gas chamber, the copper coupons were reweighed,
and the surfaces of the boards were documented under high magnification.
5. Amer Charbaji, Michael Osterman, and Michael Pecht
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 22 editor@iaeme.com
3. RESULTS
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the conditions of copper pads on the boards before and
after exposure to the different test conditions for three and ten days, respectively.
Examination of the test boards revealed increased corrosion of the metal surfaces on
all boards subjected to ten days of exposure compared to boards subjected to three
days of exposure. For the OSP boards, elevated humidity was more detrimental than
increased corrosive gas concentration in producing surface corrosion. The OSP-
finished surfaces are also more susceptible to uniform corrosion than the ImAg-
finished surfaces for high humidity (75% RH) test conditions. In contrast, in the
second test condition (20% RH), corrosion on the ImAg board was uniform and
spread over a larger area of the copper pads than on the board with the OSP surface
finish.
Pre-Exposure
Test I
250ppb H2S 75%
RH
Test II
1800ppb H2S 20%
RH
Test III
1800ppb H2S 75%
RH
OSP
ImA
g
Figure 1 After a 3-day exposure in MFG chamber.
Pre-Exposure
Test I
250ppb H2S 75%
RH
Test II
1800ppb H2S 20%
RH
Test III
1800ppb H2S 75%
RH
OSP
ImA
g
Figure 2 After a 10-day exposure in MFG chamber.
In the 250ppb H2S 75% RH test, uniform corrosion of the copper pads was
evident on the board with an OSP surface finish after three days of exposure in the
MFG chamber, while a random set of corrosion sites was observed on the board with
the ImAg surface finish. Silver in the ImAg finish is believed to corrode and give the
6. Influence of Varying H2s Concentrations and Humidity Levels on Imag and OSP Surface
Finishes
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 23 editor@iaeme.com
tarnish a bluish color due to sulfur exposure in the tests [43]. After ten days of
exposure under the same condition, uniform corrosion was seen on the surface of the
copper pads, was rough and textured on the OSP board, and was smooth and uniform
on the ImAg board.
In the 1800ppb H2S 20% RH test, a sporadic set of corrosion sites was observed
on the copper pads on the board with the OSP surface finish after three days of
exposure, while corrosion of ImAg was observed on a large portion of the pads. After
ten days of exposure, a larger area of copper pads was corroded on the OSP boards
compared to boards exposed for three days, as can be seen in Figure 2. In contrast,
the surface of the ImAg board at three days was nearly uniformly corroded with only
a slightly more uniform coverage after ten days. For both the three and ten day
exposures, the corrosion of the pads with OSP finish was significantly less severe and
spread over a smaller area than the corrosion of OSP-finished pads in the first test.
ImAg tarnish was spread over a larger area in the 3-day exposure of the second test
than in the first test. Figure 3 reveals the conditions of some copper pads on the ImAg
and OSP finished boards under optical microscopy at a magnification of 25×.
In the 1800ppb H2S 75% RH test, the spread and color of corrosion products on
the copper pads with OSP surface finish was comparable to that of the copper pads
with OSP surface finish that underwent the first test conditions (250ppb H2S 75%
RH). On the other hand, the corrosion of ImAg after three days of exposure at
1800ppb H2S 75% RH was similar to the three-day exposure in the 1800ppb H2S 20%
RH test and was spread over a larger area of copper pads than in the 250ppb H2S 75%
RH test. From these observations, it appears that corrosion on boards with OSP is
sensitive to high humidity while ImAg is sensitive to the high sulfur concentration.
(a) (b)
Figure 3 After 10-day MFG exposure under 2nd
test conditions: (a) OSP finish, (b)
ImAg finish (magnification of 25×).
The weight of copper coupons increased due to the formation of corrosion
byproducts on the surface as a result of reaction with the corrosive environments. The
copper coupons’ weight gain was normalized by the initial weight of each coupon,
and the corresponding weight increase is plotted in Figure 4 for the three test
conditions. The plots show a linear dependence on time for all test conditions with a
coefficient of determination (R2
-value) greater than 0.9 for all test conditions with the
inclusion of a non-zero y-intercept. Figure 5 shows the corrosion class of the
environment based on the ISA [40] classification. The weight gain method was used
to retrieve the thickness of corrosion products by normalizing the data to a one-day
gain, assuming a Cu2S corrosion product with a density of 5.6g/cc [38]. ISA
classification is based on the thickness of the corrosion product on the copper coupons
7. Amer Charbaji, Michael Osterman, and Michael Pecht
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 24 editor@iaeme.com
after 1 month of exposure. In Figure 5, each mark corresponds to the thickness of the
corrosion layer of one copper coupon subjected to the test normalized with respect to
time. As can be seen from the figure, each one-day exposure in the MFG chamber
simulates a 30-day exposure to G3 conditions for the 1800ppb H2S 20% RH test and a
30-day GX exposure for the 250ppb H2S 75% RH and 1800 H2S 75% RH tests.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4 Average copper coupon weight gain (normalized by the initial weight) for
(a) 250ppb H2S 75% RH test, (b) 1800ppb H2S 20% RH test, and (c) 1800ppb H2S
75% RH test. Error bars show range of weight gain.
8. Influence of Varying H2s Concentrations and Humidity Levels on Imag and OSP Surface
Finishes
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 25 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5 Corrosion product thickness distribution based on normalized weight gain of
copper coupons and assuming Cu2S as the corrosion product. G1, G2, G3 and GX are
based on ISA corrosion classes for a one-month exposure. Refer to [40] for more
information.
4. DISCUSSION
None of the boards showed signs of creep corrosion. Corrosion of copper pads with
the OSP surface finish appeared to be more directly dependent on relative humidity
than on H2S concentration, since surface corrosion was nearly uniform for exposures
with relative humidity at 75% and spotted and less severe when the relative humidity
was 20%. OSP is porous and may expose underlying copper [20] [36], which will
then react with the environment. A higher relative humidity will result in a thicker
layer of adsorbed moisture on the board that will also cover more surface area of the
board. The water will thus penetrate more of the OSP pores and contact a larger
portion of the underlying copper. The moisture layer provides a vehicle for ionic
transport [45] and will accelerate the rate of copper corrosion if it has a larger contact
area with the copper. Possible corrosion reactions are given by equations 1 through 4
[46]:
4Cu ↔ 4Cu+
+ 4e-
[eq. 1]
O2 + 2H2O + 4e-
↔ 4OH-
[eq. 2]
H2S + OH-
↔ HS-
+ H2O [eq. 3]
4Cu+
+ 2HS-
+ 2H2O ↔ 2Cu2S + 2H3O+
[eq. 4]
From test observations, the rate of ImAg tarnish is less sensitive to relative
humidity and more sensitive to sulfur concentration. In the high H2S concentration
tests (second and third), the spread of tarnish was larger and more uniform after 3-
days compared to the lower H2S test condition at day three. Since silver is susceptible
to general corrosion (tarnish) in the presence of sulfur [47], these results are in line
with the results given in [30] [37], which show that silver is more readily affected by
sulfur concentration than by relative humidity. Although the corroded area may be
similar or larger for ImAg than for OSP-finished boards, silver tarnish in ImAg boards
is only regarded as a cosmetic concern because it maintains its electrical conductivity
[10] [43]. However, corrosion of copper on OSP-finished boards results in a
resistance change and impacts signal integrity [6]. It is also important to note that
copper ions can diffuse through the ImAg silver layer to interact with the environment
and form corrosion products [36]. Kurella et al. [36] carried out depth profiling using
Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOFSIMS) on the boards that
underwent the third test conditions (1800ppb H2S 75% RH) in this test and found that
corrosion products were thicker on the boards with OSP than on the boards with
9. Amer Charbaji, Michael Osterman, and Michael Pecht
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 26 editor@iaeme.com
ImAg. Possible reactions leading to the tarnished ImAg finish are given by the
sequence of equations 5 through 8:
H2S → 2H+
+ S2-
[eq. 5]
Ag → Ag+
+ e-
[eq. 6] [21]
2Ag+
+ S2-
→ Ag2S [eq. 7] [21]
2H+
+ 2e-
→ H2 [eq. 8]
Figure 4 shows two linear regression fits for each test, one with a zero-intercept
and one with a non-zero intercept. For tests 2 and 3, both regression fits yield a
coefficient of determination (R2
-value) greater than 0.9, meaning that both linear fits
are appropriate for modeling the data of each test. This means that for tests 2 and 3,
copper weight gain can be approximated as being linear for the entire duration of the
test. For test 1, the linear regression fit with a non-zero y-intercept gives an R2
-value
of around 0.9. The second (zero y-intercept) linear regression fit, however, gives a
negative value for R2
, meaning that the assumption of a zero y-intercept is not
appropriate. This may suggest that the rate of weight gain is different, and possibly
higher, before day 3 of the test. Tran et al. [46] show that there is a possibility for the
rate of copper weight gain to change during H2S corrosion testing and that the rate
may be composed of three parts that start with a linear rate, followed by a parabolic
rate, and ending with a second linear rate. Given that the R2
-value is greater than 0.9
for all three test conditions, the copper weight gain was linear from day three to day
ten for the first test condition, and over the entire ten-day exposure period for the
second and third test conditions. The copper coupons’ weight gain conforms to
previous results that show that copper corrosion is linear over a large range of H2S
concentrations [9].
5. CONCLUSIONS
It was observed that corrosion on the ImAg-finished boards was dependent on H2S
gas concentration and exposure duration and not on relative humidity. This is due to
the fact that silver is more readily affected by sulfur concentration rather than by
relative humidity.
Corrosion on the OSP-finished boards was more dependent on relative humidity
than on H2S gas concentration due to the inherent porosity of the OSP finish. An
adsorbed moisture layer provides a medium for the ionic transport of sulfur containing
ions to contact and react with the underlying copper. A high relative humidity will
result in a thicker adsorbed moisture layer that is spread over a larger area on the
surface, thus penetrating more OSP pores and resulting in greater copper corrosion.
Optical images suggest that ImAg is a more reliable finish for non-solder covered
metallization in high humidity applications (~75% RH) than OSP. In situations with
high humidity (~75% RH) and high sulfurous gas contaminant concentrations (ISA
G3 and GX conditions), it is recommended to take additional protective measures to
guard against corrosion, such as providing filtered air to the space were electronics are
placed or placing the electronic system in a protective NEMA type enclosure [5].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the more than 100 companies and organizations that
support research activities at the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering
(CALCE) at the University of Maryland annually, specifically the CALCE Electronic
Products and Systems Consortium. The authors would also like to thank Sungwon
10. Influence of Varying H2s Concentrations and Humidity Levels on Imag and OSP Surface
Finishes
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 27 editor@iaeme.com
Han for running the second and third tests, Preeti Chauhan for her technical support,
Mark Zimmerman and Kelly Smith for copyediting, and the students and research
scientists at CALCE for their help and support.
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