https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/399/
"Quenching is the rapid cooling process from an elevated temperature. Compared to water and oil quench medium, high pressure and velocity gas is preferred to quench medium and high hardenability steel, with the potential to reduce distortion, stress and cracks. Currently, no standard test exists to characterize the gas quench steel hardenability and measure the performance of industrial gas quench furnaces. In this thesis, the fundamental difference between the liquid and gas quenching, heat transfer coefficient, was emphasized. It has been proven that gas quenching with constant HTC cannot generate the similar cooling curves compared to liquid quenching. Limitations on current gas quench steel hardenability tests were reviewed. Critical HTC, a concept like critical diameter, was successfully proved to describe the gas quench hardenability of steel. An attempt to use critical HTC test bar and measure the HTC distribution of gas quench furnace was made. Gas quenching, usually with slow cooling rate, may reduce hardness and Charpy impact toughness, compared to water and oil quenching. Lattice parameter and c/a ratio of as-quenched martensite in steel was measured using high resolution X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. For AISI 4140, Charpy impact toughness decreases when the cooling rate decreases after quenching and tempering. Austenite percentage and carbon content in austenite is proposed as the dominated mechanism."
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
Directional solidification in GDC dies through cooling and heating Design in ...AnirudhKumarprajapat
1. Improve production by reducing cycle time through cooling channel.
2. Enhancement of mechanical properties.
3. Validation of Experiment with Simulation.
4. Avoid die soldering.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
Directional solidification in GDC dies through cooling and heating Design in ...AnirudhKumarprajapat
1. Improve production by reducing cycle time through cooling channel.
2. Enhancement of mechanical properties.
3. Validation of Experiment with Simulation.
4. Avoid die soldering.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
. One of the methods used to surface hardening of ductile iron is chilled cast iron. Chill as the fast cooling rate in the mold during solidification and chill thickness greatly affects the thickness of the hardness layer. The main material used is ductile iron, and the chill material is SS 304. Casting uses the sand casting method. Before pouring, the chill plate has been inserted onto the surface of the pattern that has been formed in the mold, then the chill plate is preheated at 700OC. Pouring was carried out at a melting temperature of 1400OC, and then cooled with argon and O2 sprays into the mold in solidification conditions at exactly 700OC. The results analyzed were the microstructure, hardness value, and the hardness of the thickness layer. This chill coolant will absorb heat very quickly and the Cr and Ni alloy will diffuse to the specimen surface to stabilize the ferrite and austenite phases in the final solidification. The particles on the hard surface have Ferro carbide M7C3, which is in the form of cementite and martensitic phases so that to categorized as white cast iron structure formed on the surface with an area around 1.5-3mm has a hardness of 61-65HRC. But in the center area is 31-49HRC
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Heat Transfer, Hardenability and Steel Phase Transformations during Gas Quenching
1. Heat Transfer, Hardenability and Steel Phase
Transformations during Gas Quenching
Yuan Lu
Advisor: Prof. Richard D.Sisson, Jr.
Prof. Yiming Rong
Dec 8th, 2016
2. 2
Crack
Why not water/oil quenching sometimes?
http://www.chileforge.com/Thor.html
http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_b/backbone/rb_6_3.html
Distortion
• Distortion and crack are the biggest issues when cooling too fast.
3. 3
Gas quenching
ASM International. Handbook Committee. ASM handbook: Friction, lubrication, and wear technology. Vol. 18. ASM International, 1992.
Heuer, Volker, et al. "Low distortion heat treatment of transmission components." (2010).
ALD gas quench system
• Slow cooling rate compared to water/oil
• Potential to reduce distortion and cracks
• Adjustable: gas pressure and velocity
4. 4
Outline: challenges and solutions
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
5. 5
Outline
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
6. 6
1. Develop quenching model using DANTE
ASM International. Handbook Committee. ASM handbook: Friction, lubrication, and wear technology. Vol. 18. ASM International, 1992.
Ferguson, B. Lynn, Z. Li, and A. M. Freborg. "Modeling heat treatment of steel parts." Computational Materials Science 34.3 (2005): 274-281.
7. 6
1. Develop quenching model using DANTE
ASM International. Handbook Committee. ASM handbook: Friction, lubrication, and wear technology. Vol. 18. ASM International, 1992.
Ferguson, B. Lynn, Z. Li, and A. M. Freborg. "Modeling heat treatment of steel parts." Computational Materials Science 34.3 (2005): 274-281.
• Model is accurate to simulate quenching process.
8. 7
• Gas quench is not equivalent to liquid quench with constant HTC.
1. HTC comparison between liquid and gas quenching
Liscic, Bozidar, et al., eds. Quenching theory and technology. CRC Press, 2010.
9. 8
Outline: challenges and solutions
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
✓
10. 9
2. Limitation: Jominy like end-quench device
Liščić, B. "Hardenability testing of steels when gas quenching is applied." International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 8.2 (2014): 86-92.
Liscic
CHTE
• Gas flow is not steady and cooling rate is not low enough.
• Same steel grade, different hardenability curve using different HTC.
Low HTC
High HTC
12. 10
2. Critical HTC method
• Only need one critical HTC for
hardenability
Advantages:
• Back and forth flow design, steady gas
flow
• Get very low cooling rate by increasing
sample diameter
• The critical HTC is defined as the HTC required to form 50% martensite at
the center of a steel alloy rod with an 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter.
• Lower critical HTC indicates higher gas quench steel hardenability.
ASM International. Handbook Committee. ASM handbook: Friction, lubrication, and wear technology. Vol. 18. ASM International, 1992.
20. 18
2. Critical HTC test
HTC101
HTC206
HTC298
HTC589
• Steel grade gas quench hardenability rank
• Simulation accuracy was verified
21. 19
2. HTC vs. gas pressure and velocity
4140
5.2bar 27.21m/s
502W/m2C
52HRC
4140
13.6bar 10.28m/s
502W/m2C
52HRC
Liscic, Bozidar, et al., eds. Quenching theory and technology. CRC Press, 2010.
22. 20
Outline: challenges and solutions
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
✓
✓
23. 21
3. Fluent analysis: slowest cooling position
• Constant HTC is a good estimation
• Center has the slowest cooling rate
24. 22
3. 2bar nitrogen furnace test
https://www.secowarwick.com/assets/Documents/Brochures/Vacuum-Furnaces/HPGQ-EN5.pdf
25. 22
3. 2bar nitrogen furnace test
https://www.secowarwick.com/assets/Documents/Brochures/Vacuum-Furnaces/HPGQ-EN5.pdf
• 0.5” AISI 4340 is proper to evaluate hardness and HTC distribution
26. 23
Outline: challenges and solutions
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
✓
✓
✓
27. 24
4. Review: martensite lath and austenite film
Morsdorf, Lutz, et al. "3D structural and atomic-scale analysis of lath martensite: Effect of the transformation sequence." Acta Materialia 95 (2015): 366-377.
Galindo-Nava, E. I., and P. E. J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo. "A model for the microstructure behaviour and strength evolution in lath martensite." Acta Materialia 98 (2015): 81-93.
Lerchbacher, Christoph, Silvia Zinner, and Harald Leitner. "Atom probe study of the carbon distribution in a hardened martensitic hot-work tool steel X38CrMoV5-1." Micron 43.7 (2012): 818-826.
Speer, J., et al. "Carbon partitioning into austenite after martensite transformation." Acta materialia 51.9 (2003): 2611-2622.
28. 24
4. Review: martensite lath and austenite film
Morsdorf, Lutz, et al. "3D structural and atomic-scale analysis of lath martensite: Effect of the transformation sequence." Acta Materialia 95 (2015): 366-377.
Galindo-Nava, E. I., and P. E. J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo. "A model for the microstructure behaviour and strength evolution in lath martensite." Acta Materialia 98 (2015): 81-93.
Lerchbacher, Christoph, Silvia Zinner, and Harald Leitner. "Atom probe study of the carbon distribution in a hardened martensitic hot-work tool steel X38CrMoV5-1." Micron 43.7 (2012): 818-826.
Speer, J., et al. "Carbon partitioning into austenite after martensite transformation." Acta materialia 51.9 (2003): 2611-2622.
• Carbon enriched thin austenite film between carbon depleted martensite laths
29. 25
4. AISI 4140: Charpy impact toughness
water quench
Gas quench
30. 25
4. AISI 4140: Charpy impact toughness
water + temper
Gas quench + temper
• Measure carbon distribution in austenite film is difficult.
• Using XRD and modified equation to measure carbon
concentration in martensite lath.
31. 26
4. Carbon content in Martensite
Sherby, Oleg D., et al. "Revisiting the structure of martensite in iron-carbon steels." Materials transactions 49.9 (2008): 2016-2027.
Hardness of as-quenched steel
32. 26
4. Carbon content in Martensite
Sherby, Oleg D., et al. "Revisiting the structure of martensite in iron-carbon steels." Materials transactions 49.9 (2008): 2016-2027.
Hardness of as-quenched steel
34. 27
4. BCC c/a = 1 or BCT c/a > 1 ?
• If BCT, two peaks
Peak should be asymmetric, left hand tail
Residual error <5%
Same to observation
• If BCC, one peak
Residual error > 12%
Peak should be symmetric
Contrary to observation
35. 27
4. BCC c/a = 1 or BCT c/a > 1 ?
• If BCT, two peaks
Peak should be asymmetric, left hand tail
Residual error <5%
Same to observation
c/a = 1 + 0.045 wt%C
c/a = 1 + 0.031 wt%C
Classical equation
Modified equation
36. 28
Outline: challenges and solutions
How to develop better steel grade
for gas quenching?
Microstructure and mechanical
properties comparison
challenges solutions
What is the difference between
liquid and gas quenching?
1
2
3
4
5
What steel grade can be used for
gas quenching?
How to evaluate the performance
of gas quench furnace?
Is similar mechanical properties can
be obtained after gas quenching?
HTC comparison between liquid and
gas quenching
Critical HTC method for gas
quenching steel hardenability
HTC distribution evaluation in gas
quench furnace
Model carbon repartitioning
during quench
1
2
3
4
5
✓
✓
✓
✓
37. 30
C. Lerchbacher, “Atom probe study of the carbon distribution in a hardened martensitic hot-work tool steel X38CrMoV5-1”
Becquart, C. S., et al. "Atomistic modeling of an Fe system with a small concentration of C." Computational materials science 40.1 (2007): 119-129.
Martensite Austenite Martensite
• only carbon, no other alloying elements diffuse
5. Model carbon repartitioning during quench
38. 30
C. Lerchbacher, “Atom probe study of the carbon distribution in a hardened martensitic hot-work tool steel X38CrMoV5-1”
Becquart, C. S., et al. "Atomistic modeling of an Fe system with a small concentration of C." Computational materials science 40.1 (2007): 119-129.
Martensite Austenite Martensite
• only carbon, no other alloying elements diffuse
• varying diffusivity and chemical potential in austenite
• adding Mo or W to decrease carbon diffusivity
5. Model carbon repartitioning during quench
39. 31
• Complete critical HTC test for characterizing gas quenching steel
hardenability.
Conclusions
Future work
• Investigate 1.5” or 2” critical HTC test.
• Finish procedure on HTC distribution evaluation in gas quench furnace.
• Modify c/a ratio and carbon weight percent of as-quenched martensite.
• Find and explain the reason that Charpy impact toughness decreases
with the decreases of cooling rate after quenching and tempering.
• Conduct TEM and ATP analysis.
• Consider potential and diffusivity together during carbon repartitioning.
