Spray forming, also called spray casting or spray deposition, is the inert gas atomization of a liquid metal stream into variously sized droplets. These droplets are interrupted by a substrate which collects and solidifies the droplets into coherent, near fully dense perform. The present work concerns with this techniques. This technology was applied to produce Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloys. The spray droplets were deposited over a copper substrate to achieve a disc shape perform. After spray deposition samples were rolled at room temperature on two high rolling mills and total porosity and wear characteristic of spray deposits were studies. The total porosity decreases with the increase in the percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples. Thickness of the samples in both middle and peripheral region. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled Al-Si-Pb alloy were investigated on a pin on disc type wear machine. Wear rate behavior with applied load and increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of samples was observed. Wear rate increased with increasing the load and decreased with increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of the sample.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
The usage of practical advancement in structural building society has prompted the utilization of new materials with low environmental effects. One of the most commonly used construction material in the world is concrete, which is normally produced by OPC. However, the production of OPC has prompted ecological worries over the creation of CO2. Almost to create 1 ton of OPC 1 ton of CO2 is discharged to the atmosphere. With a specific end goal to diminish the utilization of OPC and CO2, the new concrete has been created, that is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. Latest research has demonstrated that it is conceivable to utilize fly ash or slag as a binder in concrete by activating them with alkali components through a polymerization procedure. This paper reports the point of interest of the test work that has been embraced to examine the strength and durability properties of ultra-fine slag and processed fly ash mortar mixes. At first specimens were casted for normal GGBS and fly ash in the ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and later for the best ratio (75:25), GGBS is replaced by ultra-fine GGBS by 7.5, 12 and 20%. Samples were compared with cured at ambient temperature and oven curing. The results showed that mix proportion of 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS gave the maximum strength for both oven and ambient curing (76.2 and 91.1 MPa). Even all the durability properties are within the permissible limits.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Erosive Corrosive Wear Performance of Single Layer CrN Coatings on AISI 304 S...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Steady state analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The finding of steady state condition tests indicated that the erosion rate increased with the increase in impact velocity and erodent discharge but decreased with the increase in coating thickness. The results also indicated that erodent discharge was the most significant factor, followed by impingement angle and impact velocity for the CrN coated samples. The SEM characterization of the eroded samples was carried out in order to analyze the topography of the eroded surface to investigate the wear mechanisms induced by slurry jet erosion test.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
The usage of practical advancement in structural building society has prompted the utilization of new materials with low environmental effects. One of the most commonly used construction material in the world is concrete, which is normally produced by OPC. However, the production of OPC has prompted ecological worries over the creation of CO2. Almost to create 1 ton of OPC 1 ton of CO2 is discharged to the atmosphere. With a specific end goal to diminish the utilization of OPC and CO2, the new concrete has been created, that is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. Latest research has demonstrated that it is conceivable to utilize fly ash or slag as a binder in concrete by activating them with alkali components through a polymerization procedure. This paper reports the point of interest of the test work that has been embraced to examine the strength and durability properties of ultra-fine slag and processed fly ash mortar mixes. At first specimens were casted for normal GGBS and fly ash in the ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and later for the best ratio (75:25), GGBS is replaced by ultra-fine GGBS by 7.5, 12 and 20%. Samples were compared with cured at ambient temperature and oven curing. The results showed that mix proportion of 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS gave the maximum strength for both oven and ambient curing (76.2 and 91.1 MPa). Even all the durability properties are within the permissible limits.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Erosive Corrosive Wear Performance of Single Layer CrN Coatings on AISI 304 S...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Steady state analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The finding of steady state condition tests indicated that the erosion rate increased with the increase in impact velocity and erodent discharge but decreased with the increase in coating thickness. The results also indicated that erodent discharge was the most significant factor, followed by impingement angle and impact velocity for the CrN coated samples. The SEM characterization of the eroded samples was carried out in order to analyze the topography of the eroded surface to investigate the wear mechanisms induced by slurry jet erosion test.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with P...IJMER
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement
materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin.. This study presents the results
of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of
metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property
of concrete in fresh state, that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation.The
optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight)
respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
experimental studies on high performance concrete using metakaolinIjripublishers Ijri
In this present experimental investigation an attempt is made to the strength and behavior of the meta kaolin, super
plasticiser and other chemicals on high performance concrete. Cement is replaced by 0%, 20% of Metakaolin by volume
of concrete, thus resulting in the increase in strength. Super-plasticizer is used to increase the workability of concrete,
increase the density and strength. It can permit the reduction in the water cement ratio up to 15%,.Dosage of superplasticizer
is 1.5% by weight of cement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although iron and steel slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction element. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using iron slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Iron and steel making slag are by products of the iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. The report presents an investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages. The results show that the strength properties of concrete increase significantly when sand is partially replaced by iron slag.
Hence, it can be concluded concrete prepared with 3% NS and 6%
SF combination can be recommended for the structural applications. The increase in the strength
properties of concrete is due to the availability of additional binder in the presence of NS and SF.
The improved durability property of concrete is due to proper packing of NS and SF particles results
in reduction in voids and leading to dense concrete.
Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slagijtsrd
Cement concrete possesses the most significant job in the field of common building. Cement is the most significant part in Concrete which ties the Totals together, however its creation is very vitality expending and adds to about 7 of Greenhouse gases, all around, and it is evaluated that the generation of one ton of Cement produces about 0.9 huge amounts of CO2, which is discharged in nature. The fine total or sand utilized are typically acquired from common sources exceptionally stream beds or waterway banks. Presently a day because of steady sand mining the characteristic sand is exhausting at a disturbing rate. Along these lines, there is a need to discover option in contrast to common sand and concrete. The endeavors have been made to fractional supplanting of sand with Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond with Waste Glass Powder W.G.P in view to diminish ecological issues like contamination, consumption of common assets and issues in squander the executives. Granular Steel Slag G.S.S which is a result of steel making is delivered during the partition of the liquid steel from debasements in steel production heaters. The Slag happens as a liquid fluid soften and is an unpredictable arrangement of silicates and oxides that cements after cooling. Expansion of steel slag improves the mechanical properties of cement. Squander Glass Powder W.G.P is a valuable mechanical squander. It shows pozzolanic conduct when the molecule size is under 75µ. The pozzolanic properties might be ascribed to the high measure of silica. The particles of Glass Powder are fine, filling voids between bond grains which brings about additional solid Concrete. Fine aggregate was incompletely supplanted with 25 , half and 75 Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond supplanted with 20 steady Waste Glass Powder W.G.P for M20 grade concrete. Tests were performed for crisp and mechanical properties of concrete at 7, 28 and 56 days and the outcomes appeared there is a steady increase in qualities from 25 to half of substitution. Shaik. Shajahan | Dr. P. Balakrishna "Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29524.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29524/study-on-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-with-glass-powder-and-steel-slag/shaik-shajahan
Test for direct compressive strength of cement mortar, cylindrical concrete c...FOYSOLMAHMUD1
The presentation includes
1. Test for Direct Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar
2. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens and Cubes.
3. Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate.
All materials and apparatus that used, working methodology of the lab work and also the results, charts and tables are shown.
Enhancing Security of Multimodal Biometric Authentication System by Implement...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Conventional personal identification techniques for instance passwords, tokens, ID card and PIN
codes are prone to theft or forgery and thus biometrics isa solution thereto. Biometrics is the way of recognizing
and scrutinizing the physical traits of a person. Automated biometrics verification caters as a conducive and
legitimate method, but there must be an assurance to its cogency. Furthermore, in most of the cases unimodal
biometric recognition is not able to meet the performance requirements of the applications. According to recent
trends, recognition based on multimodal biometrics is emerging at a greater pace. Multimodal biometrics
unifies two or more biometric traits and thus the issues that emerge in unimodal recognition can be mitigated in
multimodal biometric systems. But with the rapid ontogenesis of information technology, even the biometric
data is not secure. Digital watermarking is one such technique that is implemented to secure the biometric data
from inadvertent or premeditated attacks.This paper propounds an approach that is projected in both the
directions of improving the performance of biometric identification system by going multimodal and, increasing
the security through watermarking. The biometric traits are initially transformed using Discrete Wavelet and
Discrete Cosine Transformation and then watermarked using Singular Value Decomposition. Scheme depiction
and presented outcomes justifies the effectiveness of the scheme.
Keywords: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Multimodal biometrics,
Singular Value Decomposition, Watermarking
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with P...IJMER
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement
materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin.. This study presents the results
of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of
metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property
of concrete in fresh state, that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation.The
optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight)
respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
experimental studies on high performance concrete using metakaolinIjripublishers Ijri
In this present experimental investigation an attempt is made to the strength and behavior of the meta kaolin, super
plasticiser and other chemicals on high performance concrete. Cement is replaced by 0%, 20% of Metakaolin by volume
of concrete, thus resulting in the increase in strength. Super-plasticizer is used to increase the workability of concrete,
increase the density and strength. It can permit the reduction in the water cement ratio up to 15%,.Dosage of superplasticizer
is 1.5% by weight of cement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although iron and steel slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction element. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using iron slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Iron and steel making slag are by products of the iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. The report presents an investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages. The results show that the strength properties of concrete increase significantly when sand is partially replaced by iron slag.
Hence, it can be concluded concrete prepared with 3% NS and 6%
SF combination can be recommended for the structural applications. The increase in the strength
properties of concrete is due to the availability of additional binder in the presence of NS and SF.
The improved durability property of concrete is due to proper packing of NS and SF particles results
in reduction in voids and leading to dense concrete.
Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slagijtsrd
Cement concrete possesses the most significant job in the field of common building. Cement is the most significant part in Concrete which ties the Totals together, however its creation is very vitality expending and adds to about 7 of Greenhouse gases, all around, and it is evaluated that the generation of one ton of Cement produces about 0.9 huge amounts of CO2, which is discharged in nature. The fine total or sand utilized are typically acquired from common sources exceptionally stream beds or waterway banks. Presently a day because of steady sand mining the characteristic sand is exhausting at a disturbing rate. Along these lines, there is a need to discover option in contrast to common sand and concrete. The endeavors have been made to fractional supplanting of sand with Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond with Waste Glass Powder W.G.P in view to diminish ecological issues like contamination, consumption of common assets and issues in squander the executives. Granular Steel Slag G.S.S which is a result of steel making is delivered during the partition of the liquid steel from debasements in steel production heaters. The Slag happens as a liquid fluid soften and is an unpredictable arrangement of silicates and oxides that cements after cooling. Expansion of steel slag improves the mechanical properties of cement. Squander Glass Powder W.G.P is a valuable mechanical squander. It shows pozzolanic conduct when the molecule size is under 75µ. The pozzolanic properties might be ascribed to the high measure of silica. The particles of Glass Powder are fine, filling voids between bond grains which brings about additional solid Concrete. Fine aggregate was incompletely supplanted with 25 , half and 75 Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond supplanted with 20 steady Waste Glass Powder W.G.P for M20 grade concrete. Tests were performed for crisp and mechanical properties of concrete at 7, 28 and 56 days and the outcomes appeared there is a steady increase in qualities from 25 to half of substitution. Shaik. Shajahan | Dr. P. Balakrishna "Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29524.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29524/study-on-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-with-glass-powder-and-steel-slag/shaik-shajahan
Test for direct compressive strength of cement mortar, cylindrical concrete c...FOYSOLMAHMUD1
The presentation includes
1. Test for Direct Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar
2. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens and Cubes.
3. Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate.
All materials and apparatus that used, working methodology of the lab work and also the results, charts and tables are shown.
Enhancing Security of Multimodal Biometric Authentication System by Implement...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Conventional personal identification techniques for instance passwords, tokens, ID card and PIN
codes are prone to theft or forgery and thus biometrics isa solution thereto. Biometrics is the way of recognizing
and scrutinizing the physical traits of a person. Automated biometrics verification caters as a conducive and
legitimate method, but there must be an assurance to its cogency. Furthermore, in most of the cases unimodal
biometric recognition is not able to meet the performance requirements of the applications. According to recent
trends, recognition based on multimodal biometrics is emerging at a greater pace. Multimodal biometrics
unifies two or more biometric traits and thus the issues that emerge in unimodal recognition can be mitigated in
multimodal biometric systems. But with the rapid ontogenesis of information technology, even the biometric
data is not secure. Digital watermarking is one such technique that is implemented to secure the biometric data
from inadvertent or premeditated attacks.This paper propounds an approach that is projected in both the
directions of improving the performance of biometric identification system by going multimodal and, increasing
the security through watermarking. The biometric traits are initially transformed using Discrete Wavelet and
Discrete Cosine Transformation and then watermarked using Singular Value Decomposition. Scheme depiction
and presented outcomes justifies the effectiveness of the scheme.
Keywords: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Multimodal biometrics,
Singular Value Decomposition, Watermarking
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...IOSR Journals
A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
“Comparitive Study of Prevalence of Hyperlactatemia in HIV / AIDS Patients re...IOSR Journals
Hyperlactatemia is one of the important metabolic abnormalities in HIV infected patients. The
prevalence of hyperlactatemia in natural course of HIV disease is approximately about 2%. Aim of this study is
to estimate the prevalence of hyperlactatemia in HIV patients receiving two antiretroviral regimens, advocated
by NACO by monitoring the plasma lactate levels. This study was taken up with 200 patients to compare the
prevalence of hyperlactatemia of two commonly used NACO regimens (zidovudine+ lamivudine+ nevirapine)
Vs (stavudine+ lamivudine+ nevirapine). The plasma lactate levels were estimated between 9th to 18thmonth
after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. The comparision and correlation between plasma lactate levels, CD4
counts and haemoglobin percentage in both regimens was done. There was statistically significant rise in the
plasma lactate levels (p<0.05) in both regimens. The increase in plasma lactate levels is more in stavudine
group compared to zidovudine group. There was low degree of positive correlation between plasma lactate and
haemoglobin in Stavudine group but negative correlation between Plasma lactate and CD4 counts in both
groups. More focus is needed on Pharmacovigilance of NRTIs induced hyperlactatemia especially Stavudine.
bT-Locally Closed Sets and bT-Locally Continuous Functions In Supra Topologic...IOSR Journals
The aim of this paper is to introduce a decompositions namely supra bT- locally closed sets and define supra bT-locally continuous functions. This paper also discussed some of their properties.
Implementation of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring ReceiverIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monitoring Receivers form an important constituent of the Electronic support. In Monitoring
Receiver we can monitor, demodulate or scan the multiple channels.
In this project, the Implementation of algorithm for multi channel digital monitoring receiver. The
implementation will carry out the channelization by the way of Digital down Converters (DDCs) and Digital
Base band Demodulation. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) at 10.7 MHz will be digitalized using Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC) with sampling frequency 52.5 MHz and further converted to Base band using DDCs.
Virtually all the digital receivers perform channel access using a DDC. The Base band data will be streamed to
the appropriate demodulators. Matlab Simulink will be used to simulate the logic modules before the
implementation. This system will be prototyped on an FPGA based COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf)
development board. Xilinx System Generator will be used for the implementation of the algorithms.
Keywords: DDC, ADC, Digital Base band demodulation, IF, Monitoring Receiver.
Improving Sales in SME Using Internet MarketingIOSR Journals
Abstract : In Indonesia, SMEs are the backbone of the Indonesian economy. Number of SMEs until 2011 to
reach around 52 million. SMEs in Indonesia is very important for the economy because it accounts for 60% of
GDP and 97% of the workforce holds. But access is limited to financial institutions only 25% or 13 million
SMEs who have access to financial institutions. Indonesian government, SMEs, through the Department of
Cooperatives and SMEs, in each province or regency / city.
Although Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is driving the nation's economy, but in reality many of
the problems SMEs are still entangled. The main thing to note is the ability of SMEs to access a wider market.
Because of the ability to change and adapt to a changing environment will determine the existence of small
businesses in the nation's economy. In the end, the existence of small businesses that have high competitiveness
will strengthen the nation's economy as a whole. Thus, in this study will use an appropriate technology tools
that can provide assistance in introducing products through internet and increase sales in each SME
This study uses a sample of students at the State University of Malang that can make a significant
contribution in the small and medium businesses that are being initiated by students.
Keywords: Small Medium Enterprise, Internet Marketing, Sales Improvement
The Comparison of theMaterials in Styles of Iranian Architecture and its Effe...IOSR Journals
During the history,different elements have been determined as influential factors affecting the
architecture in different areas. The historical events and political alterations as well as religious and
economical changes can directly lead to the architecture style. One of the historical countries with rich
architectural history that can be increasingly exposed to more alterations is Iran. In general the architecture
styles in Iran can be categorised in six groups. These groups can be divided in two periods before and after
Islam’s emergence in Iran. The “Parsi” and “Parti” architecture styles belong to the former period and
“Razi”, “Khorasani”, “Isfahani” and “Azari” were common in the latter period, after Islam. Such alterations
brought in a variety of architecture styles, in this country, due to theoretical alterations. Furthermore, some
novel architectural styles were resulted from a number of physical conditions which had also effects on the
theoretical architecture. The current research intends to put an emphasize on the alterations in materials used
in two historical periods of Iran, “Achaemenid” Empire (550–330 BCE) and The “Sassanid” Empire (224 CE
to 651 CE) resulting in the changes in Iranian architecture. It also aims to explore the differences and the
reasons of changes in the materials used for constructions and the influence that these changes had on the
architectural style in the above mentioned periods
Low Power FPGA Based Elliptical Curve CryptographyIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. The development of public-key cryptography is the greatest and perhaps the only true revolution in the entire history of cryptography. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the public-key cryptosystem showing up in standardization efforts, including the IEEE P1363 Standard. The principal attraction of elliptic curve cryptography compared to RSA is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size, thereby reducing the processing overhead. As a Public-Key Cryptosystem, ECC has many advantages such as fast speed, high security and short key. It is suitable for the hardware of implementation, so ECC has been more and more focused in recent years. The hardware implementation of ECC on FPGA uses the arithmetic unit that has small area, small storage unit and fast speed, and it is an extremely suitable system which has limited computation ability and storage space.[1][2] The modular arithmetic division operations are carried out using conditional successive subtractions, thereby reducing the area. The system is implemented on Vertex-Pro XCV1000 FPGA. Index Terms – VHDL, FSM, FPGA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
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A quick and convenient method has been developed for the micro estimation of antihistamine drugs. 1-5 mg of sample is allowed to react with 10 ml of 0.02 M, N-bromosaccharin solution. Unconsumed reagent can be accurately titrated with 5 ml of 15% KI and 0.02N sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indica-tor. SD and CV was calculated for reproducible and accurate result. The accuracy of the method is within + 1 % and possible course of reaction was suggested on the basis of stoichiometry as well as find reaction product.
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Novel bisazo-disperse dyes were prepared by the coupling of diazotized solutions of various aromatic diamines with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The resultant bisazo disperse dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. The UV Visible absorption spectral data were investigated in dimethylformamide. and are discussed in terms of structural property relationship. Their dyeing assessment of bisazo disperse dyes has been made on polyester fabrics. The results show that a better hue was obtained on polyester fabrics and have mild to moderate fastness properties.
Effective Leadership-Employee Retention-Work Life Balance: A Cyclical ContinuumIOSR Journals
It is an interactive paper which has been made to explain the association between leadership and its impact on employee’s work-life and employee retention. Both the expressions have gained a lot of magnitude in these day’s Organizations. Leadership has been taken up as a foundation in the study as it builds up the essence of our Organizations; Work-life balance has also been addressed as a basic issue for the employees as well the employers. The study undertaken tries to explain in a theoretical and a very interactive way how effective leadership can help balancing the work-life of employees and consecutively leads to help the Organization identify its quality employees and tap their efficiencies for a long-term through employee retention
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
Efficacy Studies of Hepatoprotective Drug Isolated from Eclipta prostrata. L.IOSR Journals
In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated
active constituents are used for applied research. Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective
drugs, Eclipta prostrata. L. with active principle Wedelolactone is the prime focus. In the present study to derive
hepatoprotective drug, the herb E. prostrata was grown in the Periyar Maniammai College Campus, Vallam
and 1kg of the plant leaves were collected and shade dried. Dried and powdered maetria l of E. prostrata was
extracted with 80% ethanol. The active principle was isolated and identified by chromatographic technique. The
protective effect of E. prostrata on Carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage was also studied with male
wistar albino rats (180-230g). The protective effect was also undergone for histological studies.
Prime factors of Vendor Selection for Indian Telecom Service Provider for eff...IOSR Journals
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far more important in case of a service sector. As service is intangible and can only be felt ;hence very much
depends on the quality of delivery and after sales activity. Ineffective and unreliable vendor can have a
cascading effect in all aspect of service chain resulting customer dissatisfaction. The present study tries to find
out the parameter or quality of a vendor that is preferred by telecommunication companies. As
telecommunication is a infrastructure service any weak link in the supply chain will have a catastrophic impact
on the end user. As vendor is one of the prime component of supply chain its careful selection is of immense
importance. There are numerous variables to select a vendor. But to have a quick and effective decisions
making these numerous variables are reduced to few factors. In this study the centroid method of factor analysis
is used to find four important factors. The study was carried out by interacting executives of around 8 telecom
companies amounting to 57 effective data. A broad outline of factors and encompassing variables under each
factor were depicted.
Keywords - Factor analysis, Supply Chain and Vendor selection,
The need for a rapid, famous method for hair removal has led to the development of various laser for
hair removal. These include ruby, alexandrite, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers. This research discusses the basic
principles of laser hair removal, examines theoretically the properties of specific laser systems, and focuses on
patient selection and treatment protocols for the various systems designed to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters for Polyurethane Based Panel Air F...IOSR Journals
The polyurethane processing for panel air filters (flexible foam)for high yield (free of all defects) is
very critical and sensitive on account of Polyurethane making chemistry, short reaction times, process
conditions, ambient temperature and humidity , equipment dispensing-mixing precision and moulds’ surface
quality, moulds’ temperature and uniformity impacting the defects in filters like pin holes, short filling, over
filling or growth, skin damage, loose skin, voids, hardness variations, shrink marks, knit lines etc. Research is
conducted to study and establish a correlation between various parameters so that process settings can be
altered to ensure minimum variation to output in spite of variation in inputs and noise to the system.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC’s) are widely used in aerospace, automotive,
structural and marine applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, corrosion
resistance. In AMC one of constituent is aluminium or its alloy which forms a network
called as matrix phase and other constituent is embedded in matrix made of harder material
generally ceramic or non metallic material called as reinforcement. Various processing
techniques are available for manufacturing of AMC’s. Stir casting is one of the economical
and extensively used methods to enhance attractive properties of AMC’s. This paper
presents an overview of stir casing process, process parameter and preparation of AMC
using aluminium alloy as matrix phase and alumina (Al2O3) as reinforcement by varying
their proportion.
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
Taguchi analysis of single layer CrN coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel to ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Taguchi analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The results of Taguchi experiments also indicated that among all the factors, impact velocity became least significant when samples were coated with CrN whereas it was most significant for uncoated samples. Coating thickness was the second most significant factor in the case of CrN coated samples. PVD- CrN coatings reduced the wear rate by nearly 2 times.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wear Properties of Thixoformed Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg Aluminium AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
Earlier work has shown that Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg aluminium alloy is suitable for
thixoforming process. Here, the dry sliding wear behaviour of the alloy, in the as-cast and
thixoformed conditions were investigated. The cooling slope technique was used to produce the alloy
with globular microstructure for the thixoforming process. Both the thixoformed and cast samples
were subjected to T6 heat treatments prior to the wear tests. The tests were carried out using a
pin-on-disc tribometer, against a hardened M2 tool steel disc of 62 HRC at different loads, under dry
sliding conditions at fixed sliding speed and sliding distance of 1 m.s–1 and 5 km respectively. The
microstructural response, worn surfaces was thoroughly and carefully examined using various
methods such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential
scanning calorimetry. The density of the heat treated thixoformed alloys showed significant increase
in the hardness property, among others, due to its reduced porosity. Their wear test results also
observed that the weight loss of materials increase with an increase in the input load and the sliding
distance for all samples. However, the as-cast alloy displayed higher wear rate compared with the
thixoformed alloys. In general, the wear mechanisms showed a mixture of abrasive, oxidative and
delamination wear (mild wear) at low applied loads and mainly an adhesive (severe wear) at high
applied loads.
Similar to The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb (20)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 12-17
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear
behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
Devendra Singh, Kavita puri, vinod kumar
Department of Metllurgical & Materials Engineering, Indian institute of technology Roorkee, Roorkee, india
Abstract: Spray forming, also called spray casting or spray deposition, is the inert gas atomization of a liquid
metal stream into variously sized droplets. These droplets are interrupted by a substrate which collects and
solidifies the droplets into coherent, near fully dense perform. The present work concerns with this techniques.
This technology was applied to produce Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloys. The spray droplets were deposited over a
copper substrate to achieve a disc shape perform. After spray deposition samples were rolled at room
temperature on two high rolling mills and total porosity and wear characteristic of spray deposits were studies.
The total porosity decreases with the increase in the percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples.
Thickness of the samples in both middle and peripheral region. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled Al-Si-
Pb alloy were investigated on a pin on disc type wear machine. Wear rate behavior with applied load and
increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of samples was observed. Wear rate increased with increasing
the load and decreased with increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of the sample.
Keyword: Al-Si-Pb alloy, Rolling, Spray forming, Total porosity, Wear characteristic
I. Introduction
In recent years, thermal spray deposition processes have created an exciting new opportunity in the
synthesis of advanced materials. This process involves atomization of a molten materials by High velocity gas
jets into a spray of micron-sized droplets, which are deposited onto a substrate. Rapid solidification inherent in
spray atomization, due to high heat exchange rate at the droplet-gas interface and also on deposition surface,
provides considerable chemical and microstructural homogeneity as well as refinement in the grain size of the
deposit [1]. It has been shown that a too large deposition distance generates a law volume fraction of the liquid
on the deposition surface. This effect leads to poor bonding of particles and increased porosity of the deposit.
Alternatively, a small deposition distance gives rise to increased liquid fraction that leads to gas entrapment and
slow cooling rate of the spray deposit [1,2]. The liquid immiscible alloys of Al-Pb-Si system are potential
materials for bearing alloys. Bearing material should have the following characteristics; embeddability,
compatibility, conformability, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance for a longer service life, high strength
to weight ratio[3]. Immiscible alloys such as Al-Pb, Al-Bi alloys can not be cast using conventional casting
methods due to large density difference between the two phases in their liquid state [ 4,5]. A slow cooling rate
associated with conventional casting process resulted in rapid separation of Al and Pb rich phases[6]. Several
methods different from the conventional casting have been employed to produce immiscible Al-Pb alloys such
as stir casting[5,7 ], rehocasting [8], rapid solidification[6],powder metallurgy[3],melt spinning[9],strip
casting[10] and spray forming[6,11]. However some of these techniques face problems of higher energy
consumption or generation of coarse. Among these techniques spray forming possesses several advantages in
effective micro-structural control together with producing a near net shape perform in a lesser number of
processing steps[12]. Rapid cooling associated with solidification of atomized droplets and a turbulent fluid
flow condition on the deposition surface minimize the separation of the Al and Pb rich phases[6,11]. However a
high melt temperature result in rapid coarsening of Pb particles in this process. In the present work Al-Si-Pb
alloys were spray formed in the form of disc and their characteristics such as shape, microstructure, porosity,
hardness, wear etc. were studied. The central and peripheral region of spray formed Al-6Si-20Pb were
rolled to a thickness deformation of 20, 40, 60,and 80%. After rolling porosity, and wear rate were studied.
II. Experimental Procedure
A schematic of spray forming set-up is shown in figure 1. The alloy was allowed to melt into
a graphite crucible placed inside a furnace as shown in the figure1. At centre of the bottom of
2. The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Fig1.Schematic of spray forming process.
crucible an exchangeable graphite melt delivery tube was fitted to produce melt floe stream. A stopper
rod was used to either open or close the entrance of the delivery tube. Other end of delivery tube
was fitted into the atomizer which was placed above the cooling chamber. Height of cooling chamber
was 1500mm. the stopper rod was raised up after starting the gas flow in atomizer to start the
atomization of melt and there by spray deposition. Vertically falling liquid metal stream interacts with
high energy jet at the tip of melt delivery tube which promotes the atomization of melt into spray of
all small size droplets. This atomization take place inside the cooling of spray chamber and atomized
droplets were deposited over a copper substrate which can be placed at a different distances from the
atomizer. The base alloy used in the present work consisted of Al-Si alloy having 12% and 24%Si. The
alloy was superheated to 200C above its melting point. In each run 800 gm of Al-Si-Pb alloy was taken
in the crucible. Nitrogen gas was supplied for atomization prior to melt flow. The atomization was
carried out at a nitrogen gas pressure of 10 bar. The details of the process variables are given in table
1. The preform was taken out of the substrate after deposition.
Table 1: Values of various variables used in present study
Conducted study Spray deposition
Alloy composition (wt%) Al-6Si-20Pb
Melt temp 820
Distance from atomizer to substrate 450(in mm)
Weight of alloy taken for each
run
800gm
Melt delivery tube diameter 5mm
Substrate thickness 8mm
The cold rolling was performed on a two-high mill with rolls of 100mm in diameter. The middle and
peripheral region strips were rolled to a thickness deformation of 20,40, 60 and 80%. Samples were
rolled at room temperature. After rolling porosity and wear rate were measured. Samples were cut from
centre of spray deposit and prepared by using standard metallographic techniques. To measure total
porosity at different locations of the deposit, samples were cut from different location as shown in
Crucible
Melt
Delivery tube
Atomizer
Gas
Spray cone
Preform
Spray
chamber
Furnace
Stopper
rod
3. The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
figure 2. The total porosity was calculated by Archimedes principle and followed the ASTM B 328-96
practice. . The total porosity was calculated from the following equation.
sampleofdensitylTheoretica
sampleofdensityMeasured
PorosityTotal 1
Figure2. Locations of samples cut from spray deposit for porosity measurement
The spray formed preform with different thickness reduction were machined into cylindrical pins of dimensions
5 mm diameter x 15 mm length. Specimens were thoroughly degreased by acetone and dried before the
commencement of each wear test. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled alloys were investigated using a pin
on disc type wear testing machine. It consisted of a hardened EN-24 steel disc (surface roughness = 0.4-0.5 µm)
of diameter 12 cm with Rockwell hardness of 57 HRC and a specimen holder. Steel disc was grounded to
smooth surface finish and thoroughly degreased with acetone. Wear test specimen was mounted in the specimen
holder. The load on the specimen was applied by placing a load on the opposite side of a fulcrum of the lever
attached to the specimen holder. Rotation speed of the disc was kept constant at 171 rpm at the position of the
pin throughout the investigation. The radius of rotation was fixed at 56 mm. The samples were run for a period
of 10 minutes before determining their weight loss which was used to find the resultant wear rate. Sliding
distance for one run was 600 m and sliding speed was 1m/s. The standard wear test procedure was followed for
evaluating the wear rate for different load ranging from 5 to 15N. The disc surface was cleaned with acetone
before each experiment. All the tests were carried out in dry sliding conditions and at room temperature. Pin
specimens were weighed both before and after testing on a single pan electrical balance that gave reading to
0.01 mg.
III. Results And Discussions
3.1 Theoretical density calculated for the alloys used in present study is given below and measured densities
are reported with their location in the spray deposit in fig.3
Fig3.Measured densities in the spray deposit.
Density(g/cc) 3.15
alloy Al-6Si-20Pb
Distance (mm) 0 20 40 70
10
18
Samples
2
2.09 2.24 2.49 2.63
Distance (mm) 0 2 0 40 70
10
18 2.o7
2.10 2.27
4. The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Porosity(%)
Distance from centre to peripheri (mm)
Fig 4. Variation in porosity with distance from centre to periphery of spray deposited preform.
The total porosity calculated from these densities is shown in figure 4 as a function of distance from
center to periphery. It can be seen from fig that their is no change in density and also in porosity in
the thickness direction. The change in density and hence porosity is observed with the increase in
distance from the centre to periphery of the deposit. It can be seen from fig that porosity decreases with
the increase in distance from center to periphery.
3.2POROSITY IN SPRAY DEPOSIT (AFTER ROLLING)
Samples were cut from the middle and peripheral region of the perform and reduce thickness 20%,
40%, 60% and 80% in both regions by rolling operation and prepared by using standard metallographic
techniques. The density and porosity for the various percentage of reductions in middle and peripheral
were measured by using the Archimedes’s Principle. The result are shown in the following table
Table 2..Measured density and porosity in middle region for
different percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples.
.% of reduction Measured % of porosity
in thickness density
20 2.26 28.2
40 2.37 24.5
60 2.51 19.9
80 2.67 15.2
Table 3.Measured density and porosity in peripheral region
for different percentage of reduction in thickness of the
samples.
% of reduction in
thickness
Measured
density
% of porosity
20 2.69 14.7
40
2.72 13.6
60
2.86 9.4
80
2.87 8.7
5. The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
It was observed from the above tables that porosity decreases as density increases in the both regions.
As we known that, the main disadvantage of spray forming method is porosity. This problem can be
minimized by the rolling process. Before rolling the percentage of total porosity in sample is 33.3% (in
middle region), and after rolling it is 15.2%.
Fig 5shows the effect of percentage thickness deformation by rolling on the porosity of spray deposited
Al-Si-Pb alloy. It can be seen the porosity decreases in both region ie. middle and peripheral after
rolling. The decrease in porosity is due to metal flow in Thickness and length direction
Fig 5.Porosity of spray deposited Al-6Si-20Pb alloy as a function of percentage thickness reduction.
3.3 WEAR RATE
Wear rate as a function of applied load for different thickness reduction in Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloy is
shown in fig 6. Wear rate increases with the increase in applied load for all values of thickness reduction. Also,
the wear rate is higher for without rolled sample.
Fig 6.Variation in wear rate of Al-6Si-20Pb alloy as a function of applied load for different thickness reduction
Fig 7.Shows the variation in wear rate of spray deposit as a function of % reduction in thickness at different
applied load. Wear rate decreases linearly with increasing the percentage reduction in thickness at all applied
load. Obviously, the wear rate is higher at higher load.
6. The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-formed Al-6%Si-20%Pb
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Fig 7. Variation in wear rate with different percentage thickness of Al-6Si-20Pb
IV. Conclusions
The following conclusions are derived from the work of present investigation.
1.The porosity of spray formed deposit decreases from centre to periphery. No change in porosity in
thickness direction.
2.With increment in the % of rolling reduction of the sample porosity decreases in both regions ie
.middle and peripheral region. The decrease in porosity is due to metal flow in thickness and length direction.
3.Increase in wear rate with the increase in applied load for all percentage of thickness reduction.
4.Wear rate decreases linearly with the increase in percentage of thickness reduction at all loads
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Devendra Singh, Asst. Prof. for suggesting an
interesting study, for his able guidance, for the informative discussions and for his assistance which made this
work possible and successful.
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