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The document discusses plant reproduction and development. It describes how flowering plants produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) containing sperm in anthers and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) containing egg cells in ovules. Pollination involves pollen grains landing on the stigma and growing a pollen tube to deliver sperm for double fertilization within the ovule. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed containing an embryo and endosperm. The ovary develops into a fruit protecting the seeds. Seed germination continues the life cycle as the embryo resumes growth using nutrients from the endosperm.
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The document summarizes plant structure and development. It discusses that plants have a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells. The three basic plant organs are roots, stems and leaves, which make up the root and shoot systems. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals. Stems consist of nodes and internodes and transport nutrients. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ and come in simple or compound forms. Plants have dermal, vascular and ground tissue systems composed of different cell types like parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Meristems generate new cells for growth and primary and secondary growth occur in roots, stems and leaves.
Food Production & The Environment
This document summarizes key processes in plant cells and how plants produce food. It discusses that plant cells contain organelles like the nucleus and chloroplasts which are not present in animal cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature. Plants and animals are interdependent as plants produce oxygen for animals and animals produce the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis. The document also outlines how water and minerals are transported within plants and how transpiration occurs.
Food Production & The Environment
This document summarizes key processes in plant cells and how plants produce food. It discusses that plant cells contain organelles like the nucleus and chloroplasts which are not present in animal cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature. Plants and animals are interdependent as plants produce oxygen for animals and animals produce the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis. The document also outlines how water and minerals are transported within plants and how transpiration occurs.
Chapter17 Plants
The document summarizes key aspects of plant evolution and life cycles. It discusses how plants evolved adaptations like roots, stems, leaves and a waxy cuticle to colonize land. It describes the alternation of generations in plant life cycles, where the haploid gametophyte generates gametes and the diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis. Major plant groups like mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms are characterized. Angiosperms are highlighted, with flowers housing gametophytes that produce eggs fertilized by pollen to form seeds.
Plants
Fungi are multicellular organisms that are not closely related to plants or animals. They break down organic matter as decomposers and can also feed on plants and animals. Plants evolved from algae and developed vascular tissue, roots, stems and leaves to adapt to life on land. They reproduce using alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Angiosperms are the most abundant group of plants and reproduce using flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue which transports water and nutrients.
Ch22 Intro to Plants
The document provides an overview of plants, including their defining characteristics, life cycles, and major groups. It discusses what plants need to survive and describes the four main groups: bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and depend on water for reproduction. Seedless vascular plants evolved water-conducting tissue and include ferns. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants, with angiosperms being the most successful due to flowers, fruits, and seeds that can be dispersed without water.
Plants
1. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose in the form of starch.
2. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water availability affect the rate of photosynthesis, with brighter light and temperatures up to 40°C doubling the rate.
3. Plants have internal and external adaptations to cope with environmental stresses on photosynthesis like water shortages, involving leaf structures and transport tissues.
Plants
The document discusses plant structures and their functions. It explains that plants are autotrophs that produce their own food through photosynthesis. It describes the aboveground and belowground structures of plants including leaves, stems, flowers, and roots. It also discusses transport tissues, meristems, and plant responses to stimuli like light and touch.
The Plant Kingdom
1. Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that use photosynthesis to produce their own food. They have tissues and organs like roots, stems and leaves adapted to live on land.
2. Plants are classified into three groups - nonvascular plants (bryophytes), vascular plants without seeds (pteridophytes), and vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes).
3. Angiosperms are the largest group of spermatophytes and have flowers and fruits containing seeds. They include a wide variety of trees, shrubs and herbs.
Plant APBio
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
Angeosperms
Angiosperms have evolved mechanisms for dispersing both pollen and seeds that have contributed to their success. They produce fruit that protects and aids in distributing seeds. Angiosperms are divided into two subclasses: monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon and include plants like grasses and lilies, while dicots have two cotyledons and include plants like roses and trees.
Ch35_36_Plant Structure, Growth, and Development.ppt
Plant cells differentiate early into three basic tissue types - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Ground tissue includes parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells which provide storage, support and strengthening. Vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem cells specialized for transport. Roots, stems and leaves develop from apical meristems and perform functions like nutrient/water absorption, transport, and photosynthesis. Leaves contain mesophyll and vascular tissues organized to maximize gas exchange and photosynthesis.
plant reprodutive system
Sexual reproduction occurs in flowering plants through flowers which contain both male and female reproductive structures. The male structures called stamens produce pollen grains which contain the male gametes. The female structures called pistils contain ovules which house egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. This triggers a process called double fertilization where two male gametes fuse with an egg cell and polar nuclei to form a zygote and endosperm which nourish the developing seed. Growth in multicellular organisms involves increases in cell number through cell division and cell size through cell enlargement and differentiation into specialized cell types.
Blue Packet Notes
1. Double fertilization involves the union of two sperm cells with an egg and polar nuclei in flowering plants. One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, and the other fertilizes the polar nuclei to form the endosperm.
2. The zygote will develop into the embryo, and the endosperm provides nutrition for the developing seed. This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants.
Fertilization.pptx
Double fertilization is a unique process in flowering plants where two sperm cells fuse with two female gametes. One sperm fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote. The other sperm fuses with the central cell to form a triploid endosperm. This ensures the embryo has access to nutrients for growth. Double fertilization occurs in 10 steps, beginning with pollination and ending with seed development. It is critical for reproduction in flowering plants.
Plant Science part 1
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and physiology. It describes the four main plant groups based on their vascular and seed characteristics. It then discusses the root and shoot systems, and the main functions and parts of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Key details include the role of roots in anchoring plants, absorbing water and minerals, and storing nutrients. Stems transport water and nutrients and provide structural support. Leaves perform photosynthesis using structures like the cuticle, epidermis, and vascular tissue.
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
The document summarizes plant structure and function. It describes how plants have three main organs - roots, stems, and leaves. Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Stems provide structure, transport, and protection. Leaves are the main sites of photosynthesis and gas exchange. Plants have specialized tissues including dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. Transport of water and nutrients occurs through xylem and phloem tissue in the vascular system.
Angiosperms
The document provides information about the reproductive biology of flowering plants (angiosperms). It discusses key events in angiosperm evolution such as the origin of flowers and fruits. It also summarizes the characteristics and life cycles of monocots and eudicots. Angiosperms have had a profound influence on the evolution of other organisms through symbiotic relationships like pollination and seed dispersal. Their success is largely due to adaptations like seeds that enabled colonization of new environments.
Chapter 16 Reproduction in Plants Lesson 3 - Fertilization & post fertilizati...
The document summarizes the process of fertilization and germination in plants. It discusses how pollen grains germinate and the pollen tube grows to deliver sperm cells. Double fertilization occurs, where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo and the other fertilizes the central cell to form endosperm. Post-fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo while endosperm divides to store food. Seeds then go through germination, where water and enzymes trigger growth of the root and shoot from the stored food reserves. Germination can be epigeal, where the cotyledons emerge above ground, or hypogeal, where they remain below.
Chapter 24 lecture- Seeds
The document discusses reproduction in gymnosperms and angiosperms. It explains that gymnosperms reproduce using cones that produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) or female gametophytes. If a pollen grain lands on a female cone and enters an ovule, fertilization can occur. In angiosperms, reproduction occurs within flowers, which contain anthers that produce pollen and carpels containing ovules. Fertilization involves a pollen tube entering an ovule and releasing sperm to fertilize an egg, forming a zygote.
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Ch35_36_Plant Structure, Growth, and Development.ppt
Ch35_36_Plant Structure, Growth, and Development.ppt
Chapter 16 Reproduction in Plants Lesson 3 - Fertilization & post fertilizati...
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The document proposes using nanotechnology to design biocomputers called nanites to treat Parkinson's disease. The nanites would be less than 10 micrometers in size and target the neuromuscular junction to restore muscle function in Parkinson's patients. The goals are to control muscle function, determine how to program and power the nanites, and evaluate them safely through clinical trials to drastically improve the lives of Parkinson's patients without side effects.
Section 3 - Chemistry
The document outlines various facts about chemistry and biology. It discusses that all living things must adapt, get energy, reproduce and be made of cells. It also explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit. Additionally, it notes the three types of bonds - hydrogen, ionic and covalent - and provides facts about water chemistry including its chemical formula and polarity.
Section 2 - Scientific Method
The document provides information on scientific equipment, measurement units, the scientific method, experimental design, and graphing. It defines common lab tools like graduated cylinders, pipettes, and microscopes. It explains units of measurement for mass, length, and temperature. It describes the key parts of the scientific method and experimental design, including the importance of controls, placebos, independent and dependent variables. It also gives brief descriptions of line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts.
Section 8 - Cell Reproduction
The document summarizes key facts about cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells. Fertilization fuses gametes to form a diploid zygote and restart the cell cycle.
Section 9 - Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted early experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant over others. He developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment to describe inheritance patterns. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and he is considered the father of genetics.
Section 7 - Cell Energy
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially reverse processes.
Section 4 - Biochemistry
This document provides 40 factoids about organic chemistry and biochemistry. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds produced by living things. It notes that organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and that polymers are macromolecules made of monomers. The four main macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It also provides details on the composition and examples of each macromolecule, as well as enzymes, substrates, active sites, and how pH and temperature can denature enzymes.
Section 1 - Tools of Science and Lab Safety
A graduated cylinder is used to accurately measure volume, with the meniscus read from the center of the curve at the liquid's surface. Other common measurement tools include pipettes, burettes, and syringes, while test tubes, beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are used to store liquids rather than measure. Standard units of measurement include grams for mass measured using a triple beam balance, meters for length typically using a meter stick, and degrees Celsius for temperature referring to molecular motion speed.
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The document summarizes the Hall of Human Origins exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural Science, listing several early human species from Australopithecus afarensis to modern Homo sapiens. It provides web addresses for more information on the museum exhibit and external resources about human evolution from PBS, NOVA, and the National Science Teachers Association.
Professional Portfolio
Wesley McCammon is an experienced science teacher who has received several awards and accolades. He has achieved a 100% passing rate on the Biology I test for 7 years with only one failure. His students' scores consistently rank in the top three in the school district. He emphasizes hands-on labs, technology, and real-world problems in his science curriculum. McCammon has experience using various online tools and platforms in his teaching.
Section7
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Section6
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to enter and leave the cell. The phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport, which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The three types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport includes exocytosis, endocytosis, and various pumps.
Section5
This document outlines 64 facts about cellular structure and function, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It notes that prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells have nuclei that contain DNA and control the cell's activities. It describes the structures and functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. It also distinguishes characteristics of plant and animal cells and defines the four basic tissue types, examples of organs, and the 11 human body systems.
Section10
DNA controls the production of proteins in cells and contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents. It is made up of nucleotides that form the shape of a twisted ladder. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined that DNA has a double helix structure. Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - help in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing DNA and transporting amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is read in groups of three to determine which amino acid each codon codes for.
Section9
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and established the basic principles of genetics through his work.
2. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring according to dominant and recessive alleles, and predicted inheritance patterns through experiments and statistical analysis.
3. Key terms and concepts that emerged from Mendel's work include genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and his laws of inheritance. Mendel's findings formed the foundation of classical and modern genetics.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
3) Other influential early evolutionists included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, Charles Lyell who demonstrated the power of geologic forces over long periods, and James Hutton who viewed the Earth as shaped by gradual processes over deep time.
Section13
The document provides 232 factoids about the different kingdoms, phyla, classes and examples of organisms within the Animal Kingdom. It describes the key characteristics of sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and the seven classes within the Chordata phylum. The factoids cover distinguishing features of hagfish, lampreys, sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and the three subclasses of mammals.
Section12
The document discusses the Plant Kingdom and provides facts about different plant divisions. It covers the problems plants face living on land, characteristics of bryophytes, alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants, characteristics of ferns and seed plants, facts about conifers and flowering plants, and characteristics distinguishing monocots from dicots. It also identifies xylem and phloem as the two types of vascular tissue found in plants.
Section11
This document provides 200 facts about taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It discusses the 7 levels of biological classification from kingdom to species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and species names. Viruses are not considered living organisms and are not classified within the traditional biological taxonomy. The four main kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi. Each kingdom has distinguishing characteristics.
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