Section10

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DNA controls the production of proteins in cells and contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents. It is made up of nucleotides that form the shape of a twisted ladder. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined that DNA has a double helix structure. Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - help in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing DNA and transporting amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is read in groups of three to determine which amino acid each codon codes for.

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Genetic Codon The Three nucleotide base sequence in mRNA that act as code words for amino acids in protein constitute the genetic code or codons. There are 64 different combinations of three base codons composed of Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U). Written from the 5-’ end to 3’ end. UAA,UAG & UGA do not code for amino acid. They are called as stop codon or non sense codon. Characteristics of Genetic Code are: University: same codon for same amino acid in all living organism. Specificity: A particular codon will code for the same amino acid,highly specific or unambiguous. Non overlapping : read from a fixed point as a continuous base sequence. Degenerate: Most of the amino acids have more than one codon. 61 codons available to code for only 20 amino acids. DNA :DNA stands for Deoxy Ribonucleic acid. It’s the genetic code that determines all the characteristics of living organism. DNA is a double stranded molecule, made up of two chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three subunits : a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base pair. Sugar present is Deoxyribose and Nitrogen bases are : Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Structure of DNA : Double helical structure of DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Features of model of DNA are: DNA is a right handed double helix, have two polydeoxyribonucleotide chains twisted around each other on a common axis. Two strands are antiparallel i.e., one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other in 3’ to 5’ direction. The diameter of helix is 20 A° (2nm). Each turn of the helix is 34 A° (3.4 nm) with 10 pairs of nucleotides, each pair placed at a distance of about 3.4 A°. The two strands are held together by Hydrogen bonds formed by complementary base pairs. The A-T pair has 2 hydrogen bonds while G-C pair has 3 hydrogen bonds. The complementary base pairing in DNA helix proves Chargaff’s rule. The content of adenine equals to that of thymine (A=T) and guanine equals to that of the cytosine (G≡C). Function of DNA RNA DNA replication Transcription Translation

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