The document discusses plant systems and diversity. It describes the main divisions of plants as bryophytes (nonvascular plants like moss) and tracheophytes (vascular plants like ferns and seed plants). Tracheophytes have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem that allow for transport of water and nutrients. Seed plants are further divided into gymnosperms like conifers which bear seeds openly on cones, and angiosperms which bear seeds within flowers. Angiosperms have flowers as their reproductive organs and are divided into monocots with one seed leaf and dicots with two seed leaves. The plant life cycle and role of hormones like auxin are also summarized.

1. The Plant Kingdom (Part II)
Plant Systems and Subsystems

2. Engage
 Observe the different types of plants that
are being passed around the room.

3. Explore
 Kingdom Plantae Informational Search

4. Explain
 Continue to add to your informational
search as we discuss plant diversity.

5. Explain - Diversity of Plants
Cone-bearing plants
760 species
Ferns and
their relatives
11,000 species
Mosses and
their relatives
15,600 species
Flowering
plants
235,000 species
Form 2 main groups nonvascular and vascular plants

6. Plant Divisions
 Bryophytes
(Nonvascular)
 Do not contain
specialized conducting
tissues
 Live in water or moist
environments
 Examples: moss,
liverworts, and
hornworts
 Tracheophytes
(Vascular)
 They contain vascular
tissue: xylem and
phloem
 Examples: ferns,
conifers, and
flowering plants.

7. Bryophytes (Mosses)
 Nonvascular
 No roots, stem,or leaves
 Transport of water is by
osmosis
 Short in height (1-5 cm.)
 Haploid gametophyte is
dominant
 Diploid sporophyte is
small

8. Tracheophytes
 Vascular Plants
 The xylem conducts water up
 The phloem conducts food (sugar) down
 The sporophyte generation is dominant
 Vascular Seedless Plants (Spores)
and
Vascular Seed Plants

9. Vascular Seedless Plants
 Ex. Ferns
 Contain horizontal
stems, just under the
soil, called rhizomes.
 The roots grow from
the rhizomes
 The leaves are called
fronds which contain
the spores.
 Requires H2O for
sperm to swim to egg

10. Evolution of the Gametophyte and
the Sporophyte
Gametophyte (N)
Sporophyte (2N)
Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

11. Vascular Seed Plants
 Gymnosperms
 Nonflowering
 Bear seeds on the
upper surface of
scales inside of cones
 Contain true roots,
stems, and leaves
 Examples Conifers,
Pines
 Angiosperms
 Flowering plants
 Flower is a group of
modified leaves used for
sexual reproduction;
seeds found in fruit
 Contains true
roots,stems, and leaves
 Examples: rose, lily, oak,
maple, pea, and grass

12. Gymnosperms
 Leaves are needle-
like
 Most are evergreen
 They are called soft
wood.
 Reproductive
structure is a cone or
cone-like structure.

13. Life Cycle of Gymnosperm

14. Angiosperms
 Broad leaf plants
 Most are deciduous
 Called hardwood
 They are divided into
two groups based on
the number of seed
leaves (cotyledons)
they contain.

15. Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Ovule
Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Pollen
tubes
Haploid cell
(N)
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Zygote
(2N)FruitSeed coat
Endosperm
Embryo
(2N)Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Mature
sporophyte
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Life Cycle of Angiosperms

16. Cotyledons

18. Monocotyledons
 “Monocots”
 1 cotyledon
 Parallel veins on leaves
 Fibrous roots
 Flowers in multiples of 3
 Ex) grass, corn

19. Dicotyledons
 “Dicots”
 2 cotyledons
 Netted veins
 Tap root
 Flowers, 4’s or 5’s
 Ex) Peanuts, green beans

21. Seed Germination Concept Map
that
in
have
that
have
Seed
Germination
Remains with
the seed
Emerge
above ground
Remain
below ground
Monocots Dicots
1 Cotyledon 2 Cotyledons

22. Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated PlantsComparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of
pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that
promote pollination
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of
pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that
promote pollination
Wind-pollinated
Plants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and
some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Wind-pollinated
Plants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and
some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Animal-pollinated
Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet
nectar
Animal-pollinated
Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet
nectar

23. The flower: the defining structure of angiosperms
 Reproductive structure: pollen
transfer; specialized shoot with
modified leaves
 Sepals: enclose flower before
it opens
 Petals: attract pollinators
 Stamens: male; anther
(produces pollen), filament
 Carpel or Pistil: female;
stigma, style, ovary, ovules

24. Flower Types
 Perfect
 Perfect flowers
contain both male and
female parts on the
same flower.
 Also called
monoecious
 Imperfect
 Imperfect flowers are
missing one of the
reproductive parts.
 Also called dioecious.

26. Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Ovule
Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Pollen
tubes
Haploid cell
(N)
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Zygote
(2N)FruitSeed coat
Endosperm
Embryo
(2N)Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Mature
sporophyte
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Life Cycle of Angiosperms

29. Hormone-producing cells
Target cells
Movement of hormone
Hormone Action on PlantsHormone Action on Plants

30. A.A. AuxinsAuxins
1.1. Auxins and PhototropismAuxins and Phototropism
2.2. Auxins and GravitropismAuxins and Gravitropism
B.B. Cytokinins –Cytokinins – stimulate cellstimulate cell
division, growth of lateral buds, causedivision, growth of lateral buds, cause
dormant seeds to sproutdormant seeds to sprout
C.C. Gibberellins –Gibberellins – growthgrowth
hormone that stimulates cellhormone that stimulates cell
elongation, increase the rate of seedelongation, increase the rate of seed
germination and bud developmentgermination and bud development
D. Ethylene Gas –D. Ethylene Gas – causes fruitcauses fruit
to ripen and withering of flowers afterto ripen and withering of flowers after
fertilization.fertilization.
Plant HormonesPlant Hormones

31. Control Tip
removed
Opaque
cap
Clear
cap
Opaque shied
over base
High
concentration
of auxin
Low
concentration
of auxin
Auxins and PhototropismAuxins and Phototropism

32. Plant ResponsesPlant Responses
A.A. TropismsTropisms
1.1. Gravitropism – response toGravitropism – response to
gravitygravity
2. Phototropism – response to2. Phototropism – response to
lightlight
3.3. Thigmotropism – response toThigmotropism – response to
touchtouch
B.B. Photoperiodism –Photoperiodism –
plants response to periodsplants response to periods
of light and darknessof light and darkness
Short-day plantsShort-day plants
Long-day plantsLong-day plants

33. Photoperiodism in PlantsPhotoperiodism in Plants
Midnight
Noon
Long Day
Midnight
Noon
Short Day
Midnight
Noon
Interrupted Night
Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant

34. Diversity of Plants

35. Elaborate
 Different Types of Plants Lab
 Monocots vs. Dicots

36. Evaluate