Chapter 21 nutrition and digestion [compatibility mode]
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The document summarizes key aspects of nutrition and digestion in animals. It discusses the four main stages of food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination. It provides details on the digestive systems of different animal groups and focuses on the human digestive system. The human system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory glands. Food moves through the system via peristalsis and is broken down mechanically and chemically. Nutrients are then absorbed and transported to cells for energy production or storage. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients, fuels the body, and builds molecules.
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Chapter 21 nutrition and digestion [compatibility mode]
- 1. Chapter 21 Nutrition and Digestion PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
- 2. OBTAINING AND PROCESSING FOOD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. 21.1 Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways Most animals have one of three kinds of diets –Herbivores, plant-eaters—cattle, snails, sea urchins –Carnivores, meat-eaters—lions, hawks, spiders –Omnivores, eating both plants and other animals—humans, roaches, raccoons, crows Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. 21.1 Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways Animals obtain and ingest their food in different ways – Suspension feeding – Substrate feeding – Fluid feeding – Bulk feeding Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. A suspension feeder: a tube worm filtering food from the surrounding water through its tentacles. A substrate feeder: a caterpillar eating its way through the soft green tissues inside an oak leaf. Feces Caterpillar :
- 5. A fluid feeder: a mosquito sucking blood. A bulk feeder: a grey heron preparing to swallow a fish head first and the rest next.
- 6. 21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages ل
- 7. را ار م و ط ا ل م ا : ظرة Food is processed in four stages – Ingestion – Digestion – Absorption – Elimination Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Mechanical digestion breaks food down into smaller pieces Chemical digestion Protein-digesting enzymes Macromolecule Protein Polysaccharide Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes Components Amino acids Disaccharide Monosaccharides breaks down large organic molecules into their components Nucleic acid-digesting enzymes Nucleic acid Nucleotides Fat-digesting enzymes Fat Glycerol Fatty acids
- 9. 21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments Sponges digest food in vacuoles Cnidarians and flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening, the mouth Most animals have an alimentary canal with – Mouth – Anus – Specialized regions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. 21.4 The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along in a process called peristalsis Sphincters control the movement of food into and out of the stomach . 1-ppyylloorriicc sspphhiinncctteerr((at the base of the stomach) –Regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine 2- TThhee ccaarrddiiaacc sspphhiinncctteerr ((lower esophageal sphincter ) –Limits the upward movement of acids into the esophagus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Oral cavity Tongue Mouth Salivary glands Salivary glands Esophagus Gall-bladder Liver Stomach Esophagus Sphincter Liver Pancreas Gall bladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Stomach Sphincter Small intestine A schematic diagram of the human digestive system The human digestive system
- 13. 21.5 Digestion begins in the oral cavity Teeth break up food,and functions of saliva 1-moistens food 2- Salivary enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch 3-Buffers neutralize acids 4-Antibacterial agents kills some bacteria ingested with food The tongue tastes, shapes the bolus of food, and moves it toward the pharynx Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Teeth Incisors Canine Premolars Molars “Wisdom” Tooth The human oral cavity Tongue Salivary glands Opening of a salivary gland duct
- 15. 21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach The trachea conducts air to the lungs The esophagus conducts food from Esophageal sphincter (contracted) Bolus of Food Muscles contract, the pharynx to the stomach Pharynx is the common passage for food and air Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Bolus of Food Stomach constricting passageway and pushing bolus down Muscles relax, allowing passageway to open Peristalsis moving a food bolus down the esophagus
- 16. 21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes Acid – pH 2 – Parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine to make HCl – Acid kills bacteria and breaks apart cells in food Pepsinogen and HCl produce pepsin – Pepsin production activates more pepsinogen production—positive feedback – Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins – Acidic gastric juices mix with food to produce acid chyme Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. 21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach? –Mucus helps protect against HCl and pepsin –New cells lining the stomach are produced about every 3 days Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 18. 21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption Small intestine is named for its smaller diameter—it is about 6 meters long Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes acid chyme and pancreatic enzymes digest food Bile, made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes Enzymes from cells of the intestine continue digestion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. Liver Bile Gall- Bladder Acid chyme Stomach Pancreatic juice Pancreas Intestinal enzymes Duodenum of small intestine The small intestine and related digestive organs
- 21. 21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption Surface area for absorption is increased by – Folds of the intestinal lining – Fingerlike villi Nutrients pass across the epithelium and into blood Blood flows to the liver where nutrients are processed and stored Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. 21.11 One of the liver’s many functions is processing nutrient-laden blood from the intestines Blood from the digestive tract ddrraaiinnss ttoo tthhee lliivveerr The liver performs many functions 1-Glucose in blood is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver 2-Liver synthesizes many proteins including blood clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol 3-Liver changes toxins to less toxic forms 4-Liver produces bile Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. Heart Kidneys The hepatic portal system. Hepatic portal Vein Liver Intestines
- 24. 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces Diarrhea occurs when too little water is reclaimed Constipation occurs when too much water is reclaimed Feces are stored in the rectum Colon bacteria produce vitamins—biotin, vitamin K, B vitamins Appendix – Located near the junction of the small intestine and colon – Makes a minor contribution to immunity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. Large intestine (colon) Sphincter Small End of small intestine Appendix Cecum Anus Unabsorbed food material intestine Rectum The relationship of the small and large intestine.
- 26. NUTRITION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. 21.14 Overview: A healthy diet satisfies three needs Fuel to power the body Organic molecules to build molecules Essential nutrients—raw materials that animals cannot make for themselves Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. 21.15 Chemical energy powers the body Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make ATP Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main sources of calories Basal metabolic rate (BMR): energy a resting animal requires each day Metabolic rate: BMR plus the energy needed for physical activity Excess energy is stored as glycogen or fat Our metabolic rates typically decrease throughout adulthood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 29. 21.16 An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients Essential nutrients cannot be made from any raw material Undernourishment—not enough calories Malnourishment—missing essential nutrients Animals cannot produce eight of the 20 amino acids named essential amino acids These eight amino acids must come from the diet Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. 21.18 A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals Essential vitamins and minerals – Required in minute amounts – Extreme excesses can be dangerous – Excess water-soluble vitamins can be eliminated in urine – Excess fat-soluble vitamins accumulate to dangerous levels in body fat Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts – Calcium and phosphorus are required in larger amounts – Most people ingest more salt than they need Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 31. 21.22 CONNECTION: What are the health risks and benefits of weight loss plans? Weight loss diets – May help individuals lose weight – May have health risks leading to malnourishment Diets fail because people return to old eating habits The most effective diets combine – Increased exercise – Limited balanced diet of about 1200 calories per day Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 32. 21.23 CONNECTION: Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer A healthy diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Two main types of cholesterol – LDL : contributes to blocked blood vessels and higher blood pressure – HDL : tends to reduce blocked blood vessels Exercise increases HDL levels Smoking decreases HDL levels Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 33. You should now be able to 1- Describe the four stages of food processing 2- Describe the main components of the human digestive tract and their functions 3- Explain how teeth and saliva help us swallow 4- Describe the Heimlich maneuver 5- Explain why the stomach does not digest itself 6- Describe the causes and treatment of heartburn, GERD, and gastric ulcers 7- Compare the structures and functions of the small and large intestines 8- Compare the digestive tracts of carnivores and herbivores 9- Distinguish between undernourishment and malnourishment 10- Describe the types of information found on food labels 11- Explain how a healthy diet and exercise promote good health Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 34. Nutrition and Digestion و ا
- 35. ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا Obtaining And Processing Food
- 36. ا م و ا ل # ا Herbivores ب% ت ا ( ا Carnivores م# ت ا ( ا Omnivores
- 37. ا ) دو + Suspension Feeding , ا-
- 38. ا Substrate Feeding . و - /#
- 39. ا Fluid Feeding 0 ا1-
- 40. ا Bulk Feeding 23
- 41. 4-
- 42. اا Ingestion ول 5
- 43. ا Digestion ا Absorption ص
- 44. ا Elimination 17 رج ا : د ا Mechanical Digestion ; ا ا Chemical Digestion ;04 ا ا Cnidarians And Flatworms # ان ا ) و ا = ت 7 ت (ا ار 54 ا Gastro Vascular Cavity ;0 ي و ف ) Alimentary Canal ه ھ 5= Human Digestive System ن1E ا ; ; ز ا 7 ا
- 45. Nutrition and Digestion و ا
- 46. ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا ا ت ا Alternating Waves F=
- 47. ) Contraction And Relaxation By Smooth 1 ( 1FE FJE ا ض وا ط ت ا ءMuscle ا Peristalsis )
- 48. ت ا 3FJE Sphincters L ( ا ت ا ةا Digestive Chambers 3 5J ة ا Pyloric ا Sphincter - ا ة ا F L ااا Salivary Enzymes تت اا بب +E ةHydrolysis Of Starch MN Buffers Neutralize Acids N و دا # ضAntibacterial Agents
- 49. 4F ا دة Shapes The Bolus Of ا مFood J 4% Oral Cavity ا ن1EO ; ا Wisdom Tooth J PQ Parietal Cells Secrete Hydrogen And 4 ار ا ة ا ت ا رو P) E و ا ر) (: Chloride Ions Pepsinogen P)51FF ا +E ا
- 50. Nutrition and Digestion و ا
- 51. ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا ارو رHcl S RN ا Positive Feedback ;-7 )
- 52. Q ع ا Acidic Gastric ا رة ا Juices # ا Acid ا س ا Chyme ;# 4 Alkaline Pancreatic Juice Neutralizes Acid ا رة ا ;# ا دا 4 - J Q 45F س ا Chyme Bile ا رة ا او Gall Bladder L# اا اا ااوو Surface Area For Absorption
- 53. Q ا صN1 Folds Of The Intestinal Lining E- ط ت ا ءFingerlike Villi V-L ت ا F% (: ل ا (ا ز) ا د ا Glucose In Blood Is Converted To %E م ; ) 7 W5 4Q #
- 54. ا اGlycogen ;E N و ن ا Stored In The Liver F4 ; +2 Liver م Synthesizes Many Proteins ء ا وت5 F 5F- J Blood وClotting Proteins /7 ت ا 5 - مLipoproteins That Transport Fats And ا وت ا ا
- 55. 14 م ا ھ J5- J ;
- 56. ن و ا F 5 F ول Cholesterol
- 57. Nutrition and Digestion و ا
- 58. ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا ل Liver Changes Toxins To Less Toxic Forms Q = X 1 F4 ا ا م ا # ھ ت ا Liver ا Produces Bile ا رة F4 ا Y
- 59. 5 او ا لDiarrhea Q Constipation RFJ ا ن ا Feces Are Stored In The Rectum J
- 60. 1 ; از F +2 ا Colon Bacteria Produce Vitamins—Biotin, P
- 61. P F Z 5
- 62. Y
- 63. 5 J
- 64. 4- ا ن ا ت ا , ك و ت ب Vitamin K, B Vitamins 5
- 65. Appendix وودد ةة اا 0 اا+ اا Nutrition
- 66. ا Nutrients Are Oxidized Inside Cells To Make ATP ت Q ;( ج
- 67. E] (2 ا : دا 0 ا اد ا ا 1M
- 68. PQ5 د ا ا در ا ات ا ار Main Sources Of Calories # 1 QQ Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) ;QQ R ل ا ا Energy A Resting Animal Requires Each ا ان ا ا ; = P P1 # )
- 69. # F1E ا مDay Metabolic Rate R ل ا Physical Activity # ا %E^-
- 70. Nutrition and Digestion و ا
- 71. ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا Excess Energy Is Stored As Glycogen Or Fat ;5 او دھ ;E اN %E X ھ 0 ا = ن ا +: Undernourishment
- 73. ء ا Q Essential Amino Acids ور 3 55 ض ا N ا Diet ;0 ا م ا _5 ا Essential Vitamins And Minerals ور دن ا ت و ا 5
- 74. ا Extreme Excesses طط ددةة اا + اا Minerals دن ا Weight Loss Diets زن ص ا JE] 0 ا ا _E ا Most Effective Diets M Z ا # م ا _E Increased Exercise 3 ا P ر
- 75. ا P + ا Limited Balanced Diet د# ازن و
- 76. N م _E Cardiovascular Disease And Cancer ن ط1 وا FJ ا و اض ا - -L ا ط2 Ldl Z4 اR25 ول
- 77. 1 Contributes To Blocked Blood Vessels ا و اد ا 1E ا ; ھ1 Hdl Z4 ا ; ول
- 78. 14 Tends To Reduce Blocked Blood Vessels ي ا و اد ا 1E ا F1E R: دي ا `