Chapter3
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1. Chemistry plays an important role in the study of nutrition by examining the organization of atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, and organ systems that make up the human body. 2. Nutrients from food are broken down and absorbed through a series of biological and chemical processes along the gastrointestinal tract and circulated through the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems to provide energy and building blocks to cells. 3. The kidneys and liver help eliminate cellular waste and metabolize nutrients circulating in the bloodstream before they are used by tissues and organs throughout the body.
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Chapter3
- 1. Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Aspects of Nutrition Chapter 3
- 2. How Does Chemistry Apply to the Study of Nutrition? • Organization • Atoms → simple molecules → complex molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems • Made of and fueled by nutrients in food
- 3. Levels of Organization in the Body
- 4. How Does Chemistry Apply to the Study of Nutrition? • Atoms • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons • Ions • Cations • Anions • Important ions
- 5. Formation of Cations and Anions
- 6. How Does Chemistry Apply to the Study of Nutrition? • Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions • Oxidation • Loss of electrons • Reduction • Gain of electrons
- 7. How Does Chemistry Apply to the Study of Nutrition? • Simple molecules • Elements – 20 essential for human health • 6 elements account or 99% of total body weight • Chemical bonds • Compounds • Molecular formulas
- 8. The Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body
- 9. How Does Chemistry Apply to the Study of Nutrition? • Complex molecules • Examples • Assembly and disassembly • Condensation • Hydrolysis • Acid-base chemistry • pH scale – Basic, neutral, acidic – Buffers
- 11. How Do Biological Molecules Form Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems? • Cells • Organelles, cytoplasm, Extracellular and intracellular environments • Cell membranes • Selectively permeable • Transport mechanisms – Passive transport mechanisms – Active transport mechanisms
- 12. How Do Biological Molecules Form Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems? • Passive transport mechanisms • Simple diffusion • Facilitated diffusion • Membrane-bound transport proteins • Osmosis • Solutes
- 14. How Do Biological Molecules Form Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems? • Active transport mechanisms • Carrier-mediated active transport • Requires ATP & transport proteins • Vesicular active transport • Endocytosis • Exocytosis Carrier-mediated active transport
- 15. Active Transport
- 16. A Typical Cell
- 17. How Do Biological Molecules Form Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems? • 4 types of tissues, 40 organs, 11 unique organ systems • Tissues • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Smooth, cardiac, skeletal • Neural
- 18. Four Basic Types of Tissue
- 19. How Do Biological Molecules Form Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems? • Organs • Two or more different types of tissues • Organ system • Communication systems • Nervous system – Neurotransmitters • Endocrine system – Hormones • Negative feedback systems
- 20. Organ Systems and Related Major Functions
- 21. How Does the Digestive System Break Down Food into Absorbable Components? • Gastrointestinal tract • Hollow tube from mouth to anus • Organs • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine • Accessory organs • Three important functions • Digestion, absorption, and egestion
- 22. Organs of the Digestive System
- 23. How Does the Digestive System Break Down Food into Absorbable Components? • Tissue layers • Mucosa • Mainly epithelial cells • GI secretions • Lifespan • Submucosa • Rich supply of blood vessels • Lymphatic vessels • Network of nerves
- 24. The Layers of the GI Tract
- 25. How Does the Digestive System Break Down Food into Absorbable Components? • Tissue layers • Muscularis • Two layers of smooth muscle – Longitudinal layer and circular layer • Mixing of food mass with digestive secretions • Serosa • Secretes fluid that lubricates digestive organs
- 26. How Do Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretions Facilitate Digestion? • Transit time • 24 to 72 hours • Factors affecting transit time • Sphincters • Named according to anatomical locations
- 27. Sphincters Regulate the Flow of Food
- 28. How Do Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretions Facilitate Digestion? • GI motility • Mixing and propulsion of material • Muscular contractions • Two types of movement • Segmentation – Mixes and propels food • Peristalsis – Vigorous propulsive movements
- 29. Segmentation
- 30. Peristalsis
- 31. How Do Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretions Facilitate Digestion? • GI secretions • Mucus • Protective coating • Digestive enzymes • Biological catalysts • Organs that release digestive secretions
- 32. Summary of Major GI Secretions
- 33. How Do Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretions Facilitate Digestion? • Three regulatory control mechanisms • Neural • Enteric nervous system – Sensory receptors: chemoreceptors & mechanoreceptors • Central nervous system • Hormonal • GI hormones – Influence desire to eat
- 34. The Major GI Hormones & Their Related Functions
- 35. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Three phases of digestion • Cephalic phase • Before food enters mouth • Gastric phase • Arrival of food in stomach • Intestinal phase
- 36. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Digestion begins in the mouth • Mastication • Saliva • Taste sensation • Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami • Olfactory and gustatory cells • Swallowing • Phases • Bolus
- 37. Voluntary & Involuntary Phases of Swallowing
- 38. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Esophagus • • • • Delivers food to the stomach Dysphagia Gastroesophageal sphincter Transit time • Less than 10 seconds
- 39. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Stomach • Regions • Fundus, body, and antrum • Pyloric sphincter • Storage • Rugae • Mixing food with gastric secretions • Third layer of smooth muscle • Chyme
- 40. Anatomy of the Stomach and Its Role in Digestion
- 41. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Stomach • Gastric secretions • Gastric pits – Endocrine and exocrine cells • Gastrin • Parietal cells • Chief cells • Gastric mucosal barrier
- 42. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Stomach • Peptic ulcers • Types • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) • Symptoms • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Gastroesophageal sphincter • Symptoms • Diagnosis
- 43. Peptic Ulcers
- 45. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Regulation of gastric emptying • Influential factors • Volume • Consistency • Composition of chyme • Influence of small intestine • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- 46. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Small intestine • Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption • Regions • Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum • Lining of small intestine • Plica circulares • Villi – Enterocytes • Microvilli • Lacteal
- 47. Overview of the SI and Accessory Organs
- 48. Absorptive Surface of the Small Intestine
- 49. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Digestion in the small intestine • Regulated by hormones • Secretin and CCK • Pancreatic juice • Bile • Produced in liver; stored in gallbladder • Digestion of fatty foods • Enterohepatic circulation • Enzyme facilitation
- 50. The Pancreas
- 51. The Role of the Liver and Gallbladder in Digestion
- 52. How Does the GI Tract Coordinate Functions to Optimize Digestion & Nutrient Absorption? • Nutrient absorption • Passive and active transport mechanisms • Stomach absorption • Small intestine absorption • Entry into and exit from enterocyte • Bioavailability • Influential factors
- 54. How Does the Body Circulate Nutrients & Eliminate Cellular Waste Products? • Transport • Circulatory system • Absorption from small intestine • Water-soluble nutrients • Circulate to liver in bloodstream
- 55. How Does the Body Circulate Nutrients & Eliminate Cellular Waste Products? • Cardiovascular system • Two loops • Systemic circulation • Delivers blood to all the body’s organs except lungs • Capillaries • Exchange of materials, nutrients, and gases • Arterial and venous vascular systems • Similarities and differences
- 56. Nutrient and Gas Exchange across the Capillary Wall
- 57. How Does the Body Circulate Nutrients & Eliminate Cellular Waste Products? • Cardiovascular system • Pulmonary circulation • Circulation between the heart and lungs • Pulmonary arteries and veins
- 59. How Does the Body Circulate Nutrients & Eliminate Cellular Waste Products? • Lymphatic system • Circulates fat-soluble nutrients • Eventually delivers them to cardiovascular system • Route initially bypasses the liver
- 60. How Does the Body Circulate Nutrients & Eliminate Cellular Waste Products? • Kidneys • Cellular waste products • Nephrons • Filtration – Initially removes substances from the blood • Reabsorption • Causes of impaired kidney function • Hemodialysis • Formation of urine
- 61. Overview of the Urinary System
- 62. What Is the Role of the Large Intestine? • Major functions • Absorption and reabsorption • Microbial action • Storage and elimination • Four general regions • Cecum • Colon • Rectum • Anal canal
- 63. Overview of the Large Intestine
- 64. What Is the Role of the Large Intestine? • Cecum • Appendix • Ileocecal sphincter • Colon • Ascending, transverse, descending • Anal canal • Internal and external anal sphincters
- 65. What Is the Role of the Large Intestine? • Absorption and reabsorption • Haustral contractions • Absorption • Some water and electrolytes • Reabsorption • GI secretions • Feces • Diarrhea and constipation
- 66. What Is the Role of the Large Intestine? • Microbial action • Intestinal microbiota • More than 400 species • Important roles • Probiotic and prebiotic foods • Egestion • Defecate
- 67. Irritable Bowel Syndrome & Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) • Autoimmune disease • Examples • Ulcerative colitis • Crohn’s disease • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) • Functional disorder • Underlying cause has not been determined