1) Nutrition in developing countries faces many challenges including poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition. Poverty is the main driver of hunger and is characterized by a lack of access to basic needs like food, water, shelter and healthcare.
2) Developing countries rely heavily on agriculture but face issues like unpredictable weather, lack of infrastructure, and political instability that impact food production and security. Common nutritional problems include protein-energy deficiencies, vitamin and mineral deficiencies like vitamin A and iodine, and anemia.
3) Improving nutrition requires a multi-sectoral approach including boosting food availability through sustainable agriculture, ensuring access through economic development, and supporting public health measures. National development goals like
Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating womanCM Pandey
These are the slides that me, Madan Pandey & my friend, Deepak Kumar Mandal has presented in our class, B. Sc. (Nutrition & dietetics) 3rd year. We have slides here about physiological changes during pregnancy & lactation; complications at these stages and nutritional requirements according to ICMR, 2010. I hope it would be useful for the friends who are studying in field of food, nutrition, health & medicine.
Madan Pandey
Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating womanCM Pandey
These are the slides that me, Madan Pandey & my friend, Deepak Kumar Mandal has presented in our class, B. Sc. (Nutrition & dietetics) 3rd year. We have slides here about physiological changes during pregnancy & lactation; complications at these stages and nutritional requirements according to ICMR, 2010. I hope it would be useful for the friends who are studying in field of food, nutrition, health & medicine.
Madan Pandey
Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
Jonathan Wells
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The New Nutrition Reality: Time to Recognize and Tackle the Double Burden of Malnutrition!
DEC 1, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:15 AM EST
Padma kanya college- Home Science
In this slide, you can find the causes of Malnutrition in developing countries (Nepal) and recommended food patterns for malnourished.
This was done as a student presentation using photographs & content from various web sites & textbooks on the assumption of fair usage for studying & is for NON-COMMERCIAL purposes.
Using video for health, nutrition, and agricultureJSI
A presentation from the SBCC Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, February 2016. In 2012, Digital Green and SPRING Nutrition project entered into a partnership for SPRING to provide DG with nutrition-related technical assistance and jointly test the feasibility of incorporating nutrition into the Digital Green model that was previously focused on agriculture. SPRING is a global USAID-funded nutrition project comprised of five globally respected nutrition and public health organizations.
SPRING and DG see this community-led video approach, with videos created by the community for the community, as a revolutionary tool for nutrition and health behavior change which blends innovative, low-cost, accessible technology with the strength of human-mediated interpersonal communication techniques. Although video provides a point of focus in this model, it is people and social dynamics that ultimately ensure its effectiveness. The model leverages people-based extension (community health, agriculture, or other) systems functioning through existing social organizations and other structures, and uses video as a tool for engagement, empowerment, motivation, and connection as community members come together and discuss topics relevant to their everyday lives.
Ultimately the approach responds to a demand for greater nutrition knowledge and health education in rural communities and empowers community members and groups to develop and disseminate this information.
Jonathan Wells
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The New Nutrition Reality: Time to Recognize and Tackle the Double Burden of Malnutrition!
DEC 1, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:15 AM EST
Padma kanya college- Home Science
In this slide, you can find the causes of Malnutrition in developing countries (Nepal) and recommended food patterns for malnourished.
This was done as a student presentation using photographs & content from various web sites & textbooks on the assumption of fair usage for studying & is for NON-COMMERCIAL purposes.
Using video for health, nutrition, and agricultureJSI
A presentation from the SBCC Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, February 2016. In 2012, Digital Green and SPRING Nutrition project entered into a partnership for SPRING to provide DG with nutrition-related technical assistance and jointly test the feasibility of incorporating nutrition into the Digital Green model that was previously focused on agriculture. SPRING is a global USAID-funded nutrition project comprised of five globally respected nutrition and public health organizations.
SPRING and DG see this community-led video approach, with videos created by the community for the community, as a revolutionary tool for nutrition and health behavior change which blends innovative, low-cost, accessible technology with the strength of human-mediated interpersonal communication techniques. Although video provides a point of focus in this model, it is people and social dynamics that ultimately ensure its effectiveness. The model leverages people-based extension (community health, agriculture, or other) systems functioning through existing social organizations and other structures, and uses video as a tool for engagement, empowerment, motivation, and connection as community members come together and discuss topics relevant to their everyday lives.
Ultimately the approach responds to a demand for greater nutrition knowledge and health education in rural communities and empowers community members and groups to develop and disseminate this information.
What is Mental Illness
( www.individualcareoftx.com )
Mental illness, mental disease, psychopathy (any disease of the mind; the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric intervention)
Types of Mental Illness
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
SCHIZOPHRENIA
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Individual Care Support
You can get support from:
Individual Care of Texas
Highland Associated Living
Mental Illness
Thank you
( www.individualcareoftx.com )
PUBLIC HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE DECLINE OF MORTALITY: THE MCKEOWN THESIS REV...Yeasir Yunus
The medical writer, Thomas McKeown, can justifiably claim to have
been one of the most influential figures in the development of the social history of
medicine during the third quarter of the twentieth century. Between 1955 and his
death in 1988, he published a stream of articles and books in which he outlined his
ideas about the reasons for the decline of mortality and the ‘modern rise of
population’ in Britain and other countries from the early-eighteenth century onwards.
Although McKeown’s main aim was to deflate the claims made by the proponents of
therapeutic medicine, his publications have sparked a long and protracted debate
about the respective roles of improvements in sanitation and nutrition in the process
of mortality decline, with particular emphasis in recent years on the impact of
sanitary reform in the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper attempts to
place the debate over the ‘McKeown thesis’ in a more long-term context, by looking
at the determinants of mortality change in England and Wales throughout the whole
of the period between circa 1750 and 1914, and pays particular attention to the role
of nutrition. It offers a qualified defence of the McKeown hypothesis, and argues that
nutrition needs to be regarded as one of a battery of factors, often interacting, which
played a key role in Britain’s mortality transition.
Population explosion,definition,causes of population explosion,high birth rate, low death rate, life expectancy,immigration,density of population,consequences of population explosion,overexploitation of natural resources,industrialisation and urbanisation, environmental pollution, poverty,malnutrition & famines,economic effect,social effect,population dyanamics of india,natality,mortality,emigration,immigration,age structure,sex ratio,dependency ratio,birth control methods. lastly question answer session and Thank You
This is ppt based on Food security in third world countries. it contains different types of topic like food chain, food crises, global response on food chain and in third world countries, it is mainly categorize in environmental part.
Food insecurity and poverty trends, Association between food insecurity and poverty, causes and effects, food insecurity and poverty in the Ugandan context.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
1. Community and Public Health
Nutrition
10-Nutrition in Developing
Countries
Prepared by;
Dr. Siham M.O. Gritly
1Dr Siham Gritly
2. Glossary
• Poverty; The state of being extremely poor. The state of
being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount or
the state or condition of having little or no money, goods,
or means of support; condition of being poor.
• hunger; a craving or urgent need for food or a specific
nutrient or an uneasy sensation occasioned by the lack of
food
• Or hunger: consequence of food insecurity that,
because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in
discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond
the usual uneasy sensation
2Dr Siham Gritly
3. • food poverty: hunger resulting from inadequate access to
available food for various reasons, including inadequate
resources, political obstacles, social disruptions, poor weather
conditions, and lack of transportation
• famine: widespread and extreme scarcity of food in an area
that causes starvation and death in a large portion of the
population.
• oral rehydration therapy (ORT): the administration of a
simple solution of sugar, salt, and water, taken by mouth, to
treat dehydration caused by diarrhea. A simple
• ORT recipe:
• • ½ L boiling water
• • 4 tsp sugar
• • ½ tsp salt Dr Siham Gritly 3
4. • Sustainable development is the development that
"meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs."
• food security: access to enough food to sustain
a healthy and active life.
• food insecurity: limited or uncertain access to
foods of sufficient quality or quantity to sustain a
healthy and active life.
• food insufficiency: an inadequate amount of
food due to a lack of resources.
Dr Siham Gritly 4
5. Developed vs. developing countries
• Developed countries mainly depend on
industries while Developing countries should
struggle for integrated rural development with
the sustainable agricultural development
and the promotion of economic activities.
• sustainable agriculture: ability to produce
food indefinitely, with little or no harm to the
environment.
Dr Siham Gritly 5
6. • Kramer, (2003) pointed out that disparities
between developed and developing countries
highlighted by;
• maternal mortality,
• infant mortality,
• stillbirth
• and low birth weight
Dr Siham Gritly 6
7. The double burden of diseases in the
developing world
• WHO indicated that;
• Hunger and malnutrition remain among the most
devastating problems facing the majority of the
world’s poor and needy people
• The root causes of malnutrition include;
• poverty and inequity.
• Eliminating these causes requires political and social
action
Dr Siham Gritly 7
8. Poverty is main characteristic of developing
countries
What is poverty
• Poverty refers to the condition of not having
the means to afford basic human needs such as
• Clean water
• Balance nutrition (quantity and quality)
• Health care
• clothing and shelter.
Dr Siham Gritly 8
9. poverty is derived in collective terms at three
dimensions:
• incidence of poverty (percent of individuals
out of the total sample whose incomes are
insufficient to attain the minimum energy
level),
• depth (intensity) of poverty (meaning how
far is the poor group from reaching the
minimum energy level),
• and the severity of poverty (energy inequality
within the poor group).
Dr Siham Gritly 9
10. • Each of these dimensions might require a
different policy action
• the most widely used poverty measure is
poverty incidence; also known as headcount
ratio.
Dr Siham Gritly 10
11. Poverty line
• Poverty line is defined as expenditure required
for daily Calorie intake of 2.400 per person in
rural areas and 2000 Calories in urban areas
• Poverty is the main cause of;
• Low expectancy
• Low birth weight
• High maternal mortality
Dr Siham Gritly 11
12. • Under five years of age mortality
• Handicap and disability
• Stress and mental illness
• Suicide
• Family disintegration
• Drug use and crime
Dr Siham Gritly 12
13. Human Development Index (HPI).
• HDI Defined as; a composite (complex) index
combining indicators representing three dimensions;
• 1-longevity (the expectancy at birth) long life
• 2-knowledge (adult literacy rate and mean year of
schooling) knowledgeable
• 3-income (real GDP Gross Domestic Product per
capita in purchasing power parity in US dollars) high
standard of life
• GDP is gross income generated within the country
excluded net income received from abroad
Dr Siham Gritly 13
14. • The human development index provides a
more comprehensive picture of human life
than income does
• The HDI ranges between 0-1
• The HDI value for a countries shows the
distance that it has already travelled to words
maximum possible value to 1 and allows
comparisons
Dr Siham Gritly 14
15. • To construct the index, maximum and
minimum values have been established for
each of the indicators
• 1-life expectancy at birth- 25 and 85 years
• 2- adult literacy rate- 0 percent and 100
percent
• 3-GDP per capita; $ 100 and $ 40.000
Dr Siham Gritly 15
16. Human Poverty Index (HPI).
• 1997 another term Human Poverty Index was
introduced
• The HPI assesses levels and progress using a concept
of development much broader than that allowed by
income alone (Human Development Report 2010).
• The human Poverty Index measures deprivation in
human development needs (health, education and
income)
• 1-longevity
• 2-knowledge
• 3-income
Dr Siham Gritly 16
17. Nutrition in developing countries
• UNFPA reported that there are some factors
contributing to the poor health status among
African population.
• These factors include
• malnutrition,
• lack of sanitation especially drinking water, and
absence of health care during pregnancy,
• uncontrolled fertility,
• illegal abortion
• and low education.
Dr Siham Gritly 17
18. Food production and food security
• Food production can influenced by factors such
as;
• pests,
• Climatic variations,
• prices,
• availability of agricultural inputs and farmers'
ability to obtain them,
• political stability and
• peace
Dr Siham Gritly 18
19. • Most food in the world comes from;
• cereals.
• The second largest amount of food comes from
root crops,
• followed by legumes or pulses.
Dr Siham Gritly 19
20. Food availability; the role of agriculture
sector in developing countries
• The main objectives of agricultural sectors is to;
• provide balance and adequate diet for all the member of
the community Expanding agricultural efforts to increase
and improve food production
• to have to understand the needs of human and how to
overcome the problems of malnutrition,
• job opportunities for huge number of the society,
increase the income of rural families through greater
production of cash crops so agriculture is very related to
human nutrition.
Dr Siham Gritly 20
21. To improve nutrition, agricultural planners
should aim to;
• expand the production of staple cereals and
legumes
• should promote consumption of fruits,
vegetables, oilseeds and
• livestock products or those of small animal
husbandry.
Dr Siham Gritly 21
22. Access to food (food demand)
• Access to food, or food demand, is influenced
by;
• economic issue,
• physical infrastructure and
• consumer preferences.
Dr Siham Gritly 22
23. food security
• Food security defined as; "access by all
people at all times to enough food (quality
and quantity) required for an active and
healthy life"
• the under nutrition in developing countries is
due to inadequate intake of both protein and
energy and that it is often associated with
infectious diseases.
Dr Siham Gritly 23
24. • Achieving food security includes ensuring:
• a nutritionally adequate and safe food
supply at both the national and household
levels;
• stability in the supply of food during the
year and in all years;
• access by each household to sufficient food
to meet the needs of all
Dr Siham Gritly 24
25. Food security categories:
• High food security: no indications of food
access problems or limitations
• Marginal food security: one or two
indications of food-access problems but with
little or no change in food intake
Dr Siham Gritly 25
26. Food insecurity categories:
• Low food security: reduced quality of life
with little or no indication of reduced food
intake; formerly known as food insecurity
without hunger
• Very low food security: multiple indications
of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food
intake; formerly known as food insecurity with
hunger
Dr Siham Gritly 26
27. Social and cultural factors
• Social factors and cultural practices in most
countries have a very great influence on;
• what people eat,
• how they prepare food,
• their feeding practices and
• the foods they prefer
Dr Siham Gritly 27
28. • many practices are specifically designed;
• to protect and promote health;
• providing women with rich, energy-dense
foods during the first months of pregnancy
• Some researcher suggested that traditional
food practices and taboos constitute an
important cause of malnutrition in some areas
of Africa
Dr Siham Gritly 28
29. • Nutritionists need to have a knowledge of the
food habits and practices of the communities
in which they work so that they can help to
support the positive habits
Dr Siham Gritly 29
30. Food habits
• habit is an accustomed way of doing things.
Habits accumulated through generations emerge
as customs, and customs in turn create habits.
• All people have their likes and dislikes and their
beliefs about food,
• They tend to like what their mothers cooked for
them when they were young,
• the foods that are served on festive occasions or
those eaten with friends and family away from
home during their childhood.
Dr Siham Gritly 30
31. Nutritional advantages of traditional food
habits
• The traditional diets of most societies in
developing countries are good.
• Eating certain protein-rich foods such as
insects, snakes, baboons, mongooses, dogs,
cats, unusual seafoods and snails is beneficial.
• Another habit that is good nutritionally is the
consumption of animal blood.
• Blood is a rich food, and mixed with milk it is
highly nutritious.
Dr Siham Gritly 31
32. Food taboos
• *Food taboos defined as a set of rules about which foods or
combinations of foods may not be eaten
• The origin of these prohibitions is varied. In some cases,
these taboos are a result of health considerations or other
practical reasons.
• A taboo may be followed by a whole national group or tribe,
by part of a tribe or by certain groups in the society.
• Within the society, different food customs may be practiced
only by women or children, or by pregnant women or
female children
Dr Siham Gritly 32
33. • There are two main types of food prohibitions;
permanent and transitory.
• *permanent; maintained by specific cultural and
religious groups. Consumption of these foods is
part of what distinguishes each culture from other.
• *transitory, is applied to individuals within a
cultural setting due to specific phase states, such
as illness, pregnancy, postpartum, lactation and so
on.
Dr Siham Gritly 33
34. Nutrition and development
famine, hunger and starvation
.
34Dr Siham Gritly
The malnutrition consequences include;
death, disability, stunted mental and physical
growth, and as a result, retarded national
socioeconomic development.
35. Stages in the Development of a Nutrient
Deficiency
• 1-Primary deficiency caused by inadequate diet
or Secondary deficiency caused by problem inside
the body------assessment methods;-Diet history
and Health history
• 2-Declining nutrient stores (subclinical) and
Abnormal functions inside the body assessment
methods;-Laboratory tests
• 3-Physical signs and symptoms, assessment
methods; -Physical examination and
anthropometric measures
Dr Siham Gritly 35
36. malnutrition: any condition caused by excess or
deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an
imbalance of nutrients.
Dr Siham Gritly 36
The severe wasting
characteristic of
marasmus
The edema characteristic of
kwashiorkor is apparent
in this child’s swollen belly.
Malnourished children commonly
have an enlarged abdomen from
parasites as well.
37. some factors as suggested by researchers that
contribute to nutritional problems among
underdeveloped communities; drought, flood, and
pests additional to political causes created by people
Dr Siham Gritly 37
Political Turbulence (disorder); A sudden
increase in food prices, a drop in
workers’ incomes, or a change in
government policy can quickly leave
millions hungry
Armed Conflicts; dominant cause of
famine worldwide.
Natural Disasters; Natural disasters and
other poor weather conditions create
food shortages
Without water, croplands
become deserts
38. Nutrition, infection and national development
• the effects of nutritional status on infections
and of infections on malnutrition a very
important relationship.
• The majority of children in most developing
countries suffer from malnutrition at some
time in their first five years of life.
• control of infectious diseases and
• improvements in the children's food intake and
health care. Are main factors that reduce
children mortality
Dr Siham Gritly 38
39. • Many of the children who suffer from
malnutrition and a series of infections;
• They are often;
• retarded in their physical,
• psychological or behavioural development,
• And a shortened life expectation.
Dr Siham Gritly 39
40. the most common serious nutritional
problems in almost all developing
countries
• Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM),
• vitamin A deficiency,
• iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)
• and nutritional anaemia - mainly resulting from
iron deficiency
Dr Siham Gritly 40
41. Principle problems of nutrition in
developing countries
• Maternal malnutrition
• Poor nutrition in preconception period and
pregnancy
• Maternal depletion, poor pregnancy weight
gain, and depletion of nutrient stores (fat and
muscle mass, iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A,
etc.)
• Maternal anemia, or protein energy
malnutrition
Dr Siham Gritly 41
42. • Infant feeding
• Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) for first 4-6
months
• Those not EBF have double the infant
mortality rate as breast fed infants in
developing countries
Why
What are the benefit of breast milk
Dr Siham Gritly 42
43. • Weaning
• Continue breast feeding until 2 years child
• energy-dense food with high-quality complete
protein, essential vitamins and minerals
What are the main weaning food used in
Sudan
Dr Siham Gritly 43
44. • Micronutrient deficiencies
• Iron deficiency
– Anemia
– Impaired cognitive function
– Decreased physical activity
– Decreased work capacity in older children and
adults
– Decreased appetite
– Impaired cellular immune function
• Dr Siham Gritly 44
45. • Vitamin A
–Irreversible blindness
–Increased morbidity and mortality from
infection, especially pneumonia and
diarrhea
–Loss of structure and function of epithelial
linings of the body
–Impaired cellular immune function
Dr Siham Gritly 45
46. • Iodine deficiency
Impaired intellectual capacity, decreased
productivity,
Significant cause of poor pregnancy outcome,
severely retarded infants, children, and
adults
Dr Siham Gritly 46
47. • Others such as;
• Zinc deficiency
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Folic acid
• Calcium
• Vitamin D
Dr Siham Gritly 47
48. Poverty in Sudan
The UN Millennium Development Goals in Sudan
• The incidence of poverty in Northern Sudan
stood at 46.5%.
• This means that almost one out of two
Northern Sudanese does not have the
necessary means to purchase the value of a
minimum food and non-food bundle.
• Poverty levels vary greatly by state.
Dr Siham Gritly 48
49. • The incidence of poverty ranges from a quarter
of the population in the capital to more than
two thirds of the population in Northern
Darfur.
• That is the percentage of individuals whose
incomes are insufficient to achieve the
minimum energy level ,
Dr Siham Gritly 49
50. the growth strategy needs to focus on two
areas:
• (i) support for the agricultural sector,
including livestock, forestry and fisheries, to
promote growth and productivity change;
and
(ii) support for private sector development,
with policies, institutions, incentives and
infrastructural services to promote
investments, innovation, productivity growth
and employment creation in all sectors of the
economy.
Dr Siham Gritly 50
51. The key roles for the government in the
strategy includes
• (i) the maintenance of macroeconomic stability
that reduces macroeconomic risks,
• improves the confidence of the business sector in
the management of the economy,
• helps to maintain the competitiveness of
Sudanese firms;
(ii) adopt policy and institutional framework that
supports the strategic objectives of growth and
poverty reduction;
Dr Siham Gritly 51
52. • (iii) pursue human development efforts that
builds a skilled labor force consistent with the
demands of the labor markets to foster
innovation and productivity; and
(iv) economic services including infrastructure,
and for agriculture, knowledge related
services (research, extension and capacity
building).
Dr Siham Gritly 52
53. • the MDGs assessments in Sudan indicate to
positive and encouraging progress on;
• Goal 2 (access to education particularly at
primary level),
• Goal 3 (Gender Equality and Empowerment of
Women) and
• Goal 6 (HIV/AIDS).
Dr Siham Gritly 53
54. • Goal 1, Goal 4, Goal 5 and Goal 7 of the MDGs
may not be achieved unless current efforts are
scale up on all fronts (resources both human
and financial) to reverse current trends.
Dr Siham Gritly 54
56. Hunger-Relief Organizations
Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition.
2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Organization Mission Statement
Action without
Borders
www.idealist.org
International organization seeking to connect
people, organizations, and resources to help build
a worldwhere all people can live free and dignifi ed
lives.
Bread for the World
www.bread.org
Non-partisan, Christian citizens’ movement seeking to
influence reform in policies, programs, and conditions that
allow hunger and poverty to persist globally.
Community Food
Security Coalition
www.foodsecurity.org
North American coalition of diverse people and olevels to
build community food securityrganizations working from the
local to the international
Congressional
Hunger Center
www.hungercente
r.org.
Bipartisan organization training and inspiring
leaders with the intent to end hunger, and
advocatingpublic policies to create a food-secure
world Dr Siham Gritly 56
57. Hunger-Relief Organizations
Organization Mission Statement
Food and Agriculture
Organization
(FAO) of the United
Nations
www.fao.org
International organization leading efforts to
defeat hunger by helping to develop and
modernizecountries’ agriculture, forestry, and fi
shery practices
Oxfam
www.oxfamamerica.org
America International relief and development
organization aiming to create lasting solutions to
poverty, hunger, and injustice.
Pan American Health
Organization
www.paho.org
International public health agency aiming to
strengthen national and local health systems with
thepurpose of improving the quality of, and
lengthening, the lives of peoples in the Americas.
The Hunger Project
www.
thp.org
International relief organization emphasizing
sustainable solutions such as rural development
and selfreliance to facilitate food security
Dr Siham Gritly 57
58. Hunger-Relief Organizations
Organization Mission Statement
United Nations
Children’s Fund
(UNICEF)
www.unicef.org
International organization advocating for the protection of
children’s rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand
their opportunities to reach their full potentials.
World Food Program
www.wfp.org
Food aid branch of the United Nations aiming to prepare for,
protect during, and provide assistance after, emergencies, as
well as reducing hunger and undernutrition
World Health
Organization (WHO)
www.who.int
United Nations agency acting as the authority on international
public health by infl uencing policy, setting research agendas,
establishing standards, and providing technical support to
monitor and assess
health trends
World Hunger Year
(WHY)
www.whyhunger.org
Domestic organization supporting and funding community-
based organizations intent on empoweringindividuals and
building self-reliance to provide long-term solutions to hunger
and poverty.
Dr Siham Gritly 58
59. references
• The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.
• Diet, physical activity and health. Geneva, World Health Organization,
2002 (documents A55/16 and A55/16 Corr.1).
• . Popkin BM. The shift in stages of the nutritional transition in the
developing world differs from past experiences! Public Health
Nutrition, 2002, 5:205-214.
• The world health report 1998. Life in the 21st century: a vision for all.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998
• Nutrition and development: a global assessment. Rome, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Geneva, World
Health Organization, 1992.
• Promoting appropriate diets and healthy lifestyles. In: Major issues
for nutrition strategies. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations and Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992:17-
20.
59Dr Siham Gritly
60. • Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under
standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011, 2008
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
• Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition
transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutrition
Reviews, 1997, 55:31-43.
• World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. Summary
report. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, 2002.
• Bruinsma J, ed. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An
FAO perspective. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations/London, Earthscan, 2003
60Dr Siham Gritly
61. Questions to Identify Food Insecurity
in Household
• 1. Did you worry whether food would run out before
you got money to buy more?
• 2. Did you find that the food you bought just didn’t last
and you didn’t have money to buy more?
• 3. Were you unable to afford to eat balanced meals?
• 4. Did you or other adults in your household ever cut
the size of your meals or skip meals because there
wasn’t enough food?
• 5. Did this happen in three or more months during the
previous year?
• 6. Did you ever eat less than you felt you should
because there wasn’t enough money for food?
Dr Siham Gritly 61
62. • Were you ever hungry but didn’t eat because
you couldn’t afford enough food?
• 8. Did you ever lose weight because you didn’t
have enough money to buy food?
• 9. Did you or other adults in your household
ever not eat for a whole day because you were
running out of money to buy food?
Dr Siham Gritly 62
63. • 10. Did this happen in three or more months
during the previous year?
• 11. Did you rely on only a few kinds of low-
cost food to feed your children because you
were running out of money to buy food?
• 12. Were you unable to feed your children a
balanced meal because you couldn’t afford it?
• 13. Were your children not eating enough
because you just couldn’t afford enough food?
Dr Siham Gritly 63
64. • 14. Did you ever cut the size of your children’s
meals because there wasn’t enough money for
food?
• 15. Were your children ever hungry but you just
couldn’t afford enough food?
• 16. Did your children ever skip a meal because
there wasn’t enough money for food?
• 17. Did this happen in three or more months
during the previous year?
• 18. Did your children ever not eat for a whole day
because there wasn’t enough money for food?
Dr Siham Gritly 64
Editor's Notes
Ref Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 797).
Ref Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 797).
Adapted from Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011
Adapted from Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011
Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Ref Ellie Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes; Under standing Nutrition, Twelfth Edition. 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning