The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including its main components and functions. It describes the digestive tract which processes food from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also outlines the accessory organs that help with digestion, such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The six main functions of the digestive system are ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, movement of food and waste, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
Austin Digestive System is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Digestive System.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Digestive System. Austin Digestive System accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Digestive System.
Austin Digestive System strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Austin Digestive System is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Digestive System.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Digestive System. Austin Digestive System accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Digestive System.
Austin Digestive System strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Austin Digestive System is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Digestive System.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Digestive System. Austin Digestive System accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Digestive System.
Austin Digestive System strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
human digestive system and its function. Human digestive system starts from Mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus are the parts in the human digestive system.
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
Austin Digestive System is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Digestive System.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Digestive System. Austin Digestive System accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Digestive System.
Austin Digestive System strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
human digestive system and its function. Human digestive system starts from Mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus are the parts in the human digestive system.
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
With this presentation we will learn to develop an understanding of the relationships between the structures and functions of the human digestive system and digestive processes which include the processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
3. • The digestive system includes the digestive tract
and its accessory organs, which process food into
molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by
the cells of the body.
• Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the
molecules are small enough to be absorbed and
the waste products are eliminated.
• The digestive tract, also called the alimentary
canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, consists of a
long continuous tube that extends from the mouth
to the anus.
• It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The
tongue and teeth are accessory structures
located in the mouth.
• The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas are major accessory organs that have a
role in digestion. These organs secrete fluids into
the digestive tract.
4. Food undergoes three types of processes in the body:
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Elimination
Digestion and absorption occur in the digestive tract.
After the nutrients are absorbed, they are available to all
cells in the body and are utilized by the body cells in
metabolism.
5.
6. The digestive system prepares nutrients for
utilization by body cells through six activities, or
functions
Ingestion
The first activity of the digestive system is to take in food through
the mouth. This process, called ingestion, has to take place
before anything else can happen.
Mechanical Digestion
The large pieces of food that are ingested have to be broken into
smaller particles that can be acted upon by various enzymes. This
is mechanical digestion, which begins in the mouth with chewing
or mastication and continues with churning and mixing actions in
the stomach.
7. The digestive system prepares nutrients
for utilization by body cells through six
activities, or functions
Chemical Digestion
The complex molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and
fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells.
Chemical digestion, through a process called hydrolysis,
uses water and digestive enzymes to break down the
complex molecules. Digestive enzymes speed up the
hydrolysis process, which is otherwise very slow.
Movements
After ingestion and mastication, the food particles move
from the mouth into the pharynx, then into the
esophagus. This movement is deglutition or swallowing.
Mixing movements occur in the stomach as a result of
smooth muscle contraction. These repetitive contractions
usually occur in small segments of the digestive tract and
mix the food particles with enzymes and other fluids. The
movements that propel the food particles through the
digestive tract are called peristalsis. These are rhythmic
waves of contractions that move the food particles
through the various regions in which mechanical and
chemical digestion takes place.
8. The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by
body cells through six activities, or functions
Absorption
The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion
pass through cell membranes of the lining in the small
intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries. This process is
called absorption.
Elimination
The food molecules that cannot be digested or absorbed
need to be eliminated from the body. The removal of
indigestible wastes through the anus, in the form of feces, is
defecation or elimination.
11. Regions of the Digestive System
• At its simplest, the digestive system
is a tube running from mouth to
anus. Its chief goal is to break down
huge macromolecules (proteins, fats
and starch), which cannot be
absorbed intact, into smaller
molecules (amino acids, fatty acids
and glucose) that can be absorbed
across the wall of the tube, and into
the circulatory system for
dissemination throughout the body.
12. Regions of the digestive system can be divided into two main parts:
the alimentary tract and accessory organs.
1. Alimentary Tract of the Digestive
System
Mouth
Pharynx & Esophagus
Stomach
Small and Large Intestine
2. Accessory Organs of the Digestive
System
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
13.
14.
15. Mouth
The mouth, or oral cavity, is the first part of the digestive
tract. It is adapted to receive food by ingestion, break it
into small particles by mastication, and mix it with saliva.
The lips, cheeks, and palate form the boundaries. The oral
cavity contains the teeth and tongue and receives the
secretions from the salivary glands
16. Pharynx & Esophagus
• Pharynx
Food is forced into the pharynx by the tongue. When
food reaches the opening, sensory receptors
respond and initiate an involuntary swallowing reflex.
This reflex action has several parts. The epiglottis
drops downward to prevent food from entering the
larynx and trachea in order to direct the food into the
esophagus. Peristaltic movements propel the food
from the pharynx into the esophagus.
• Esophagus
The esophagus is a collapsible muscular tube that
serves as a passageway between the pharynx and
stomach. The mucosa has glands that secrete mucus
to keep the lining moist and well lubricated to ease
the passage of food. Upper and lower esophageal
sphincters control the movement of food into and out
of the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter is
sometimes called the cardiac sphincter and resides at
the esophagogastric junction.
17. The stomach, which receives food from the esophagus, is in the
upper left quadrant of the abdomen. The stomach muscles
contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The
pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to
pass from the stomach to the small intestine. The stomach can
expand or contract depending upon the amount of food
contained within it. When contracted, the interior walls form
numerous folds (rugae), which disappear when the walls are
distended. The thick mucous-membrane lining of the walls is
densely packed with small gastric glands; these secrete a
mixture of enzymes and hydrochloric acid that partly digest
proteins and fats.
Stomach,
18. Stomach,
• The stomach muscles are rarely inactive. Upon entry of
food, they relax briefly, then begin to contract. Periodic
contractions churn and knead food into a semifluid
mixture called chyme; rhythmical pumping (peristaltic)
waves move food toward the pylorus and small
intestine.
• The absorption of food, water, and electrolytes by the
stomach is practically negligible, but iron and highly fat-
soluble substances such as alcohol and some drugs
are absorbed directly.
Stomach Emptying
Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter allows chyme to pass
from the stomach into the small intestine. The rate of
which this occurs depends on the nature of the chyme and
the receptivity of the small intestine.
19. • The intestines are a long, continuous tube running from
the stomach to the anus. Most absorption of nutrients
and water happen in the intestines. The intestines
include the small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
• The small intestine (small bowel) is about 20 feet long
and about an inch in diameter. Its job is to absorb most
of the nutrients from what we eat and drink. Velvety
tissue lines the small intestine, which is divided into the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• The large intestine (colon or large bowel) is about 5
feet long and about 3 inches in diameter. The colon
absorbs water from wastes, creating stool. As stool
enters the rectum, nerves there create the urge to
defecate.
Fun Fact about Small & Large
Intestine
20. Small & Large Intestine
Small Intestine
The small intestine finishes the process of digestion,
absorbs the nutrients, and passes the residue on to the
large intestine. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are
accessory organs of the digestive system that are closely
associated with the small intestine. The small intestine is
divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small
intestine follows the general structure of the digestive tract
in that the wall has a mucosa.
• The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is
increased by plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli.
• The most important factor for regulating secretions in
the small intestine is the presence of chyme.
21.
22. Small & Large Intestine
Large Intestine
The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small
intestine. It begins where the ileum enters the large
intestine and ends at the anus. The large intestine
consists of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. Unlike the
small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive
enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small
intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine.
Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of
water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces.
23. Small & Large Intestine
The colon extends from the cecum up the right side of the abdomen,
across the upper abdomen, and then down the left side of the
abdomen, finally connecting to the rectum. The colon has four parts:
the ascending colon and transverse colon, which absorb water and
salts; and the descending colon, which holds the resulting waste.
Bacteria in the colon help to digest the remaining food products.
Ascending Colon: The ascending colon is on the right side of the
abdomen, which starts from the cecum to the liver (hepatic flexure).
Transverse Colon: The transverse colon starts from the hepatic
flexure (the turn of the colon by the liver) to the splenic flexure (the
turn of the colon by the spleen).
Descending Colon: The descending colon starts from the splenic
flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid Colon: The sigmoid colon starts after the descending
colon and before the rectum.
24. Small & Large Intestine
Rectum and Anus,
The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract
where stool leaves the body. The rectum is the section of
the digestive tract above the anus where stool is held
before it passes out of the body through the anus.
• The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the
large intestine, immediately following the sigmoid
colon, and ends at the anus. Ordinarily, the rectum is
empty because stool is stored higher in the descending
colon. Eventually, the descending colon becomes full,
and stool passes into the rectum, causing an urge to
move the bowels (defecate).
25. Accessory Organs
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the
digestive tract, but they have a role in digestive activities and are
considered accessory organs.
Salivary Glands,
The salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity, where it is mixed
with food. Saliva contains water, mucus, and enzyme amylase.
Functions of saliva include the following:
• It has a cleansing action on the teeth.
• It moistens and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing.
• It dissolves certain molecules so that food can be tasted.
• It begins the chemical digestion of starches through the action of
amylase, which breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.
26. Accessory Organs
Liver,
It is the largest gland in the body. The liver's main job is to filter the
blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of
the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs.
As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines.
The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other
functions.
• This organ is vital to the body’s metabolic functions and immune
system. Without a functioning liver, a person cannot survive.
• The liver stores vitamins as well as minerals such as copper and
iron, releasing them if the body needs them. The liver also helps to
break down fats in a person’s diet. It either stores fats or releases
them as energy.
27. Gallbladder,
The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver.
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals,
the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before
a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a
small pear. The gallbladder stores bile, a combination of fluids,
fat, and cholesterol. Bile helps break down fat from food in your
intestine. The gallbladder delivers bile into the small intestine.
This allows fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients to be more easily
absorbed into the bloodstream.
Accessory Organs
28. Accessory
Organs
Pancreas,
The pancreas is an organ located in the
abdomen. It plays an essential role in
converting the food we eat into fuel for the
body's cells. The pancreas has two main
functions: an exocrine function that helps in
digestion and an endocrine function that
regulates blood sugar.
• A healthy pancreas produces the correct
chemicals in the proper quantities, at the
right times, to digest the foods we eat.
29. Review: Introduction to the Digestive System
Here is what we have learned from Introduction to the Digestive System:
• The digestive tract includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs, which
process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the
body.
• Food undergoes three types of processes in the body: digestion, absorption, and
elimination.
• The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by body cells through six
activities, or functions: ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion,
movements, absorption, and elimination.
• The wall of the digestive tract has four layers or tunics: mucosa, submucosa,
muscular layer, and serous layer or serosa.
• Regions of the digestive system can be divided into two main parts: alimentary tract
and accessory organs.
• The alimentary tract of the digestive system is composed of the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.
• Associated with the alimentary tract are the following accessory organs: salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.