The female reproductive system produces gametes and supports embryo development. The ovaries contain developing eggs and produce hormones. During each menstrual cycle, one egg is released from an ovarian follicle during ovulation. If fertilized, it implants in the uterus, where development occurs. The placenta forms to support the growing fetus by exchanging nutrients and waste. Childbirth involves dilation of the cervix and expulsion of the fetus and placenta. The mammary glands produce milk during lactation to nourish a newborn.
The placenta is a large organ that develops during pregnancy.Blood from the mother passes through the placenta, filtering oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to your baby via the umbilical cord.
The placenta is a large organ that develops during pregnancy.Blood from the mother passes through the placenta, filtering oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to your baby via the umbilical cord.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Its was best ppt for reproductive system
Female reproductive organs
And to understand the reproductive system
Easily understand the topic
Best and helpful points
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Chapter25 reprofemalemarieb
1. Ch 24: The Reproductive System, Part 2
pp 723-747
Gonads = ovaries
Gametes = ova (one/month)
Unlike the male, mostly internal
Female repro system
must produce gametes
AND maintain
developing embryo
Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
5. Oogenesis (= ovum production)
Takes place inside ovarian follicles in
ovaries as part of ovarian cycle
Oogonia (= stem cells) complete
mitotic divisions before birth
At birth: ~ 2x106 primary oocytes
At puberty: ~ 400,000 primary oocytes
40 years later: 0 (even though only ~ 500 used)
Atresia
8. Oogenesis
2. Primary follicle (days 3-8)
1. Double layer of theca cells
2. Enlargement due to estrogen
3. More atresia
9. Oogenesis
3. Secondary follicle (days 8-10)
1. Liquor folliculi appears
2. Theca more developed
3. Granulosa cells producing estrogen, under
influence of FSH
4. Zona pellucida visible
10. Oogenesis
4. Tertiary (Graafian or vesicular) follicle (days 11-14)
1. Ready for ovulation
2. Theca well developed
3. Granulosa cells secreting estrogen
4. First meiosis completed
• CO = Cumulus oophorus
• G = Granulosa cells
• CR = corona radiata
11. Tertiary or Graafian
Follicle
Spans entire width of cortex
First meiotic division being
completed: 1oocyte divides into
one 2 oocyte and one polar body
12. Ovarian cyst
Cyst = bag, usually filled
with fluid
Usually follicular or
luteal cysts.
13. Ovulation
Oocyte and follicular cells shed into abdominal
cavity and collected by fimbria
then
1. Empty follicle forms corpus luteum which produces
progesterone
2. Corpus luteum degenerates and becomes corpus
albicans
3. GnRH increases under low estrogen and progesterone
levels
14. Menstrual Cycle
• Day 1: first day of menses (period)
• Days 7-14: Proliferative phase
– Follicle develops, secretes estrogen
• Day 14: Ovulation
• Days 14-28 (luteal phase):
– Corpus luteum forms from follicle, secretes progesterone, eventually
becomes corpus albicans
15. Uterine Tube
= Fallopian tube =
oviduct = salpinx
Infundibulum with fimbriae
– Ampulla (place of fertilization)
– Isthmus
– Intramural portion
Most common site of ectopic pregnancy
Tubal ligation
16. Uterine Tube Histology
Ciliated and non-ciliated simple
columnar epithelium
Ciliary movement and periodic
peristaltic contractions move
ova
Secretion of nutrient substances
17. The Uterus = Womb
Fundus, Body, Isthmus, Cervix
Uterine wall ~ 1.5 cm
made up of
1. Endometrium,
2. Myometrium,
3. Incomplete perimetrium (visceral
peritoneum)
Blood supply
– Uterine arteries from internal iliac
– Ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta
(inferior to renal arteries)
fig 24.11
18. Histology of Endometrium
• Functional zone –
deciduum, sheds during
menses
– menstruation - flow sheds
functionalis layer of
endometrium
– proliferative phase - under
influence of estrogen basal
cells proliferate
– secretory phase - progesterone
maintains functionalis
• Basilar zone – permanent
layer, deep to functionalis
19. Functions of Uterus
• Protection of
embryo/fetus
• Nutritional support
• Waste removal
• Ejection of fetus at birth
20. Cervix and Vagina
• Cervix attaches to vagina at ~ 90° angle
– Fibrous connective tissue
• Fornix – pocket surrounding uterine cervix
(surgical access to pelvic cavity; location of
birth control device)
• Vagina – fibro-muscular tube serving as
– receptacle for intercourse
– passageway for menstrual products
– birth canal
• External genitalia
– Labia majora and minora
– Clitoris
– Urethral papilla
21. Fertilization
•Acrosomal Reaction
•Enzymes in
acrosome dissolve
part of zona
pellucida
•Cortical Reaction
•Destroys receptors
for further
spermatozoa
•Fertilized zygote enters
uterus at ~ day 4
22. Pregnancy
•Implantation (day 6)
•Blastocyst + trophoblast
•Loss of zona pellucida
•Trophoblast proliferates
•Attachment to
endometrium
23. Pregnancy
•becomes an endocrine gland:
•HCG (similar to LH) maintains
•Placenta
the CL for 3 months
•Formed from trophoblast
•Later, estrogen and progesterone
and endometrum which is
•Relaxin and human placental
now called the chorion
lactogen
•Chorionic villi contact
•Provides nutrition and waste removal
maternal blood supply
24. Parturition
• Gestation ~ 280 days
(266 days after last
menstruation)
• Stages
– Dilation
– Expulsion
– Placental
25. The Mammary Gland
Modified sweat gland, holocrine
secretion
Overlaying the pectoralis major
muscle
15-20 separate lobes separated by
suspensory ligaments; each lobe
contains several secretory lobules
Lactiferous ducts leaving lobules;
converge into 15-20 lactiferous
sinuses
Site of most breast cancers
Milk stored in lactiferous sinus until
released at tip of nipple, influenced
by oxytocin
26. Lymphatic Drainage of Mammary
. Glands . . .
. . is of considerable clinical importance,
why ??
27. Breast Cancer
• Although breast cancer is primarily a disease of
women, about 1% of breast cancers occur in
men.
• Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer
in women and is the second leading cause of
death by cancer in women, following only lung
cancer.
• In 2000, the American Cancer Society estimated
that 184,200 new cases of breast cancer were
diagnosed in the United States.
• The average woman at age 30 years has 1
chance in 280 of developing breast cancer in the
next 10 years. This chance increases to 1 in 70
for a woman aged 40 years , and to 1 in 40 at
age 50 years. A 60-year-old woman has a 1 in 30
chance of developing breast cancer in the next
10 years.
• DCIS or IDC