Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. Ch 17 Endocrinology, Part 2
Adrenal Gland (p 525)
Steroid hormones and their glands
Other endocrine glands
Compare Endocrine and Nervous systems
Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
5. Steroid Hormones
All steroid hormones have
a common chemical
backbone, derived from
cholesterol
Slight differences in
branches decide the
hormone’s activity
Lipid soluble
Estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone, cortisol,
aldosterone, calcitriol,
vitamin D
6. More Steroids
Sex Steroids
Female: estrogen and progesterone
Male: testosterone, AKA anabolic
steroids
Corticosteroids
From adrenal cortex
Cortisol (antiinflammatory)
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone (preserves Na+)
Calcitriol (active form of Vit. D; from
kidneys, absorbs Ca2+)
7. Anabolic Steroids
Fluoxymesterone brand name Halotestin,
Oxandrolone brand name Anavar,
Methandrostenolone brand name Dianabol,
Methyltestosterone brand name Metandren
Oreton Methyl, Nandrolone Decanoate brand
name Deca-Durabolin, Testosterone
Propionate brand name Testex, Testosterone
Cypionate brand name Depo-Testosterone,
Stanozolol brand name Winstrol, Testolactone
brand name Teslac, Dromostanolone
Propionate brand name Drolban, Nandrolone
Phenpropionate brand name Durabolin,
Testosterone Enanthate brand name
Delatestryl, Ethylestrenol brand name
Maxibolin, Danazol brand name Danocrine,
Calusterone brand name Methosarb,
Testosterone Undecanoate, Testosterone
Cyclohexanecarboxylate, Dihydrotestosterone,
Methenolone Acetate brand name Primobolan,
Testosterone-trans-4-n-butylcyclohexyl-
carboxylate code name 20Aet-1
8. Pineal gland
Part of epithalamus
Secretes melatonin
Derivative of serotonin
Regulates circadian Rhythms
(sleep cycle)
Inhibits hypothalamic
releasing factors
Decreases repro function
9. Pancreas
Endocrine AND exocrine functions
Exocrine portion covered in Digestive System
Pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans (1 x 106 islets)
cells: glucagon ( blood sugar levels by stimulating liver to convert
glycogen to glucose)
cells: insulin (51 a.a.) ( blood sugar levels by causing the cells to
take up glucose for use by the mitochondria)
(delta) cells: somatostatin
F cells: pancreatic polypeptide
12. Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1:
AKA IDDM, juvenile onset
Deficiency of insulin
Type 2 (90% of DM)
AKA NIDDM, adult onset
Decreased production of insulin AND/OR
some sort of deficiency in receptors (insulin resistance)
Related to obesity, lack of exercise, age
Often controlled by diet, oral hypoglycemics
Diabetes insipidus
Deficiency of ADH
Much less common
13.
14. Thymus Gland
Inside thoracic cavity
immediately posterior to
sternum above the heart
Most active in infancy and
childhood - Largest just before
puberty, then atrophies
Thymosin - enhances T-
lymphocyte production and
competence. (important for
immune system development)
15. Testes
Secrete testosterone into the
bloodstream
From interstitial cells
Stimulates sperm
production (along with
FSH)
Secondary sex
characteristics
Inhibin (balances FSH)
From sustentacular
(Sertoli) cells
Other minor secretions
16. Ovaries
Estrogen—by ovarian follicles
in response to FSH
Progesterone—by the corpus
luteum (pl. corpora lutea) in
response to LH
Inhibin—decreases estrogen
prod’n
17. Other Endocrine Structures p 529
Heart: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Brain: Brain Natriuretic Peptide
GI Tract: Enteroendocrine cells regulate
digestive processes
Stomach: Ghrelin (not in book!)
Adipose: Leptin, antagonist to ghrelin
18. Other Endocrine Structures p 529
Kidneys:
Renin: converts angiotensin to angiotensin I
Regulates BP
Erythropoietin: Stimulates production of RBCs
Skin: Precursor to Vitamin D
Placenta: pregnancy
hCG
Progesterone
HPL – Human placental lactogen (increases [glucose])
Relaxin – relaxes pubic symphysis and cervix
19. Other Hormones
Prostaglandins (not in the book)
Approx 12 types, similar structure, widely different
functions
Derived from FA
Produced in cell membranes in most cells
Does not fit some definitions of ―hormone‖
Very short half-life (t½)
Involved in inflammatory response
NSAIDs are prostaglandin inhibitors
Gastrin—produce gastric HCl
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Endorphins
Others yet to be discovered
