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1. Female Reproductive System
Amjad Ali Khan Panhwar
GBSN.MSPH
JCN.SOHAIL UNIVERSITY
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2. Objectives:
At the end of this unit learners will be able to:
• Define Reproduction
• Categorize the Female Reproductive organs into:​
• Essential organs​
• Accessory organs
• Discuss the location and structure of Female External Genitalia.
• Describe the location, Structure & function of Female Internal Genitalia. ​
• Discuss the Female Reproductive Cycles (ovarian and menstrual cycles). ​
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3. Reproduction
"Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair,
or replacement, or to the production of a new individual.
In humans, the process occurs continuously throughout life, which continues from
one generation to the next through the latter process, the fertilization of an ovum
by a sperm cell" (Tortora, 2009)
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4. Female Reproductive Organs
The organs of the female reproductive system
include:
Internal Genitalia
• Ovaries (Female gonads)
• Uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes or Oviducts
• Uterus
• Vagina
External Genitalia
• Vulva
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5. External Genitalia
The Vulva (Pudendum)
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
• Vestibule
• Vaginal orifice
• Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands.
• Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
VULVA
GLANDS
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6. Homologous Structures in Reproductive
System
Study Task
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7. Functions of Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries: Produce secondary oocytes & hormones, including progesterone &
estrogens (female sex hormones), inhibin and relaxin.
• Uterine Tubes: Transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus and normally are the
sites where fertilization occurs.
• Uterus: Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus
during pregnancy and labor.
• Vagina: Passageway for childbirth.
• Mammary Glands: Synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for nourishments of the
newborn.
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8. Ovaries:
• The ovaries ( egg receptacles), which are the female gonads, are paired glands that
resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape.
• They are homologous to the testes.
• The ovaries produce:
(1) Secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization.
(2) Hormones, including progesterone and estrogen
• Each ovary is about 3 centimeters long, 1.5 centimeters wide,
and 1 centimeter thick.
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9. Histology of Ovary
Each ovary consists of the following parts.
1. The Germinal Epithelium
• Is a layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary.
2. The Tunica Albuginea
• Is a whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately
deep to the germinal epithelium.
3. The Ovarian Cortex
• Is a region just deep to the tunica albuginea. It consists of ovarian follicles
surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue that contains stromal cells.
4. The Ovarian Medulla
• Is deep to the ovarian cortex, consisting hilum.
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10. Ovary
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11. Ovarian Tubes
• Females have two uterine (fallopian) tubes, or oviducts 4 inches long, that extend
laterally from the uterus.
• Infundibulum is open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary.
• Fimbriae are moving, finger-like processes.
• Ampulla is central region of tube
• Isthmus is narrowest portion joins uterus
• 10 cm long.
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12. Histology of Uterine Tubes
The uterine tubes are composed of three layers:
• Mucosa:
The mucosa consists of epithelium and connective tissue. The epithelium contains
ciliated simple columnar cells, which function as a “ciliary conveyor belt” to help
move a fertilized ovum within the uterine tube toward the uterus, and non-ciliated cells
called Peg Cells, which have microvilli and secrete a fluid for nutrition of the ovum.
• Muscularis:
The muscularis, is composed of smooth muscles. Peristaltic contractions of the
muscularis and the ciliary action of the mucosa help move the oocyte or fertilized ovum
toward the uterus.
• Serosa:
The outer layer of the uterine tubes is a serous membrane, the serosa.
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13. Uterus:
• The uterus (womb) serves as part of the pathway
for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the
uterine tubes.
• It is also the site of implantation of a fertilized
ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy,
and labor.
• During reproductive cycles when implantation
does not occur, the uterus is the source of menstrual
flow.
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14. Structure of the uterus:
The uterus is anatomically divided in to three parts.
1. Fundus: A dome shaped portion superior to the
uterine tubes.
2. Body: A tapering central portion.
3. Cervix: An inferior narrow portion.
Interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical
canal
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15. Histology of the Uterus
The uterus consists of three layers of tissue:
1. Perimetrium (Outer layer):
• A double layered membrane anteriorly, it covers the urinary bladder and forms
a shallow pouch, the Vesicouterine Pouch. Posteriorly, it covers the rectum and forms
a deep pouch between the uterus and urinary bladder, the "Rectouterine Pouch" or
"Pouch of Douglas.
2. Myometrium (Middle layer):
• Made up of three layers of smooth muscles, during labor and childbirth, coordinated
contractions of the myometrium help expel the fetus from the uterus.
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16. 16

17. 1. Endometrium (Inner layer):
Composed of two layers:
1. Statum Functionalis: Lines the uterine
cavity and sloughs off during menstruation.
2. Stratum Basilis: Permanent layer and gives
rise to a new stratum functionalis after each
menstruation.
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18. Vagina
• Passageway for birth, menstrual flow and intercourse
• 4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at cervix
• Lies between urinary bladder and rectum
• Orifice partially closed with membrane (hymen)
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19. Perinium
• The perineum is the diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks of
both males and females. It contains the external genitals and anus. The perineum is
bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the ischial tuberosities,
and posteriorly by the coccyx. It consists of an anterior urogenital triangle that
contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle that contains the anus.
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20. Mammary Gland
• Assessory female reproductive organ.
• Modified sweat glands that produce milk (lactation)
• Amount of adipose tissue determines size of breast
• Alveoli open by lactiferous ducts at the nipple
• Areola is pigmented area around nipple
• Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments suspend breast from deep fascia of
pectoral muscles
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21. Physiology of the Mammary Gland:
• Milk production and secretion.
• Estrogens: develop the ducts system in the breasts.
• Progesterone: develop the milk-secreting glands which are called alveoli.
• Prolactin: stimulate milk synthesis in the alveoli.
• Oxytocin: stimulate milk ejection from the alveoli.
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22. Physiology of the Mammary Gland:
• Milk ejection (release from glands)
• Nursing stimulates the hypothalamus to produce oxytocin
• Oxytocin secreted from the posterior pituitary.
• Oxytocin causes smooth muscles around alveoli to contract and squeeze milk into
lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses and into the nipple.
• Operated by positive feedback
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23. Female Reproductive cycle:
Female reproductive cycle is controlled by monthly hormonal cycle from
the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and ovaries. The duration of the female
reproductive cycle typically ranges from 24 to 35 days.
• Ovarian cycle
Changes in ovaries during and after maturation of the follicle and oocyte.
• Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)
Changes in myometrium for the preparation of the uterus to receive fertilized ovum.
• If implantation does not occur, the functional layer of endometrium is shed during
menstruation.
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24. • Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Cycle
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus
controls the ovarian and uterine cycles.
• GnRH stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
• FSH & LH target the ovaries and drive the ovarian cycle (monthly changes in the
ovary)
• Estrogens and progesterone from the ovaries drive the uterine cycle (monthly
changes in the uterus)
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25. Ovarian Follicles
• Ovarian Follicles
• Contain oocytes (egg cells) in various stages of development
• Secrete estrogens that function for:-
• Growth and repair of uterine lining
• Regulation of monthly female cycle
• Female sexual characteristics
• Maintenance of bone and muscle
• Mature (Graafian) follicle releases an oocyte each month during
ovulation
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26. Ovarian Follicles
• Oocytes (egg cells) develop within follicles
• Stages of follicular development
• Primordial Follicle
• Single layer of squamous cells around the
oocyte.
• Primary Follicle
• Layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around
the oocyte.
• Granulosa cells secrete estrogens.
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27. Ovarian Follicles
• Secondary follicle
• Antral cavity forms
• Graafian follicle
• Follicle mature ready to ovulate
oocyte
• Ovulation
• Follicle ruptures releasing oocyte
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28. Corpus Luteum
• After ovulation, empty follicle becomes a
corpus luteum
– Corpus Luteum secretes:-
• Progesterone – completes the preparation
of uterine lining
• Estrogens – work with progesterone
• Relaxin – relaxes uterine muscles and
pubic symphysis
• Inhibin – decreases secretion of FSH and
LH
• Corpus albicans is a white scar tissue left after
the corpus luteum dies.
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29. Oogenesis – Oogonia to Oocytes
• Germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become potential egg
cells called oogonia
• In fetus, millions of oogonia produced by mitosis but most of them
degenerate (atresia)
• Some develop into immature egg cells called primary oocytes during
fetal development
– 200,000 to 2 millions present at birth
– 40,000 remain at puberty but only 400 mature during a woman’s
reproductive life
• Each month about 20 primary oocytes become secondary oocytes but
usually only one survives to be ovulated from Graffian follicle
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30. Phases of Ovarian Cycle:
• Menstrual phase:
• Lasts for first 5 days of the cycle
• Pre-Ovulationary phase:
• Lasts from day 6th to 13th.
• Ovulation phase:
• Occurs on day 14
• Post Ovulationary phase (Leuteal phase):
• From day 15 to day 28
• If oocyte fertilized then the stage is called secretory phase.
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32. 1. Menstrual Phase
EVENTS IN THE OVARIES
•Under the influence of FSH, several primordial follicles
develop into primary follicles and then into secondary
follicles.
EVENTS IN THE UTERUS:
•This discharge occurs because the declining levels of
progesterone
•The menstrual flow passes from the uterine cavity
through the cervix and vagina to the exterior.
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33. 2. Pre-Ovulationary Phase:
EVENTS IN OVARIES:
• FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth.
• Sec. Follicles grow into Dominant Follicle and then Graafian (mature) follicle.
• Granulosa cells of follicle secrete estrogens and inhibin.
• Increasing levels of estrogens and inhibin inhibit FSH
• Increasing estrogens also stimulates secretion of LH
EVENTS IN THE UTERUS:
• Rising estrogen levels from the growing follicles stimulates growth of the functional layer of
endometrium to 4-10 mm thickness.
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34. 2. Pre-Ovulationary Phase: Cont....
1. With reference to the ovarian cycle, the menstrual and
preovulatory phases together are termed the Follicular phase
2. With reference to the uterine cycle, the preovulatory phase is
also termed the Proliferative Phase.
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35. 3. Ovulation phase: (In effect of positive feedback mechanism)
The rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into
the pelvic cavity, usually occurs on day 14 in a 28-day cycle.
1. A high concentration of estrogens stimulates release of GnRH. It also directly
stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH.
2. GnRH promotes the release of FSH and additional LH by the anterior pituitary.
3. LH causes rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and expulsion of a
secondary oocyte about 9 hours after the peak of the LH surge.
4. The ovulated oocyte swept into the uterine tube.
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36. Ovulation
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37. 4. Post-Ovulation Phase (Luteal Phase)
In Ovary:
• Mature follicles collapses and minorly bleed. Corpus Hemorrhagicum
• LH stimulates development of Corpus Luteum Cells from ovulated
or ruptured follicle.
• Corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone & some estrogens, relaxin and
inhibin.
• If oocyte not fertilized then corpus luteus has the lifespan of 2 weeks
• Corpus Albicans
In Uterus:
• Progesterone prepares endometrium for possible pregnancy
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38. Negative Feedback Controls Cycle
• If no pregnancy
– Increasing levels of progesterone cause negative
feedback that inhibits LH secretion
– After about two weeks corpus luteum atrophies to
corpus albicans (white body)
– Progesterone and estrogen levels decline
– Functional layer of endometrium discharged into first
five days of next cycle
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39. Negative Feedback
• Starting the next cycle
– With the decline in progesterone, estrogens and inhibin secretion:-
• Inhibition of GnRH, FSH and LH stops
• Renewed secretion of these hormones starts a new cycle of growth and
preparation in ovaries and uterus
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40. Pregnancy
• If fertilization occurs:-
– Embryo implants in endometrium
– Must maintain levels of progesterone to maintain the endometrium
and pregnancy
– Since corpus luteum secretes progesterone, it must be maintained
– LH normally maintains the corpus luteum, but LH is inhibited by
high progesterone levels
– What maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
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41. Pregnancy
• The outer part of blastocyst (the chorion) secretes the hormone
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• hCG takes the place of LH and maintains the corpus luteum
• After about 3-4 months of pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates
• Placenta now produces its estrogen and progesterone and
maintains endometrium
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42. Reference
Tortora, J. G., Derrichson, B. (2006).Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.
(11th ed). USA: New York. John Willey 7 sons , Inc.
8/16/2023
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