Chapter Two, Section 2
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The document discusses various topics related to water and landforms on Earth. It describes how water circulates through oceans, atmosphere and land via currents, waves, tides and the hydrologic cycle. It also lists different types of freshwater bodies like lakes and rivers. The document then covers various continental and oceanic landforms like mountains, plains, volcanoes, ridges and canyons. It concludes by introducing tectonic plates and the three types of plate boundaries.
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Water is essential for life and makes up 71% of the Earth's surface, with oceans helping to distribute heat and drive ocean currents, waves, and tides. The hydrologic cycle involves water evaporating from various sources and surfaces before condensing and falling as precipitation, soaking into the ground or flowing into rivers to be recycled. Different landforms exist both on land and under the oceans, including mountains, plains, canyons, and ridges.
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The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. It then explains plate tectonics theory and how the movement of tectonic plates causes volcanic activity and earthquakes. The crust is made up of both emerged and submerged lands, including continents and oceans. The Earth's surface relief is shaped by both internal forces like plate movements and external agents like wind and water.
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An earthquake is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Seismic activity refers to the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in a given period of time. Earthquakes are measured using seismometers and originate from a hypocenter or focus, located at the epicenter on the Earth's surface above the point of rupture. Earthquakes are typically caused by the rupture of geological faults, volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, or nuclear tests and can result in shaking, ground rupture, tsunamis, landslides, fires, flooding, and other damage. To survive an earthquake, one should prepare and remain calm during shaking.
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The Earth's layers are constantly changing due to internal heat and gravitational/solar energy. Convection currents in the mantle and lithospheric plates slowly moving due to mantle convection cause geological processes at plate boundaries. Plates can be converging, diverging, or moving conservatively parallel to each other, resulting in ocean ridges, trenches, and faults respectively. Plate dynamics produce volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and shape the Earth's surface relief through mountain building and changing ocean basins over millions of years.
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The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. It then explains plate tectonics theory and how the movement of tectonic plates causes volcanic activity and earthquakes. The crust is made up of both emerged and submerged lands, including continents and oceans. The Earth's surface relief is shaped by both internal forces like plate movements and external agents like wind and water.
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An earthquake is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Seismic activity refers to the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in a given period of time. Earthquakes are measured using seismometers and originate from a hypocenter or focus, located at the epicenter on the Earth's surface above the point of rupture. Earthquakes are typically caused by the rupture of geological faults, volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, or nuclear tests and can result in shaking, ground rupture, tsunamis, landslides, fires, flooding, and other damage. To survive an earthquake, one should prepare and remain calm during shaking.
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The document provides an overview of world geography, beginning with facts about the Earth's position in space and the causes of seasons. It then discusses various forces that shape the Earth's surface, including plate tectonics, weathering, erosion, and the formation of landforms such as mountains and valleys. Various climate zones are also outlined based on latitude and other geographic factors. The document concludes by examining topics like population distribution and density, cultural regions, and different political and economic systems around the world.
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1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
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3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
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Deserts are defined as areas that receive less than 25 cm of rainfall per year and cover 30% of the Earth's surface, located between 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Deserts form due to convection cells that cause air to descend and dry out land in these areas, as well as from rain shadows where mountains block moisture from reaching land on the other side. Common landforms in deserts include ephemeral streams, alluvial fans, and playa lakes that form after rare rainfall events.
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3) The influence the Moon has on Earth through tidal forces, which are slowing Earth's rotation over time and allowing the Moon to recede further.
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The document provides an overview of the Earth's structure and geological processes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the crust is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. When plates collide, converge, or move alongside each other, it causes volcanic activity and earthquakes. Major landforms like mountains and ocean trenches are formed by these plate tectonic processes. The document also discusses other geological forces like erosion and weathering that shape the Earth's surface over time.
2-1 The Earth
This document provides an overview of key concepts about the Earth and its movement. It begins by outlining the objectives of the chapter, which are to describe how the Earth's tilt, rotation, and revolution cause seasons; analyze how geological processes shape the Earth's surface; identify major landforms; and understand earthquakes, volcanoes, and the water cycle. It then provides details about the Earth's movement, including its daily rotation and annual revolution around the sun. It explains how this movement, combined with the planet's 23.5 degree tilt, results in the four seasons. The document also describes the structure of the Earth's interior layers and explains plate tectonics, including how the movement and collision of tectonic plates
Unit 2 relief
This document provides an overview of key topics related to earth's relief and water systems. It discusses the earth's structure, tectonic plates, changes in relief from internal and external forces, different types of land relief including continental, coastal and oceanic, rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and natural hazards like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Key terms are defined throughout and a vocabulary list is provided at the end to help students prepare for an exam on this material.
Hydrologic Cycle
Water is essential for life and the hydrologic cycle distributes it around the planet. The cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection as runoff or infiltration into groundwater, and storage in oceans, glaciers, and ice caps. Climate is influenced by the hydrologic cycle as warm air holds more water vapor and rising air cools, causing precipitation. Changes to the cycle, such as intensification due to climate change, can produce more extreme flooding and drought.
Hydrosphere copy
The document discusses the hydrological cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves stages such as evaporation, transportation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and groundwater. Water is evaporated from bodies of water by the sun's heat, transported through the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, precipitates as rain or snow, runs across land back into bodies of water, and infiltrates into groundwater. This cyclic process sustains life on Earth and has operated for billions of years.
Ocean properties compilation
El Niño is a periodic warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every 2-7 years. It causes changes to weather patterns around the world like droughts. Ocean currents are driven by factors like wind and the Coriolis effect. The ocean can be divided into layers with different temperatures and pressures. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. They have high and low phases. Salinity measures the salt content in ocean water, which is mostly sodium chloride. Evaporites form when minerals precipitate out of waters with high salinity in areas with high evaporation rates.
GHHS Oceanography
Powerpoint notes for High school oceanography unit in Earth Science. Course being taught in North Carolina
8 oceanography ppt
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
Water Notes
This document provides vocabulary terms and background information related to water and salmon. It includes over 30 terms defined related to water systems, the water cycle, water quality, wastewater treatment, and salmon lifecycles. Additionally, it presents information on topics like the global water crisis, calculating accumulated temperature units for salmon, and threats to Pacific salmon populations. The document is intended to educate about balancing human and environmental needs related to water and salmon habitat.
El agua 3
The document summarizes information about the water cycle and water resources in different countries. It discusses reservoirs that supply water to Seville, the water treatment process, water consumption by the author's class, and whether water is a limited resource. It also provides data on the available water per person in several countries, ranging from 20 liters/person/day in Calcutta to 523 liters/person/day in California. Finally, it describes the key processes in the water cycle including evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, subsurface flow, and condensation.
Water and Soil: Hydrosphere 2 Energy in Water
1) The document discusses the distribution and chemistry of Earth's oceans. 70% of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which originally formed as one ocean but are now divided into five major basins.
2) It also describes ocean temperatures, currents, and how thermal and saline gradients drive global ocean circulation. Surface currents are wind-driven while deep currents are driven by water density from temperature and salt content.
3) The water and carbon cycles are interconnected as oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, regulating Earth's climate over long timescales. Chemical and physical weathering processes interact with oceans to shape the lithosphere.
Unit e fresh & saltwater systems
This document provides information about the distribution of fresh and salt water on Earth. It discusses how 97% of the Earth's surface water is saltwater, while 3% is freshwater. Most of this freshwater (77%) is locked up in glaciers. It also notes that only 0.003% of total water on Earth is potable/drinkable by humans. The document includes visual representations of these distributions and discusses Canada's large freshwater resources.
Hydrosphere 1: Ocean Notes
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Earth's oceans and hydrosphere. It discusses the distribution and major basins of the oceans, as well as the chemistry of seawater including dissolved gases, salts, and how temperature and depth affect properties. Ocean currents, upwelling, and global conveyor belt are described. Methods of ocean exploration like sonar and submersibles are also summarized. The document outlines marine zones, ecosystems, and food webs within oceans.
Ch. 2, sec. 2 Water and Landforms
This document provides an overview of bodies of water and various landforms. It describes the four main oceans, ocean motion including currents, waves and tides, and the hydrologic cycle of water circulation. It also discusses groundwater, lakes, rivers and streams, drainage basins, the continental shelf, continental landforms including relief and topography, and major landforms such as islands, swamps, straits, deltas, oases, plateaus, prairies, steppes, mountains, valleys, glaciers, cataracts and cliffs.
Physical features
This document describes the major physical features of the Earth, including oceans, mountains, lakes, rivers, hills, valleys, and islands. Oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface and play a vital role in climate and weather. Mountains are formed by shifting tectonic plates and volcanic activity. Rivers are natural streams that form from precipitation or rock runoff and flow toward larger bodies of water. Lakes are bodies of still, non-flowing water surrounded by land. The document encourages creating an illustrated map labeling these physical features.
Chapter nine
The document summarizes key aspects of the hydrologic cycle and Earth's water systems. It describes the hydrologic cycle as a series of interconnected water storage areas and transfer processes. It discusses the oceans, which contain over 97% of Earth's water, and how ocean waters vary in salinity, temperature, and density around the world. It also outlines various freshwater storage areas like lakes, rivers, groundwater, and glaciers, and how humans have impacted some of these systems through activities like irrigation and groundwater extraction.
Water earth
Water covers most of the Earth's surface. The majority is ocean water, while freshwater makes up only 3% and is found in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and underground. The water cycle involves continuous movement of water between the oceans, atmosphere, and land through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Oceans contain over 97% of Earth's water and generate currents, tides, and waves through the influence of wind and the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. Rivers are important freshwater sources that flow from highlands to oceans, providing water, energy, transportation and fertile land for humans. However, too much or too little water causes problems like floods and water scarcity that endanger people and ecosystems.
Fresh water
The document discusses the water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. Most (97%) of Earth's water is saltwater found in oceans. The remaining 3% is freshwater, with 76% bound up as ice in glaciers and ice sheets and less than 1% available for human use. Water is constantly circulated through the water cycle, driven by energy from the sun. In the cycle, water evaporates from oceans and land into the atmosphere, forms clouds, and falls back to the Earth's surface as precipitation like rain or snow.
Hydrosphere 2 Energy in Water
The document discusses the global water cycle and how it influences Earth's lithosphere. It describes various weathering processes like mechanical, chemical, and mass movement that break down rocks over time. Mechanical weathering is caused by ice, water, plants and animals while chemical weathering involves acidification and oxidation of minerals. Weathering rates depend on factors like climate, hardness of rock material, and surface area exposure. Erosion then transports weathered materials and deposits them elsewhere as sediments, shaping landscapes and forming geographic features over millions of years. Examples highlighted include the Grand Canyon, Death Valley, Great Sand Dunes, Arches, Antelope Canyon, Bryce Canyon, Zion Canyon, Carlsbad Caverns, Bad
The water cycle
The document discusses key components of the water cycle and climate systems on Earth. It describes how water circulates between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through processes like precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and runoff. It also explains how climate is influenced by factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to large bodies of water, orographic effects of mountains, and ocean currents. The water and energy cycles driven by these hydrologic and atmospheric processes are essential to maintaining Earth's habitability.
Similar to Chapter Two, Section 2 (20)
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Ancient influence on europe and the world
Ancient Greece and Rome had profound influences on modern-day Europe and the world. [1] Greece is considered the birthplace of democracy, developing the first democratic government in Athens in the 5th century BC. [2] The Roman Republic and Empire expanded to control most of Europe and parts of North Africa and the Middle East by the 2nd century AD. [3] The split of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 AD led to divergent developments in religion, art, and culture between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire that still impact the world today.
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The document discusses various geographic, historical, cultural, and economic influences on North Africa. It notes the influence of the Nile River on early civilizations, the spread of Islam across North Africa beginning in the 7th century, and how the region's economy later came to depend on oil exports to Europe. Culturally, it highlights the importance of souks (markets), music, and changing gender roles. The largest overall influence on North African culture and society has been Islam, which spread widely after the 7th century and remains a major religious influence today.
Chapter 6 US History - Mr. Philen
After the ratification of the Constitution, President George Washington took his first steps in establishing the new government by signing the Judiciary Act of 1789 to create the Supreme Court and establishing the initial three Executive Departments. However, differences soon emerged between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson on the role and power of the federal government, leading to the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. As these early administrations faced challenges with Native American relations, foreign affairs with Britain and France, and internal dissent, the divisions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans continued to grow.
Chapter 4, Section 4
This document discusses several key concepts in urban geography including:
1) The growth of urban areas and how cities, suburbs, and metropolitan areas are defined. Urbanization has led to both advantages and disadvantages for areas, societies, and cultures.
2) Models of urban land use including the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model which describe how different functions are arranged within a city.
3) The functions of cities which provide essential services to residents like retail, transportation, business, education, and more. Cities concentrate these functions making them efficient.
Geo: Unit 1, Chapter 2 Powerpoint
Mr. Philen's notes summarize key points from Chapter 2, section 1 of the Earth science textbook. The notes discuss:
1) Francis Bacon's suggestion in 1620 that the continents fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
2) Details about the Earth, including its location in the solar system, composition inside with a liquid outer core and solid inner core, and layers including the crust and mantle.
3) The components that make up the biosphere - the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.
4) Alfred Wegener's 1912 continental drift theory that the supercontinent Pangea broke apart over millions of years, which provided evidence that the Earth's plates continue to slowly
Geo: Unit 1, Chapter 1 Powerpoint
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in world geography that geographers use to study the world, including the five themes of geography. It discusses location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. It also outlines the main tools geographers use, including globes, maps, and data. Geographers rely on maps to show different types of information about the world, such as physical features, political boundaries, themes, and movement.
Geo: Chapter 4, Section 2
1. The document discusses various population geography concepts including birth rates, fertility rates, mortality rates, population density, distribution of population, and factors that influence population growth and carrying capacity.
2. It notes that over 90% of the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with high densities in coastal and river regions. More than half of the world's population lives in rural areas but urbanization is increasing.
3. Population distribution and density are influenced by factors like climate, resources, economy and policies. Carrying capacity depends on availability of resources and can be increased by things like technology and infrastructure.
Geography 10: Chapter Four, Section One
The document discusses several key elements of culture including language, religion, population geography, political geography, urban geography, and economic geography. It provides examples of different ethnic groups, examines how cultures change and exchange ideas, and explores several major world religions including their origins, beliefs, sacred texts, and geographic distributions. Maps are referenced to show patterns in religious populations around the world.
Geography 10: Chapter Four, Section One
The document discusses several key elements of culture including language, religion, population geography, political geography, urban geography, and economic geography. It provides examples of different ethnic groups, examines how cultures change and exchange ideas, and explores several major world religions including their origins, beliefs, sacred texts, and geographic distributions. Maps are referenced to show patterns in religious populations around the world.
Geo: Chapter Three, Section Four
1) The document discusses soil regions and vegetation regions. Soil is a thin layer of weathered rock, humus, air and water that the world's food supply greatly depends on. (2) Humus refers to stable organic matter in soil that lends it a dark color and can remain for centuries. (3) There are typically four main biomes - forest, grassland, desert, and tundra - and the type of vegetation in each region depends on the climate and soil characteristics.
Ch22 Sw Asia
This document provides an overview of religion, politics, and oil in Southwest Asia, focusing on three main regions: the Arabian Peninsula, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Northeast. It describes the dominant religions of Islam and various sects, the impact of colonialism and formation of nation states after World War I, and ongoing conflicts over land and political power between religious and ethnic groups. A key theme is the role of oil in power dynamics and economic development in the region. Modern life combines aspects of traditional religion and 21st century technology and globalization.
Ch6markstru
1) The document discusses different types of market structures including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies, and monopolies.
2) Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers, identical products, perfect consumer information and easy entry/exit. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products and non-price competition.
3) Oligopolies are markets with a few large sellers offering similar products, while monopolies involve a single seller with no close substitutes and high barriers to entry.
Ch5prices
The document discusses the price system and how it guides producers and consumers. It outlines several benefits of the price system, including providing information to consumers, incentives for producers, consumer choice, and flexibility. However, there are also limitations like externalities and public goods that the price system does not always account for efficiently. The goal of the price system is to reach market equilibrium, where supply and demand are balanced. When surpluses or shortages occur, prices adjust through a trial and error process. The government may intervene to control prices through price floors or ceilings, but this can create shortages or surpluses and require rationing.
Econ Demand
The document discusses key concepts in microeconomics including demand, the law of demand, demand schedules, demand curves, determinants of demand, elasticity of demand, and how to measure elasticity. Specifically, it defines demand as the quantity of a good consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices in a given time period. It explains that the law of demand states that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. Demand schedules and curves illustrate the relationship between price and quantity demanded. Factors like income, tastes, prices of related goods, and expectations can cause shifts in the demand curve. Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes, and can be elastic, inelastic,
East Asia 1
East Asia has diverse physical features ranging from high mountain ranges like the Kunlun Mountains to vast deserts like the Gobi and Taklimakan. Major river systems that dominate the geography include the Huang He, Yangtze, and Xi Rivers. The region has a variety of climate zones from subarctic in the north of China and Mongolia to humid subtropical in southern China, Korea, and Japan. Natural resources are abundant and include minerals, forests, freshwater, and petroleum.
China
- China has a 4,000 year old society that was traditionally ruled by a series of dynasties made up of rulers from the same family, with the first being the Shang Dynasty in 1700 BC.
- The Qin Dynasty in 221 BC was responsible for uniting China under one government and giving the country its name. Other important dynasties included the Han and Qing dynasties.
- In the 20th century, China experienced periods of civil war and unrest as the Nationalist party vied for control with the Communist party led by Mao Zedong, culminating in the Communists defeating the Nationalists and establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949.
South Asia Country Look
The document provides an overview of several South Asian countries, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. It discusses their histories, cultures, religions, economies, and political systems. The countries are grouped together due to their cultural and religious similarities stemming from their shared histories as former British colonies in South Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Ch11 Soc Notes
This document provides an overview of key topics related to gender, age, health, and disability in the United States. It discusses gender roles and identity, the women's rights movement, ageism and challenges faced by the elderly population, disabilities and discrimination, issues with the healthcare system including costs and access to care, and health issues like AIDS that disproportionately impact certain groups.
South Asia Powerpoint
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and history of South Asia. It describes the major geographical features like the Himalayan Mountains and river systems like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses how the formation of the Himalayas influenced other landforms and natural resources in the region. It also provides brief summaries of the history, culture, languages, and governments of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and other South Asian countries.
Ch10sec3
This document summarizes key information about several minority groups in the United States: African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, American Indians, and White Ethnics. It provides statistics and historical context on population changes, immigration trends, experiences of discrimination, economic conditions including levels of poverty and unemployment, and the impact of government policies on these groups. The concluding questions ask how minority groups' lives have been affected by policies and what conditions they live under in the US.
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