The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
The subject of studying the physical, chemical and biological conditions of oceans is called as Oceanography.
It is an inter-disciplinary subject and an emerging area for marine engineering. It is the science of seas and oceans.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
The subject of studying the physical, chemical and biological conditions of oceans is called as Oceanography.
It is an inter-disciplinary subject and an emerging area for marine engineering. It is the science of seas and oceans.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Works Cited
Severson, Dana. "How Much Money Does an Oceanographer Scientist Make in a Year?" Work. Hearst Newspapers, LLC, n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
"Programs in Marine Biology and Oceanography." Niche.com. Niche, n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
"Physical Oceanography." Physical Oceanography. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Noaa, n.d. Web. 14 Aug. 2016.
"Cameron's Long Way Down: Mariana Trench." Cameron's Long Way Down: Mariana Trench. National Geographic, 3 June 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Works Cited
Severson, Dana. "How Much Money Does an Oceanographer Scientist Make in a Year?" Work. Hearst Newspapers, LLC, n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
"Programs in Marine Biology and Oceanography." Niche.com. Niche, n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
"Physical Oceanography." Physical Oceanography. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2016
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Noaa, n.d. Web. 14 Aug. 2016.
"Cameron's Long Way Down: Mariana Trench." Cameron's Long Way Down: Mariana Trench. National Geographic, 3 June 2012. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
Water Impurity Measurement System using MicrowavesSanket Yavalkar
Microwaves can be used to find water impurities like salinity i.e. hardness, Chlorinity, etc. A simple system (prototype) is being designed and tested in this ppt. for measuring salinity of water. This work is done with the help of by Gov. of India's SAMEER organisation as well as Gov. of Maharashtra's Irrigation Department.
Plastic is poisoning our oceans and a lot of that plastic comes from plastic beverage bottles. Stop using disposable plastic water bottles and switch to using filtered tap water in reusable water bottles. It's easy to do. It will help save the ocean. It will save you money.
1 10 ocean composition-location Water in Earth’s Processesaalleyne
Water in Earth’s Processes
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
ES 1010, Earth Science 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxaryan532920
ES 1010, Earth Science 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Compare the geography, composition, circulation, and temporal cycles of the oceans.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 10:
The Restless Ocean
Watch the following video:
Williams, C. [IDT-CSU]. (2015, August 7). Coastal processes [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ZO07SgCFKWs
Click here to access a transcript of the video.
NASA Goddard. (2008, October 24). In the zone. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lB1FADETAyg
Unit Lesson
It is easy to see why Earth is referred to as the “Blue
Planet”—71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by
oceans and seas. However, less than 5% of our
oceans have been explored (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 2014). So
essentially, most of our Earth is still unexplored and
largely unknown. We do know that oceans contain the
highest mountains, the deepest trenches, and the
longest mountain ranges. On average, the ocean
depth is about four times the average elevation of
continents. In fact, Lutgens & Tarbuck (2014) state that
if the Earth’s continents were perfectly flat, they would
be completely submerged under more than 2,000
meters of seawater!
Oceanography is the branch of science that studies
the world’s oceans. It includes geology, chemistry,
physics, and biology (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014).
Oceanographers started mapping the oceans floors as
early as 1872 by dropping weighted lines down to the
ocean bottom at random points. The use of sound navigation and ranging (sonar) began during World War I
to detect enemy submarines, and was later improved during World War II. Sonar uses the echo of sound
waves to plot the profile of the ocean floor. Satellite radar technology has also contributed to mapping the
ocean floor. Today, we have a fairly good picture of the ocean floor topography.
As we study the ocean floor, we notice three major features: continental margins, basin floors, and mid-
oceanic ridge. The continental margins can be classified as active or passive. Active margins are where the
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Oceans
An iceberg captured on camera during a 30-day mission in
2012 to map areas of the Arctic aboard the NOAA Ship
Fairweather (NOAA, 2013).
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/General_Studies/ES/ES1010/15N/UnitV_CoastalProcesses.pdf
ES 1010, Earth Science
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
ocean lithosphere is subducted beneath the continental crust (recall what you learned in Units III and IV).
These are mainly found around the Pacific Ocean. Passive margins are those that are not experiencing plate
tectonic activity and have more stable topography. Basin floors make up about 30% of the Earth’s surface
(Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014). These areas are between the margins and the mid-ocean ridges and include
deep trenches, under ...
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Follow the
directions at
the bottom
of the page.
COLOR it
LAST!!!
Use your
textbook to
find the
features it
asks for.
Helpful Book Pages:
Page 31
Page 449
Pages 396-397
3. The Ocean Floor - The Vast World Ocean
Origin of the Oceans
How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years old
Where did the water come from?
1. Comets and Meteorites:
- Carry lots of water, which transferred to Earth upon impact
2. Volcanism:
-volcanic gas has mostly water vapor and CO 2
-The CO 2 and other gases formed the Earth's atmosphere
-As the Earth cooled, the water vapor condensed,
forming the oceans.
4. he Blue Planet
arth is known as the " Blue Planet" because ~71% of it is covered
y oceans.
-Average Depth of the Oceans: 3800 m (3.8 km)
-Where is most of the water - Northern or Southern Hemisphere?
Southern
-All oceans are really one big body of water.
-97% of the water on Earth is found in the oceans.
Only 3% is freshwater.
-OCEANOGRAPHY = study of Earth's oceans
5. Sea Level = level of the ocean's surfaces .
-Sea Level has risen and fallen by hundreds of meters due to the..
-Ice Caps melting (H 2 O level rises) and Glaciers expanding
(H 2 O level falls)
-Sea Level is also affected by tectonics.
-TECTONICS = movement of Earth's landmasses .
-Tectonics can change the level of the seafloor, thus
changing sea levels.
-Currently, sea level is rising 1-2mm/year due to melting glaciers
6.
7. GEOGRAPHY of the OCEANS
There are 4 major Oceans:
-Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, & Arctic
Largest = Pacific
Smallest = Arctic
Sea Ice: Ice is ( more / less ) dense than water, so it floats.
SEAS = smaller than oceans, and partially or fully landlocked.
-All seas and oceans belong to one global ocean, whose waters
are thoroughly mixed.
8. Mapping the Ocean Floor
The topography of the ocean floor is as diverse as that of the continents.
Bathymetry = measurement of the ocean floor
( bathos = depth, metry = measurement)
Began with the ship " Challenger" in the 1870s
-Although today's technology is much more sophisticated!!
SONAR was first used in the 1920s to map the seafloor features of the
S. Atlantic Ocean.
SONAR = SOund NAvigation and Ranging
How does it work? Uses echoes of sound, return time, and
velocity of sound in water to measure depth.
-See p. 398 in text.
Drain the Ocean- Nat Geo
9. Side-Scan Sonar = aim SONAR at angles .
t is used to map underwater hills, trenches, ridges, etc.
SATELLITES continually gather information about the ocean floor.
-Data has shown that the ocean surface is not totally flat...
-Why??
- Gravity attracts water toward regions where
massive ocean floor features occur.
- Mountains/Ridges have elevated water.
Trenches have depressions.
10. SUBMERSIBLES (small underwater crafts) give us much data.
Manned crafts:
- Trieste - Jacques Piccard (1960)
-Went to the Mariana Trench (10,912m)
- Alvin - 4000m
- Sea Cliff II - 6000m
Unmanned crafts:
called AUVs
(autonomous underwater vehicles)
Deep Sea Exploring
11. Use pages 401-406 in your textbook,
defining each term and labeling the diagrams.
“See” the Ocean Floor
Continent
Trench
Continental
Mid-Ocean
Margin
Ridge
Continental
Rift Valley
Shelf
Volcanic Island
Continental Fringing Reef
Slope
Barrier Reef
Continental Rise
Atoll
Submarine
Define but
do not label:
Canyon
Seafloor Spreading
Abyssal Plain Hydrothermal Vent
Seamount
13. Fringing- directly attached to the shore
of a volcanic island. No lagoon
present.
Atoll- Circular coral reef that surrounds
a central lagoon of quiet water.
Forms on top of the cone of a
submerged volcano island.
Barrier- A lagoon of open water
separates reef from the nearby land.
Largest is Great Barrier Reef, Australia
(1,200 mi long and 62 mi wide)
Types of Coral Reefs
16. 14.1 - 14.2 Quiz:
1. Largest Ocean
2. Ocean that is on the EAST side of Africa
3. Name one place where our ocean's water came from.
(there were 3)
4. What does SONAR stand for?
5. Name the 3 parts of the Continental Margin, IN
ORDER, going from the beach into the ocean.
6. What is the name for the deep, very flat part of the
ocean floor?
7. Which comes first: Atoll, Fringing Reef, or Barrier Reef?
8. What is the name for a dormant seamount that has
been eroded?
9. What is the name for the deep cut in the ocean floor
that is only found in the abyssal plain?
Word bank
(some answers are
here, but not all of
them!)
Continent
Abyssal plain
Seamount
Volcanic island
Submarine canyon
Continental shelf
Continental margin
Guyot
Trench
Mid-ocean ridge
Continental rise
Rift valley
Continental slope
18. Brainpop-Ocean Floor
Continental Margin
(shelf, slope, rise)
Inter-Tidal Zone
Area of shoreline
between high and
low tides
Con
tinen
tal sh
e
High Tide
Low Tide
lf
~200m
Photosynthetic Zone: light penetrates for
photosynthesis. Up to 150 m (488ft)
nta
ne
nt i
Co pe
Slo
THERMOCLINE ~200-100ft
Bathyal Zone: Darkness
l
MAJOR
OCEANIC
ZONES
Co
n
Benthic Environment:
tine
Ocean bottom or floor
nta
l Ri
se
4000 m
Abyssal Zone: 4000-6000m
Abyssal Plain
>6000m
Hadal Zone
19.
20. Work on the Review &
Reinforcement WKST
“Physical Properties of the
Ocean Life Zones”
21. Ocean Water and Ocean Life
THE COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER
SALINITY
•Salinity: the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.
• Seawater is about 96.5 % water and 3.5 % dissolved salts.
• Expressed as grams of salt per kilograms of water (or parts per thousand - ppt)
• Average salinity: 35 ppt (3.5 %)
• Most abundant salt in seawater: sodium chloride (NaCl)
•Seawater also has dissolved gases and nutrients
•Sources of Sea Salts: chemical weathering of rocks and volcanism
22. Processes Affecting Salinity:
– Adding water decreases salinity: precipitation, runoff, icebergs &
sea ice melting
– Losing water increases salinity: evaporation, formation of sea ice
o How does salinity increase when sea ice forms?
When ice forms, salt is left behind in the water.
23. OCEAN TEMPERATURE VARIATION
·Surface Layer Temperatures:
Varies with the amount of solar
radiation received, which is a
function of latitude.
Middle latitudes (near the equator)
have higher temperatures,
and vice versa.
24. Temperature Variation with Depth:
– Colder water is denser than warmer water, so cold water will
sink.
– Deeper = Colder!
–Three temperature layers:
– Surface layer: warmest
– Thermocline: (300m-1000m) a rapid change of temperature
with depth.
– It creates a vertical barrier to many types of marine life.
– Bottom layer: coldest
– In polar regions, the surface layer & thermocline don't exist
because it's too cold.
25. OCEAN DENSITY VARIATION
– Density varies with depth due to both temperature and salinity.
– Denser Water = ( colder or warmer ) and ( salty or fresh ) ... why floating
is easier in the ocean!
Density Lab
26. Warmup Quiz:
1) Does adding or losing water increase salinity?
2) Name one way the Earth naturally decreases salinity.
3) What does PPT stand for?
4) Name the ocean region: the temperature rapidly
changes as you go deeper.
5) In the ocean, the deeper the water, the colder / warmer
and saltier / fresher it is.
27. The Dynamic Ocean
OCEAN CIRCULATION & WAVES AND TIDES
Ocean Waves
4 Movements of the Ocean: Waves, Tides, Currents & Upwellings
WAVES =
Rhythmic movement that carries energy through space or matter
- Generated mainly by wind
- As a wave passes, water moves in a circle, returning to its
original position.
-The water doesn't move forward , only the energy.
(water)
28. ve Measurements:
ighest point = crest. Lowest point = trough.
istance from Crest to Trough = wave height.
istance from Crest to Crest (or trough to trough)
wavelength.
Wave speed increases with wavelength.
29. - As waves reach the shallow water near a shoreline, energy
is lost due to friction against the seafloor. This slows the wave
- Incoming wave crests catch up with slower crests, decreasing
the wavelength.
- Waves get higher, steeper, and unstable, causing the crests
to collapse.
- Collapsing wave crests = breakers.
Science of Surf
30. TIDES = periodic rise and fall of sea level
· High Tide = highest level
· Low Tide = lowest level
· Tidal Cycles (High Tide
Low Tide
High Tide) usually =
24 hrs 50 mins
-Diurnal: 1 high tide, 1 low tide every day
-Semidiurnal: 2 high tides, 2 low tides every day
(this is what we have in NC)
-Mixed: 1 high, 1 low, 1 semi-high, 1 semi-low every day
31. Causes of Tides:
Discovery EdTides
Brainpop Tides
-Gravitational Pull of the Moon and the Sun
-Spring Tide = High tide is highest, low tide is
lowest.
-Neap Tide = High tide is lower than usual,
low tide higher than usual.
Which is bigger - Solar or Lunar tides? Why??
-Moon is closer, so it has more gravitational pull
32. Warm-up Quiz
1) What are the two things that cause tides?
2) In an ocean wave, the ______ moves forward,
and the _____ moves in a circle.
3) What is a collapsing wave called?
4) What happens to the wave speed when the
wavelength increases?
5) What kind of tidal cycle has 2 high tides and
2 low tides every day?
33. Ocean Currents- Discovery Ed
Brainpop Ocean Currents
OCEAN CURRENTS
CURRENT = movement of a section of water
- Density Current = controlled by density. Move very slowly.
- Surface Current = controlled by wind. Move very quickly.
-Only affect the top few hundred meters of water
- Continents deflect some currents so that they join other currents,
causing a circular current, called a gyre.
- 5 Major Gyres: North & South Pacific, North & South Atlantic,
and Indian Ocean
- In the Northern Hemisphere, the gyres circulate in a clockwise
direction.
-In the Southern Hemisphere, the gyres circulate counterclockwise.
34. Currents flow westward near the equator. When they hit
land, they are deflected toward the poles. This carries
warm water to colder regions of the world.
When it gets to the polar regions, the water cools and is
deflected back toward the equator on the other side of
the ocean.
35. UPWELLING
· Water not only moves horizontally (currents) but it
also moves vertically.
· UPWELLING = upward motion of ocean water
· Cold water flows upward to replace
warm surface water blown out to
sea by offshore winds.
· They mainly occur on western coasts.
· Rich in nutrients, thus supporting lots of marine life.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. BEACHES
Wave movement toward the shore often builds up a strip
of sediment at the coastline called a beach.
Beaches are composed of whatever sediment is
available, but most beaches are composed of sand.
41. Wave Impact
Breaking waves against land causes cracks and crevaces to
open in cliffs. Water is forced into these displacing air. Air
expands and disloge rock fragments & extends features.
43. Wave Refraction
• Bending of waves affecting distribution of energy along the shore.
• Influences erosion, sediment transfer & deposition take place
• Concentrated at headlands
44. Longshore Transport
• Current that flows parallel to the shore and moves large
amounts of sediment.
• Caused by bending of waves.
46. • During storms waves can be much more powerful than normal.
Created by L. Zimmerman
47. During these times
the beach tends to
erode more and the
sand is carried back
into the ocean.
There it is usually
deposited as
underwater bars
parallel to the shore.
Created by L. Zimmerman
56. If these sand bars rise above the average sea level
winds will help to pile up sediment.
When vegetation begins to grow and stabilize the
offshore sediment pile, a barrier island is created.
Created by L. Zimmerman
57. Hatteras – Ocracoke Island, NC
Barrier Island
Atlantic Ocean – Sea Side
Pamlico Sound (Land Side)
Created by L. Zimmerman
58. Barrier Island
Narrow sandbars parallel to but separated from the coast by
3-30 km offshore (300 on US coast in NC, MA, TX, SC)
65. Pros & Cons to
groins, breakwaters & seawalls
• PRO
–Protect shoreline & boats from wave action impact &
erosion
• Con
–Temporary structure
–Interfere with natural process of erosion & deposition
–More structures must be built