Geo: Chapter 3, Section 2
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1) 19th century Peruvian fishermen observed changes in ocean temperatures every 2-7 years that disrupted fishing. 20th century scientists found this was linked to global weather patterns. 2) Wind and ocean currents circulate heat around the world and influence climate. Winds blow toward the equator in the tropics and toward the poles at higher latitudes. Ocean currents also transport heat globally. 3) The Earth's climate is divided into zones based on latitude - tropical, temperate, and polar regions - and changes with elevation, becoming cooler at higher altitudes. Climate patterns are influenced by many interrelated factors.
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This document discusses both short-term and long-term changes in climate. Short-term changes are caused by volcanic eruptions, small variations in solar radiation, and ocean and air currents. Long-term changes are influenced by changes in the Earth's energy balance, temperature variations due to greenhouse gas emissions, orbital and solar cycles, glacial activity, plate tectonics, and human influences. The document also discusses past climate events like the Medieval Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age, and predicts future climate impacts including increased forest fires in Canada and rising sea levels worldwide due to melting polar ice caps.
4202: Climate change-1
This document provides information on climate change from a lecture given by Md. Abdullah-Al-Mahbub. It defines weather and climate, noting that weather is specific conditions over days while climate is average conditions over decades for a region. It discusses factors that determine climate like latitude, altitude, winds, and oceans. It also covers causes of climate change, distinguishing between natural causes like orbital changes, solar variations, and volcanic eruptions, and anthropogenic causes like greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and population growth since the Industrial Revolution. Finally, it lists some critical changes caused by climate change like warming temperatures, changes to the water cycle, and declining glaciers.
Air Masses, Global Winds, and Fronts
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology including:
1. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena like weather and climate. Different types of atmospheric "meteors" include clouds, rain, fog, and rainbows.
2. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions while climate refers to long-term average conditions in an area.
3. Air masses form over large areas and take on the characteristics of those regions, like continental polar (cP) air masses which are cold and dry.
4. Global wind systems like the trade winds and prevailing westerlies circulate air globally due to the Coriolis effect from Earth's rotation. Fronts form where different air masses collide.
Climate1
Climate is determined by temperature and precipitation, which are affected by various natural factors. Latitude affects temperature, with warmer temperatures closer to the equator and colder temperatures farther from the equator. Elevation also impacts temperature, with higher elevations experiencing cooler temperatures due to less dense air. Ocean currents influence nearby land temperatures, with warm or cold currents causing temperature variations. Precipitation is impacted by prevailing winds and mountain ranges, with windward sides of mountains receiving more rain and leeward sides receiving less. The world's climates can be divided into polar, temperate, and tropical zones based on average temperatures.
Mrg1 p1 world_physical_resources
The document discusses geography questions asked in the new format of the Indian civil service mains exam from 2013. It includes questions on various geography topics like continental drift, tropical cyclones, heat islands, temperature inversions, distribution of hot deserts, causes of landslides in the Himalayas vs Western Ghats, sugar and cotton industries in India, availability of resources for atomic energy, shale oil and gas reserves, El Nino effects, distribution of fold mountains, Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos, distribution of tropical cyclones, shrinking Himalayan glaciers, development of tea gardens, factors limiting Green Revolution in eastern India, changes in iron and steel industry patterns, resources of the oceans, India's place in
Movement of Ocean Water
Surface currents are driven mainly by wind and move large amounts of water across oceans, influencing global climate. Deep currents form due to differences in water density from temperature and salinity and are not wind-driven. Major surface currents like the Gulf Stream distribute heat from the equator to poles, warming areas like northern Europe. El Niño is a periodic warming of tropical Pacific waters that alters weather worldwide and impacts fisheries and agriculture through changed rainfall and storms. Scientists monitor oceans to improve understanding and forecasts of El Niño events and their far-reaching climatic effects.
Presentation El Nino
El Niño and La Niña are climate phenomena in the Pacific Ocean that have worldwide impacts. El Niño occurs when ocean waters in the eastern Pacific warm significantly, affecting weather patterns globally. It typically happens every 2-7 years and causes drought in some areas and flooding in others. La Niña is the cooling phase, with colder than average waters in the eastern Pacific. While the exact causes are still being studied, theories involve changes in trade winds and ocean currents that create a feedback loop warming or cooling the waters in the eastern Pacific.
greenhouse_effect_el_nino_la_nino_phenomenon_new
this ppt will clear to all of you with the concept of green house gases and el-nino and la-nina effect.
Oceanography
Waves are caused by wind blowing over the ocean surface. Surface currents move warm and cold water around the globe, such as the Gulf Stream. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the Earth's oceans, causing twice-daily high and low tides. Spring tides during new and full moons have the highest and lowest tides, while neap tides during half moons have smaller tides.
3.2 - Climate
The document discusses various climate phenomena including how wind is caused by convection and affected by the Coriolis effect, how ocean currents regulate temperatures and precipitation, different climate zones defined by latitude, how elevation affects temperature, and the impacts of El Niño/La Niña and global warming through the greenhouse effect trapping heat.
Ch 3, section 2 Climate
This document summarizes key aspects of climate and weather patterns around the world. It discusses how wind is caused by convection and the Coriolis effect, how ocean currents regulate temperatures and precipitation, different climate zones defined by latitude, how elevation affects temperature, and phenomena like El Niño and La Niña that impact weather. It also provides a brief overview of the greenhouse effect and global warming debate.
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Ancient influence on europe and the world
Ancient Greece and Rome had profound influences on modern-day Europe and the world. [1] Greece is considered the birthplace of democracy, developing the first democratic government in Athens in the 5th century BC. [2] The Roman Republic and Empire expanded to control most of Europe and parts of North Africa and the Middle East by the 2nd century AD. [3] The split of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 AD led to divergent developments in religion, art, and culture between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire that still impact the world today.
North Africa - GEO - Mr. P
The document discusses various geographic, historical, cultural, and economic influences on North Africa. It notes the influence of the Nile River on early civilizations, the spread of Islam across North Africa beginning in the 7th century, and how the region's economy later came to depend on oil exports to Europe. Culturally, it highlights the importance of souks (markets), music, and changing gender roles. The largest overall influence on North African culture and society has been Islam, which spread widely after the 7th century and remains a major religious influence today.
Chapter 6 US History - Mr. Philen
After the ratification of the Constitution, President George Washington took his first steps in establishing the new government by signing the Judiciary Act of 1789 to create the Supreme Court and establishing the initial three Executive Departments. However, differences soon emerged between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson on the role and power of the federal government, leading to the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. As these early administrations faced challenges with Native American relations, foreign affairs with Britain and France, and internal dissent, the divisions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans continued to grow.
GEO:Chapter Four, Section 5
This document discusses key concepts in economic geography including different types of economic systems, levels of economic activity, natural resources, and infrastructure. It also examines standards used to compare economies such as per capita income, GNP, and GDP. Questions are posed about renewable resources, infrastructure importance, and whether countries can have both developed and developing elements.
Chapter 4, Section 4
This document discusses several key concepts in urban geography including:
1) The growth of urban areas and how cities, suburbs, and metropolitan areas are defined. Urbanization has led to both advantages and disadvantages for areas, societies, and cultures.
2) Models of urban land use including the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model which describe how different functions are arranged within a city.
3) The functions of cities which provide essential services to residents like retail, transportation, business, education, and more. Cities concentrate these functions making them efficient.
Chapter Two, Section 2
Water is essential for life and makes up 71% of the Earth's surface, with oceans helping to distribute heat and drive ocean currents, waves, and tides. The hydrologic cycle involves water evaporating from various sources and surfaces before condensing and falling as precipitation, soaking into the ground or flowing into rivers to be recycled. Different landforms exist both on land and under the oceans, including mountains, plains, canyons, and ridges.
Geo: Unit 1, Chapter 2 Powerpoint
Mr. Philen's notes summarize key points from Chapter 2, section 1 of the Earth science textbook. The notes discuss:
1) Francis Bacon's suggestion in 1620 that the continents fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
2) Details about the Earth, including its location in the solar system, composition inside with a liquid outer core and solid inner core, and layers including the crust and mantle.
3) The components that make up the biosphere - the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.
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Geo: Unit 1, Chapter 1 Powerpoint
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in world geography that geographers use to study the world, including the five themes of geography. It discusses location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. It also outlines the main tools geographers use, including globes, maps, and data. Geographers rely on maps to show different types of information about the world, such as physical features, political boundaries, themes, and movement.
Geo: Chapter 4, Section 2
1. The document discusses various population geography concepts including birth rates, fertility rates, mortality rates, population density, distribution of population, and factors that influence population growth and carrying capacity.
2. It notes that over 90% of the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with high densities in coastal and river regions. More than half of the world's population lives in rural areas but urbanization is increasing.
3. Population distribution and density are influenced by factors like climate, resources, economy and policies. Carrying capacity depends on availability of resources and can be increased by things like technology and infrastructure.
The Agricultural South Chapter 3, Section 2
The document provides context about life and society in the agricultural South from the 17th to 18th centuries. It describes the fertile soil and single cash crop economy based around tobacco and cotton plantations. It notes the rural nature of the South and importance of rivers for transportation. It discusses the roles of indentured servants and slavery in the Southern economy and society, and some ways slaves resisted and maintained aspects of their culture.
Geography 10: Chapter Four, Section One
The document discusses several key elements of culture including language, religion, population geography, political geography, urban geography, and economic geography. It provides examples of different ethnic groups, examines how cultures change and exchange ideas, and explores several major world religions including their origins, beliefs, sacred texts, and geographic distributions. Maps are referenced to show patterns in religious populations around the world.
Geography 10: Chapter Four, Section One
The document discusses several key elements of culture including language, religion, population geography, political geography, urban geography, and economic geography. It provides examples of different ethnic groups, examines how cultures change and exchange ideas, and explores several major world religions including their origins, beliefs, sacred texts, and geographic distributions. Maps are referenced to show patterns in religious populations around the world.
Chapter 3, Section 1 Colonial England
The document discusses Britain's policies toward its American colonies in the 17th-18th centuries. It established strict trade regulations through Acts like the Navigation Acts to control colonial trade for economic and political gain. However, Britain faced difficulties enforcing these policies as the colonies grew. It began practicing "Salutary neglect", relaxing regulations to maintain colonial loyalty and trade. This inconsistency in policy could have consequences, as the colonies may one day forget their allegiance to Britain and seek independence.
Geo: Chapter Three, Section Four
1) The document discusses soil regions and vegetation regions. Soil is a thin layer of weathered rock, humus, air and water that the world's food supply greatly depends on. (2) Humus refers to stable organic matter in soil that lends it a dark color and can remain for centuries. (3) There are typically four main biomes - forest, grassland, desert, and tundra - and the type of vegetation in each region depends on the climate and soil characteristics.
Swasiaphysicalgeo
The document summarizes the physical geography of Southwest Asia, including its landforms, climate, vegetation and human-environment interactions. Some key points are:
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- The climate is mostly arid with deserts limiting movement. Agriculture depends on irrigation of rivers and coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate.
- Half the world's oil reserves are found in Southwest Asia, but water is scarce, forcing various irrigation techniques. Disputes arise over water resources like the Euphrates River.
Ch22 Sw Asia
This document provides an overview of religion, politics, and oil in Southwest Asia, focusing on three main regions: the Arabian Peninsula, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Northeast. It describes the dominant religions of Islam and various sects, the impact of colonialism and formation of nation states after World War I, and ongoing conflicts over land and political power between religious and ethnic groups. A key theme is the role of oil in power dynamics and economic development in the region. Modern life combines aspects of traditional religion and 21st century technology and globalization.
Ch6markstru
1) The document discusses different types of market structures including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies, and monopolies.
2) Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers, identical products, perfect consumer information and easy entry/exit. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products and non-price competition.
3) Oligopolies are markets with a few large sellers offering similar products, while monopolies involve a single seller with no close substitutes and high barriers to entry.
Ch5prices
The document discusses the price system and how it guides producers and consumers. It outlines several benefits of the price system, including providing information to consumers, incentives for producers, consumer choice, and flexibility. However, there are also limitations like externalities and public goods that the price system does not always account for efficiently. The goal of the price system is to reach market equilibrium, where supply and demand are balanced. When surpluses or shortages occur, prices adjust through a trial and error process. The government may intervene to control prices through price floors or ceilings, but this can create shortages or surpluses and require rationing.
Econ Ch4supply
The document summarizes key concepts related to supply in microeconomics. It defines supply as the quantity of goods producers are willing to offer at various prices. The law of supply states that producers will supply more goods at higher prices and fewer goods at lower prices, based on seeking profit. Supply is determined by factors like the prices of resources, government interventions, technology, competition from other producers, and producer expectations about the future. Firms analyze costs of production like fixed, variable, total, and marginal costs to determine optimal production levels.
Econ Demand
The document discusses key concepts in microeconomics including demand, the law of demand, demand schedules, demand curves, determinants of demand, elasticity of demand, and how to measure elasticity. Specifically, it defines demand as the quantity of a good consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices in a given time period. It explains that the law of demand states that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. Demand schedules and curves illustrate the relationship between price and quantity demanded. Factors like income, tastes, prices of related goods, and expectations can cause shifts in the demand curve. Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes, and can be elastic, inelastic,
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